CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Com a implantaÃÃo da polÃtica de incentivo ao medicamento genÃrico, no Brasil, em 1999, os estudos de equivalÃncia farmacÃutica tornaram-se elementos estratÃgicos para a sua implementaÃÃo e seu Ãxito. Para a realizaÃÃo desses estudos, foi criada uma rede de laboratÃrios, habilitados e supervisionados pela AgÃncia Nacional de VigilÃncia SanitÃria, sob a denominaÃÃo de centros de equivalÃncia farmacÃutica (EQFAR), que passaram a integrar a Rede Brasileira de LaboratÃrios AnalÃticos em SaÃde (Reblas). Os critÃrios para a habilitaÃÃo e operaÃÃo dos centros, bem como para a realizaÃÃo, de maneira padronizada, dos estudos de equivalÃncia farmacÃutica, foram definidos por meio de um conjunto de regulamentos (leis, resoluÃÃes e normas tÃcnicas) cuja abrangÃncia, variedade e extensÃo nem sempre facilitam seu conhecimento, compreensÃo e aplicaÃÃo correta, tanto por parte dos interessados na implantaÃÃo desses centros como dos agentes de vigilÃncia sanitÃria no seu trabalho de avaliaÃÃo, habilitaÃÃo e fiscalizaÃÃo dos Centos e de coordenaÃÃo da rede. Este material consolida o conteÃdo dos regulamentos em vigor, sistematizando-os segundo os seguintes capÃtulos: documentaÃÃo de referÃncia, pessoal, biosseguranÃa e organizaÃÃo laboratorial, instalaÃÃes e acomodaÃÃes ambientais, sistema da qualidade, equipamentos, materiais de laboratÃrio e os principais ensaios que compÃem os estudos de equivalÃncia farmacÃutica e elaboraÃÃo do certificado analÃtico. Objetiva facilitar, por meio de sua manualizaÃÃo, o acesso dos interessados na implantaÃÃo e operaÃÃo de centros de equivalÃncia farmacÃutica e dos agentes de vigilÃncia sanitÃria à informaÃÃo sistematizada e consolidada sobre a matÃria / In 1999, the policy of generic medicaments was implemented in Brazil, and the availability of pharmaceutical equivalence essays became strategic for its success. A group of laboratories was identified, evaluated and qualified, as a network, by the National Sanitary Surveillance Agency (Anvisa) to perform such studies. These laboratories were named âcenters for pharmaceutical equivalenceâ (EQFAR), and were integrated to The Brazilian Network of Analytical Laboratories on Health (REBLAS). The criteria for qualification and operation of the centers, as well as to perform standardized pharmaceutical equivalence essays, were established by a set of regulations (laws, resolutions and technical rules). The extent, diversity and complexity of these regulations do not always facilitate its knowledge, comprehensive and correct application for people interested in implementation of those rules on the centers as well as the National Sanitary Surveillance Agency tasks of evaluation, qualification and audition. This material consolidate the content of the regulation in force, systematizing them according the following chapters: referential documentation, human resources, biosafety and laboratorial organization, facilities and installations, quality assurance, equipment, materials, and the principals essays that compose the studies of pharmaceutical equivalence and the preparation of their analytical certification. It aims to be a practical instruction â like a manual â that allows the rapid access to the weighty information and to facilitate the work of people interested in implement a center of pharmaceutical equivalence and for those from the Sanitary Surveillance Agencies

The thesis presents a new method of Symmetry Analysis of the Black-Scholes Merton Finance Model through modi ed Local one-parameter transformations. We determine the symmetries of both the one-dimensional and two-dimensional Black-Scholes equations through a method that involves the limit of in nitesimal ! as it approaches zero. The method is dealt with extensively in [23]. We further determine an invariant solution using one of the symmetries in each case. We determine the transformation of the Black-Scholes equation to heat equation through Lie equivalence transformations. Further applications where the method is successfully applied include working out symmetries of both a Gaussian type partial di erential equation and that of a di erential equation model of epidemiology of HIV and AIDS. We use the new method to determine the symmetries and calculate invariant solutions for operators providing them. / Mathematical Sciences / Applied Mathematics / D. Phil. (Applied Mathematics)

