This thesis focuses on finding Bayesian equilibria for sellers in virtual auctions using real currencies. Existing literature for real-world auctions is examined from the perspective of economic theory, game theory, and pricing strategies. Next, computer science theory is reviewed to identify applications of real-world auction models in video games. Finally, the video game Diablo 3, the first to have a real currency auction house for virtual goods, will be examined as a case study. This thesis contributes to the known literature by analyzing the Diablo 3 real currency auction house and identifying seller strategies to be applied in future virtual auction houses and economies using real currencies. JEL Classification C73, D44, D58 Keywords repeated games, auctions, general equilibrium Author's e-mail waheedbrown@hotmail.com Supervisor's e-mail gregor@fsv.cuni.cz Abstrakt Tato práce se zameruje na hledání Bayesovské rovnováhy pro prodejce ve virtuálních aukcích, které používají skutecné peníze. Na úvod se prozkoumá existující literatura o aukcích z hlediska ekonomické teorie, teorie her tvorby a cenové strategie. Dále budou analyzovány príspevky z informatiky, které povedou k zjištení zpusobu aplikace aukcních modelu ve videohrách. Hlavním príspevkem bude analýza video...

Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Timothy J. Dalton / Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench is a drought tolerant crop able to adapt to hot and dry weather. It has excellent chemical and physical properties, which make it a grain of good quality for processing different types of products. This research is an impact assessment study that estimated the potential impacts of new uses of sorghum by using an equilibrium displacement model. The data used was drawn from interviews developed in July 2011. Using total quantity production, prices, prices elasticities and cost shares 8 potential market scenarios were simulated. Results between countries were similar. Thus, the analysis was applied for both countries. Producers gain when the sorghum flour demand is shifted between $6,000 and $ 30,000. When the feed demand curve shifted the producer benefit was between $3 million and $ 13 million. In the scenario where the sorghum grain curve shifted and the demand curve for feed and sorghum flour, producer net benefit is between $300,000 to $2.5 million. Interpreting these results suggest that increasing yield and promoting sorghum as a substitute of maize for feed and sorghum as a substitute of wheat for sorghum flour can benefit producers while helping them to increase yield.

Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management University Of Witwatersrand 07 September 2016 / The purpose of this study is to identify whether the Law of One Price theory holds across bitcoin exchanges in different countries given the uniquely defining characteristics of bitcoin. This was explored using Johansen’s Cointegration to extract the economic relationship between the time series sampled. It was demonstrated in the results that the Law does not always hold, however this was dependent on which bitcoin exchange is being used. Prices across the same bitcoin exchanges were likely to hold because of similar transaction costs and the ease of trading. For the time series where the Law of One price did not hold, the explanatory factors could include the bitcoin market illiquidity and purposeful disequilibrium. Bitcoin is a fairly new concept and has been press-worthy in the finance, economic and technological spheres. In South Africa, awareness of the digital currency is low, as is an understanding of its features and the impact on the economy as well as society as a whole. This study therefore aims to explore bitcoin in a finance context, in terms of the Law of One Price, while briefly gaining an understanding of the digital currency itself. / MT2017

We study the properties of Gibbs measures for functions with d-summable variation defined on a subshift X. Based on Meyerovitch\'s work from 2013, we prove that if X is a subshift of finite type (SFT), then any equilibrium measure is also a Gibbs measure. Although the definition provided by Meyerovitch does not make any mention to conditional expectations, we show that in the case where X is a SFT it is possible to characterize these measures in terms of more familiar notions presented in the literature. / Nós estudamos as propriedades de medidas de Gibbs para funções com variação d-somável definidas em um subshift X. Baseado no trabalho de Meyerovitch de 2013, provamos que se X é um subshift de tipo finito (STF), então qualquer medida de equilíbrio é também uma medida de Gibbs. Embora a definição fornecida por Meyerovitch não faz qualquer menção à esperanças condicionais, mostramos que no caso em que X é um STF, é possível caracterizar estas medidas em termos de noções mais familiares apresentadas na literatura.