In 1883 Leopold Kronecker published a paper containing “a few explanatory remarks” to an earlier paper of his from 1866. His work loosely connected the theory of integral binary bilinear forms to the theory of integral binary quadratic forms. In this dissertation we discover the statements within Kronecker's paper and offer detailed arithmetic proofs. We begin by developing the theory of binary bilinear forms and their automorphs, providing a classification of integral binary bilinear forms up to equivalence, proper equivalence and complete equivalence. In the second chapter we introduce the class number, proper class number and complete class number as well as two refinements, which facilitate the development of a connection with binary quadratic forms. Our third chapter is devoted to deriving several class number formulas in terms of divisors of the determinant. This chapter also contains lower bounds on the class number for bilinear forms and classifies when these bounds are attained. Lastly, we use the class number formulas to rigorously develop Kronecker's connection between binary bilinear forms and binary quadratic forms. We supply purely arithmetic proofs of five results stated but not proven in the original paper. We conclude by giving an application of this material to the number of representations of an integer as a sum of three squares and show the resulting formula is equivalent to the well-known result due to Gauss.

Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / Conventional immunity tests are both time consuming and costly. There is thus a reasonable interest in relatively quick, but accurate and cost effective, in-house pre-compliance test techniques within an engineering design-house. This thesis provides information on the equivalence between in-house and conventional immunity test techniques. Three techniques were evaluated, namely: 1. E-field radiation with a log periodic antenna (conventional test technique); 2 E-field radiation with an inhouse designed and constructed modified TEM cell (in-house test technique); 3. Current injection using a complete off the shelf EMCO current probe device (in-house test technique). After the transfer data of the EMCO probe was verified, the modified TEM cell design, construction and equivalent measurement tests were performed. These tests revealed that within the respective bandwidth of interest, the devices produced results that are equivalent to each other within 0.9dB. Hence equivalence between in-house and conventional test techniques is possible.

There is an apparent lack of in-depth knowledge about the processes that may underlie the interaction between work and home life, and their relationships with employee health and well-being. Work and home has traditionally been considered as separate domains, but during the past decade of democracy, transformation developments (eg, Affirmative Action, Employment Equity) changed the nature of the labour market and economy. This facilitated the increase in the number of working single-parent, dual-earner families, and of women participating in the workforce, which in turned influenced the work-home interaction of employed individuals. Furthermore, various researchers regard burnout and engagement as important constructs to consider in the well-being of employees. The level of a person's wellbeing subsequently affects his/her functionality in both the work and home spheres. Thus, there is a need to identify ways which both the individual and the organisation can apply to increase personal well-being and the balance between work and home life. South Africa has 11 different national languages, and only 8,3% of the population actually speak English at home. Language differences should therefore be taken into account when administering questionnaires. Studies in South Africa generally report race, education, language, and understanding of English as the main factors which impact on construct and item comparability of psychometric tests. There is consequently an obvious need to translate research instruments before they are administered to individuals from different language groups. If language differences are not taken into account, invalid conclusions regarding the constructs under study could be made, with serious implications for culturally diverse settings such as in South Africa. The objectives of this research were to translate the Survey Work-Home Interaction Nijmegen (SWING), Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) and Utrecth Work Engagement Scale (UWES) into Afrikaans and Setswana, and to investigate the construct validity, construct equivalence and reliability of these instruments. Furthermore, differences between demographic groups regarding work-home interaction and well-being were investigated. Finally, a structural model was tested, which included job characteristics, negative and positive work-home interference (WHI) and well-being (burnout and engagement). A cross-sectional survey design was used. Random samples (N = 685) were taken from police stations in the North West province. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to determine the construct validity and equivalence of the measuring instruments and to test the structural model. The results indicated that work-home interaction can be described as a four-dimensional construct consisting of negative WHI, positive WHI, negative home-work interference (HWI), and positive HWI. This factor structure was equivalent across all three language groups and all the scales were reliable. A four-factor model was confirmed for burnout and included exhaustion, cognitive weariness, cynicism and professional efficacy. A one-factor model was found for engagement. Both translated instruments were found to be equivalent for the three language groups. Furthermore, a second order factor analysis revealed that the underlying structure of well-being consists of two negatively related and equivalent factors, namely burnout (exhaustion, cognitive weariness and cynicism) and an enlarged engagement construct (engagement and professional efficacy). Members reported more negative WHI than negative HWI, and more positive HWI than positive WHI. Statistically significant differences exist between demographic groups regarding work-home interaction based on language, gender, marital status. parental status and education. Statistically significant differences of wellness exist between demographic groups based on language and educational level. The results of the structural equation modelling revealed that job demands were directly and positively associated with negative WHI and burnout, while job resources were directly and positively associated with positive WHI and work engagement. This also indicates the partial mediating effect of WHI between job characteristics and wellness. In addition, a lack ofjob resources was associated with higher levels of burnout. Recommendations for future research were made. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Major changes that emphasise the importance of a balanced work and family life have occurred within organisations. Inability to manage this integration between the work and home domains can affect the performance of organisations and the wellbeing of their employees. In order to measure work-home interaction and wellbeing, it is important to use valid, equivalent and reliable instruments. However, there is a lack of empirical research when investigating work-home interaction, burnout and work engagement in the earthmoving equipment industry in South Africa. Furthermore, the earthmoving equipment industry is a multicultural environment and construct equivalence across subgroups therefore becomes important when measuring work-home interaction, burnout and work engagement across different cultural or language groups. It also seems relevant to consider differences in the work-home interaction and work wellness levels between important demographic groups in the earthmoving equipment industry. It appears as if burnout and engagement can be seen as part of the total wellness continuum; and that job characteristics may be related to burnout and engagement through negative and positive work-home interaction. However, little information was found that included these factors in a structural model for the earthmoving equipment industry. The objectives of this research were to test the psychometric properties of the Survey Work- Home Interaction - Nijmegen (SWING), the Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey (MBI-GS) and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES); to determine if various demographic groups differ with regard to work-home interaction and wellbeing; and to test a structural model that includes job characteristics, work-home interaction and wellbeing for employees in the earthmoving industry. A cross-sectional survey design was used. Random samples (n = 528) were taken from employees in the earthmoving equipment industry in Gauteng, the Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, the Northern Cape, the Western Cape, the Eastern Cape, Kwa-Zulu Natal and the North West Province. Structural equation modelling confirmed a four-factor model of work-home interaction which measures negative work-home interference, positive work-home interference, negative homework interference and positive home-work interference. This factor structure was equivalent across language, ethnicity, gender, education, marital status and parental status. All four factors were reliable. The participants reported more negative WHI than negative HWI, and more positive HWI than positive WHI. It was found that statistically significant differences that are based on age, gender, language, ethnicity, a partner's contribution to household income and the different business units exist between the demographic groups. The results confirmed a four-factor structure of burnout (exhaustion, cognitive weariness, cynicism and professional efficacy) and a two-factor structure of work engagement (including vigour and dedication). These structures were equivalent across language and education groups, and all scales were reliable. SEM analyses supported a two-factor structure for the wellness construct, consisting of burnout (exhaustion, cognitive weariness and cynicism) and engagement (vigour, dedication and professional efficacy), which was equivalent for the language and education groups. Statistically significant differences that are based on age, gender, language and the different business units were found between the demographic groups. Structural equation modelling showed that job demands are associated with negative WHI and consequently with burnout, providing support for a full-mediation effect of negative WHI. Job resources were associated with negative WHI and consequently with burnout, providing support for partial mediation of negative WHI between job resources and burnout. Job resources were also associated with positive WHI and consequently with engagement, providing support for partial mediation of positive WHI between job resources and engagement. Recommendations for the organisation and future research were made. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Syftet med detta studie är att bidra med kunskap kring hur geografilärare i åk. 4-6 går till väga för att uppfylla målet om likvärdighet inom betyg och bedömning, med koppling till värdeorden i kunskapskraven. Fokus ligger därför på de undersökta lärarnas erfarenheter samt kunskaper kring metoder för likvärdig bedömning och tolkning av värdeorden i kunskapskraven för geografi. De sju respondenterna, som samtliga arbetar som geografilärare på olika skolor i Värmland, har lämnat information till studien via kvalitativa intervjuer. I undersökningen har det konstaterats att det finns en rad olika metoder verksamma lärare använder sig av för att uppfylla målet om en likvärdig bedömning. Att tolka värdeorden är något som visat sig vara svårt göra på egen hand, men diskussioner med kollegor kan bidra till att detta arbete underlättas. Undersökningen har också visat att Skolinspektionens (2018) råd om att använda sambedömning i skolor för att minska variationen är något som används frekvent hos studiens respondenter. Resultatet har analyserats med hjälp av en tematisk analys, där samtliga metoder och verktyg för likvärdig bedömning som framkommit under intervjuerna har registrerats och förts in i tematiska kartor. Läroplansteori har presenterats och använts vid analys av respondenternas svar för att ge en ökad förståelse för vilka ramar de arbetar inom. Studien visar att det kan vara riskfyllt att helt på egen hand försöka bedöma sina elever efter kunskapskraven i geografi, men att det finns användbara hjälpmedel att tillgå vilket kvalitetssäkrar det svenska betygssystemet och dess urvalsfunktion som ska se till att rätt elever antas till rätt gymnasie-och högskoleprogram. / The purpose of this study was to contribute knowledge about how geography teachers in year 4-6 goes to fulfill the goal of equivalence within grading and assessment, with links to the value words of the Swedish curriculum. The focus is on the teachers' experiences and knowledge about methods for equal assessment and interpretation of the value words in the knowledge requirements for geography. The seven respondents, who all work as geography teachers at schools in Värmland, have provided information to the study via semi-structured qualitative interviews. In the survey it has been found that there are several different methods that teachers use to fulfill their goal of an equal assessment. Interpreting the value words is something that has proved difficult to do on its own, but discussions with colleagues can help make this work easier. The study has also shown that the Swedish School Inspectorate's (2018) advice on using co-assessment in schools to reduce variation is something that is used frequently by the study's respondents. The result has been analyzed with the help of a thematic analysis, in which all methods and tools for equal assessment that emerged during the interviews have been registered and put into thematic maps. Curriculum theory has been presented and used in analyzing the respondents answers to give a better understanding of the framework they work in. The study shows that it as a teacher can be risky to completely try to judge students on your own according to the knowledge requirements in geography, but that there are useful tools available which quality assures the Swedish grading system and its selection function, which must ensure that the right students are admitted to the correct upper secondary school and university programs.