This paper studies the effect of information disclosure on banks' portfolio risk. We cast a simple banking system into a general equilibrium model with trading frictions. We find that the information disclosure lowers the expected risk-adjusted profits for a non-negligible fraction of banks. The magnitude of this effect depends on the structure of the banking system and, alarmingly, it is more pronounced for systemically important institutions. We connect these theoretical findings to the stress test procedure, where bank information is disclosed by the regulator. The 2011 and 2014 stress tests are used in an empirical study to further support our theoretical results.

A hanseniase e uma doenca endemica no Brasil sendo considerado um problema de saude publica. A hanseniase causa acometimentos oculares, cutaneos, sistemicos e nervosos, sendo este ultimo o mais importante, pois provoca alteracoes de sensibilidade e propriocepcao, que podem afetar o controle da postura. O objetivo principal deste estudo e descrever o controle postural de sujeitos portadores de hanseniase e compara-los com sujeitos saudaveis. Para tanto, tambem serao mensuradas algumas respostas sensorio-motoras possivelmente relacionadas ao controle postural destes sujeitos. Foi avaliado o controle postural por meio do Teste Clinico de Interacao Sensorial no Equilibrio modificado utilizando-se uma plataforma de forca e do BESTest, Balance Evaluation Systems Tests, uma medida funcional do equilibrio. Quanto as respostas sensorio-motoras, foram avaliados os reflexos tendinosos, a forca muscular, a palpacao de dois nervos do membro inferior, a propriocepcao, a sensibilidade cutanea, a acuidade visual, em todos os sujeitos, e o grau de incapacidades fisicas apenas nos sujeitos portadores de hanseniase. De forma geral, todas as respostas sensorio-motoras dos portadores de hanseniase estao prejudicadas. O desempenho no BESTest indica que os portadores de hanseniase apresentam dificuldades em controlar o equilibrio em tarefas tipicas das atividades da vida diaria. O desempenho nas tarefas de equilibrio quantificado pela posturografia indica que os portadores de hanseniase apresentam dificuldades em controlar o equilibrio na postura ereta quieta sem ou com manipulacao da informacao sensorial. Os resultados reportados neste trabalho mostram pela primeira vez que portadores de hanseniase possuem deficits no controle postural relevantes para a manutencao do equilibrio e para execucao de outras tarefas comuns da vida diaria. Estes resultados sugerem que portadores de hanseniase devem receber auxilio especial para que estes deficits possam ser diminuidos / Hansen\'s disease is an endemic disease in Brazil and it is considered a public health problem. The Hansen\'s disease causes eye, cutaneous, systemic, and nervous problems; being the latter the most important hence affects the sensibility and proprioception and possibly can affect postural control. The main goal of this study is to describe the postural control of individuals with Hansen\'s disease and compare them to healthy individuals. For such, it will also be measured sensory-motor responses possibly related to the postural control of these individuals. The postural control was evaluated employing a modified version of the Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance using a force plate and the BESTest, Balance Evaluation Systems Tests, a functional measure of the postural control. In regard to the sensory-motor responses, it was evaluated the tendinous reflex, muscle force, palpation of two nerves of the lower limb, proprioception, cutaneous sensibility, visual acuity, in all subjects, and the degree of physical incapacity only of individuals with Hansen\'s disease. In general, all the sensory-motor responses of the individuals with hanseniase are deteriorated. The performance in the BESTest suggests that individuals with Hansen\'s disease have problems in controlling their posture in typical daily living tasks. The performance in the postural control tasks measured by posturography also suggests that the individuals with Hansen\'s disease have problems in controlling their posture with or without the manipulation of the sensory information. These results show by the first time that individuals with Hansen\'s disease have significant postural control deficits that impair their ability to maintain their upright posture and to execute common daily living tasks. These results suggest that individuals with Hansen\'s disease must receive special attention in order to reduce these deficits

Fez-se um estudo monográfico das características gerais dos pseudo-haletos - pseudo-halogênios por estarem ligados aos estudos experimentais relatados na presente tese. Estudaram-se novos procedimentos para determinação de constantes de equilíbrio (baseados na linearização de curvas) e para obtenção de αo em regiões experimentalmente inacessíveis do ligante. Esses procedimentos foram exaustivamente testados em sistemas modelos antes de serem aplicados à solução de sistemas reais, com base experimental. O sistema Cu(II)/Br- foi estudado espectrofotometricamente, com tratamento iterativo dos dados experimentais, chegando-se às seguintes constantes de formação e absortividades molares dos três complexos: (Ver no arquivo em PDF). Relações lineares forum observadas para -ε vs. -n. Nova sistemática de medidas precisas de E1/2 da segunda onda de cobre(II) em azoteto e brometo (separação pouco definida das duas etapas), permitiu estudar com maior exatidão os complexos formados relativos a esses sistemas: (Ver no arquivo em PDF). Diagramas de potenciais envolvendo os sistemas Cu(II)/Cuo, Cu(I)/Cuo e Cu(II)/Cu(I), em meio de brometo e azoteto, permitiram tirar conclusões interessantes, especialmente, sobre o comportamento potenciométrico do eletrodo de membrana de CuS e Ag2S em presença de ânions N-3; e Br-. Observações preliminares foram feitas sobre o aparecimento de ondas catalíticas envolvendo peróxido de hidrogênio e o amálgama de cobre, formado na superfície do eletrodo gotejante. As experiências evidenciaram que o ciclo catalítico envolve a oxidação do amálgama a cobre(I) e cobre(II). Consideráveis diferenças de comportamento foram observadas entre os eletró1itos suportes de azoteto e acetato. No estudo polarográfico do sistema Cu(II)/Cu(Hg) em acetato, chegou-se a um processo conveniente de obtenção do E1/2 reversível por extrapolação à densidade de corrente zero. / A mono graphic study of the pseudohalide or pseudohalogen characteristics was done in order to better understand some experimental studies performed. New processes of determination of equilibrium constants were considered for treatment of experimental data. They consist in linearization of curves and achievement of experimental data of αo vs. ΙLΙ experimentally unaccessible regions of the ligand. The procedures were exaustively checked in model systems before its aplication to real systems. The copper(II)/bromide system was studied by spectrophotometry by an iterative treatment of experimental data of average molar absortivities. The formation constants and molar absortivities of the three detected complexes are: (See in the PDF file) Linear relationships were observed between the average molar absortivities and average ligand number. The polarographic study confirmed the stepwise reduction of copper(II) in bromide suporting electrolite. The following formation constants of the copper(I)-bromide complexes were obtained: (See in the PDF file). A new procedure for precise E1/2 measurements in the two copper waves in azide and bromide medium was applied at conditions where low definition between the two waves occurs. This permits to find more reliable equilibrium constants for the copper(I)/azide system: (See in the PDF file). Potential diagrams refered to the Cu(II)/Cuo, Cu(I)/Cuo and Cu(II)/Cu(I) systems in bromide and azide medium led to interesting conclusion, specially refered to the potentiometric behavior of a membrane selective electrode of CuS and Ag2S, in the presence of bromide and azide anions. Preliminary results were taken the existence of catalytic waves involving hidrogen peroxide and the copper amalgam formed at the dropping mercury electrode. The catalytic cicle is achieved through the oxidation of the amalgan to copper(I) and copper(II) by the peroxide in alkaline medium. Considerable differences were observed between the azide and acetate supporting electrolite.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar as interações econômicas das unidades da Federação. Cabe ressaltar que as interações serão tratadas neste trabalho como o comércio entre as diversas unidades espaciais e suas relações mercantis com o resto do mundo. Para atingir tal objetivo foi especificado um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável de tradição australiana (B-MARIA27-IT). O modelo é composto por seis tipos de agentes, quais sejam: setores produtivos, investidores, famílias, governo federal, governo regional e setor externo. Em cada uma das 27 regiões contempladas há oito setores produzindo oito bens. O setor externo é dividido em cinco blocos de comércio: NAFTA, resto da ALCA, União Européia, Mercosul e resto do mundo. Para analisar a estrutura de interações econômicas entre as unidades da Federação foi implementado um exercício de simulação, que consistiu em um deslocamento na curva de demanda por exportações para os diversos blocos de comércio, ou seja, uma proxy do fortalecimento das interações destas unidades com determinado bloco de comércio. Através deste exercício pode-se verificar, por exemplo, qual o impacto de um aumento das transações internacionais de um setor localizado em determinada unidade da Federação, sobre os fluxos de comércio interno das demais unidades da Federação. Ao fazer esta análise através de um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável (EGC) pode-se levar em conta a possibilidade de substituição entre bens domésticos e importados, a variação nos preços relativos, a possibilidade de substituição diferenciada para os bens de exportação, dentre outros. Cabe ainda ressaltar que, para analisar a interdependência entre setores, regiões e famílias de forma mais acurada, é importante levar em conta, por exemplo, diferenciais de preço e mobilidade dos fatores de produção, dentre outros fatores. Logo, a estrutura de EGC parece-nos mais adequada para tratar, de forma completa, as interações espaciais entre as unidades da Federação. / The principal aim of this thesis is to analize the economic interactions among the Brazilian states. The economic interactions in this work will be treated as trade among the Brazilian states and trade between the Brazilian states and the rest of the world. In order to reach this objective a computable general equilibrium model was specified (B-MARIA27-IT). The model is formed by productive sectors, investors, households, federal government, regional government and external sector. There are 8 sectors responsible for the production of 8 goods in each one of the 27 regions. The external sector is divided in five regions: NAFTA, rest of FTAA, European Union, Mercosur and rest of the world. In order to analise the structure of economic interactions among the Brazilian states was implemented a simulation that changed the exports demand for each one of the external regions. This simulatin can be understand as a proxy of an increase in the relationship between the Brazilian states and external sector. This exercise will enable us to verify which will be the impact upon the inter-state trade flows of an increase in the international trade flows of each Brazilian state. The general equilibrium approach considers the possibility of substitution between domestic goods and imported goods, changes in the relative prices, imperfect substitution among goods, factor production mobility, etc. So we can affirm that the general equilibrium approach is adequate to capture the whole picture of spatial interacions of the Brazilian states.

by Clive Hau Ming Shiu. / On t.p., "x" and "1-x" are subscript. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [126]-[130]). / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.i / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / Chapter Chapter 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- THEORY --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1 --- Fundamentals of GaAs and AlGaAs --- p.3 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Crystal structure and properties of GaAs --- p.4 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- General properties of GaAs at 300K --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Temperature dependence of bandgap for GaAs --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Dopants of GaAs --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Properties of AlGaAs --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2 --- Phase Equilibrium of GaAs and AlGaAs --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Phase diagram of Ga-As binary system --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Phase diagram of Al-Ga-As ternary system --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3 --- Principle of LPE growth --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- General concept of liquid phase epitaxy --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Fundamental methods of LPE growth --- p.19 / Chapter 2.4 --- Dopants in GaAs and AlGaAs system --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Common dopants in GaAs --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Tellurium in GaAs --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Silicon in GaAs --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Tellurium and Tin in AlGaAs --- p.26 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- LPE SYSTEM FOR GaAs AND AlGaAs --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- Basic requirements for horizontal sliding LPE system --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Cleaning process of the LPE system --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Cleaning procedures of the quartz parts --- p.37 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Cleaning procedures of the stainless steel tubing --- p.38 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Cleaning procedures of the graphite boat --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3 --- Final examination for LPE growth --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Examining the sealing of the system --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Examining the palladium hydrogen purifier --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Measuring the dew point --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Measuring the content of oxygen and nitrogen --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Adjusting and measuring the isothermal zone in the fumace --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Measuring of background impurity --- p.43 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Inspection of the operating chamber --- p.44 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- EXPERIMENTALS --- p.45 / Chapter 4.1 --- Determination of GaAs and AlGaAs content in the source melt --- p.45 / Chapter 4.2 --- Calculation of GaAs and AlGaAs content in the source melt --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3 --- Experimental determination of source melt composition --- p.48 / Chapter 4.4 --- LPE growth method --- p.49 / Chapter 4.5 --- Thickness control of LPE epilayers --- p.49 / Chapter 4.6 --- Experimental procedures --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS --- p.63 / Chapter 5.1 --- Growth condition studies of GaAs --- p.63 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Experimental --- p.63 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Phase equilibrium of GaAs in the range of 780 to 840 °C --- p.63 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Results of undoped GaAs epilayers --- p.67 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Results of Si doped GaAs epilayers --- p.72 / Chapter 5.2 --- Growth condition studies of AlxGa1-xAs for x=0.1 to 09 --- p.73 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Phase equilibrium of AlxGa1-xAs for x=0.1 to 09 --- p.73 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Relation between saturation of solution and he flatness of interface between epilayer and substrate --- p.79 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Determination of composition x in AlxGa1-xAs --- p.82 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Relation between epilayer thickness and x in AlxGa1-xAs --- p.84 / Chapter 5.3 --- High AlxGa1-xAs with x ´ 0.9 ° at 780 °C --- p.87 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Deposition rate of high AlxGa1-xAs epilayer versus cooling rate --- p.87 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Thickness profiles of epilayers versus cooling rate --- p.89 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Spectroscopic refractive index of high AlxGa1-xAs in the visible light spectrum --- p.94 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Rocking curves of high AlxGa1-xAs --- p.96 / Chapter 5.4 --- Tellurium doped AlxGa1-xAs with x ranging from 0.1 to 09 --- p.98 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Carrier concentration versus composition x in AlxGa1-xAs --- p.98 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Carrier concentration of Al0.3Ga0.7As versus Te mole fraction --- p.100 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Donor activation energy of Te Versus x in AlxGa1-xAs --- p.102 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- Refractive index of Te doped AlxGa1-xAs at 300K --- p.105 / Chapter 5.4.5 --- Dependence of solubility upon Te doping level --- p.106 / Chapter 5.5 --- Heavily tellurium doped Al0.3Ga0.7As --- p.107 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Diffractometry study of heavily Te doped Al0.3Ga0.7As --- p.108 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Morphological studies and interface studies of heavily Te doped Al0.3Ga0.7As --- p.112 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- CONCLUSION --- p.119 / APPENDIX Photoluminance Analysis at room temperature / REFERENCE

Po-yan Chiu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-86). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / List of Figures --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- Monopolistic Competition and Policy Intervention --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Policy Interventions in Monetary Economies --- p.17 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- The Model --- p.19 / Chapter 3.1 --- Commodities --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2 --- Demands --- p.20 / Chapter 3.3 --- Equilibrium --- p.21 / Chapter 3.4 --- Open Economy --- p.24 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Optimal Production Taxation --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Welfare Effect of Trade and the Optimal Tariff --- p.34 / Chapter 5.1 --- Welfare Effect of Trade --- p.34 / Chapter 5.2 --- Optimal Import Tariff --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Consumption Tax --- p.52 / Chapter 6.1 --- Closed Economy --- p.53 / Chapter 6.2 --- Open Economy --- p.55 / Chapter 6.3 --- Welfare Effects of Trade under Different Policies --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter 7. --- Concluding Remarks --- p.62 / Appendix --- p.65 / References --- p.83