The thesis presents a new method of Symmetry Analysis of the Black-Scholes Merton Finance Model through modi ed Local one-parameter transformations. We determine the symmetries of both the one-dimensional and two-dimensional Black-Scholes equations through a method that involves the limit of in nitesimal ! as it approaches zero. The method is dealt with extensively in [23]. We further determine an invariant solution using one of the symmetries in each case. We determine the transformation of the Black-Scholes equation to heat equation through Lie equivalence transformations. Further applications where the method is successfully applied include working out symmetries of both a Gaussian type partial di erential equation and that of a di erential equation model of epidemiology of HIV and AIDS. We use the new method to determine the symmetries and calculate invariant solutions for operators providing them. / Mathematical Sciences / Applied Mathematics / D. Phil. (Applied Mathematics)

Ces travaux de thèse s'inscrivent à la frontière entre l'utilisation de l'interférométrie atomique pour tester un principe fondamental de physique, le principe d'équivalence faible, et le transfert des technologies développées dans ce but vers des applications industrielles, en particulier la navigation inertielle, à travers une collaboration avec l'entreprise iXBlue au sein d'un laboratoire commun (iXAtom) où nous avons travaillé à l'hybridation d'une centrale inertielle avec un accéléromètre atomique afin de corriger la dérive temporelle de la centrale.Afin de tester le prince d'équivalence faible, nous utilisons un interféromètre atomique double espèce (87Rb et 39K). Cette expérience est réalisée en laboratoire mais également en micropesanteur à bord de l'avion ZERO-G de Novespace. Cette particularité pose des contraintes sur les choix technologiques puisque le montage doit être robuste, compact et transportable. Notre système laser en est un bon exemple puisqu'il est basé des technologies télécom (1560 et 1534 nm) doublées en fréquence. Nous avons réalisé le premier test du principe d'équivalence en micropesanteur avec des atomes froids en 2015, ce qui représente une étape majeure vers la réalisation d'un instrument embarquable à bord d'un satellite.Le 39K est une espèce difficile à refroidir et à manipuler à cause de sa structure hyperfine étroite. Nous avons mis en place un refroidissement par mélasse grise pour cette espèce en ajoutant un laser résonnant avec la transition D1 du potassium. Nous avons également mis en place une préparation des atomes dans l'état non magnétique mF=0 efficace à 95%. Ces techniques ont amélioré le contraste de nos franges d'interférences d'un facteur 4 et nous a permis d'obtenir une sensibilité sur le paramètre d’Eötvös en laboratoire de 5.2x10-8 après 11500 s d'intégration. / This thesis is at the boundary of the fundamental physics with the test of the weak equivalence principle (WEP) and the transfer of the technologies developed to industrial applications such inertial navigation. We began collaboration in a joint laboratory (iXAtom) with the iXBlue company where we worked on the hybridization of an inertial unit with a cold atom accelerometer.In order to test the WEP, we use a dual-species atom interferometer (87Rb and 39K). This experiment works in the laboratory but it is designed to perform onboard the Novespace ZERO-G plane. This specificity puts constraints on the design of the setup because it needs to be robust, compact and transportable. Our laser system is a good example because it is based on Telecom technologies (1560 and 1534 nm) frequency doubled. We realized the first test of the weak equivalence principle on microgravity with cold atoms in 2015, which is a major step toward a future spatial mission.The 39K is an atomic species hard to cool and manipulate because of its narrow hyperfine structure. We implemented an other cooling method, the gray molasses, by using a laser resonant to the potassium D1 transition. We built a new sequence to prepare the atoms in the mF= 0 state. This sequence is effective at 95%. These techniques improved the contrast of our interference fringes by a factor 4 which led to the obtention of a sensitivity on the Eötvös parameter in the laboratory of 5.2x10-8 after 11500 s of integration.

Dans cette thèse, on s'intéresse à des propriétés arithmétiques de variétés algébriques. Elle contient deux parties et huit chapitres que l'on peut lire indépendamment. Dans la première partie on étudie la R-équivalence sur les points rationnels des variétés algébriques. Dans le chapitre I.1 on établit que pour certaines familles projectives et lisses X→Y de variétés géométriquement rationnelles sur un corps local k de caractéristique nulle le nombre des classes de R-équivalence de la fibre Xy(k) est localement constant quand y varie dans Y(k). Dans le chapitre I.2 on s'intéresse à des variétés rationnellement simplement connexes. On établit que la R-équivalence est triviale sur de telles variétés définies sur C(t). Dans le chapitre I.3 on introduit une autre relation d'équivalence sur les points rationnels des variétés définies sur un corps muni d'une valuation discrète et on étudie quelques propriétés de cette relation d'équivalence. Dans le chapitre I.4 on étudie la R-équivalence sur les variétés rationnellement connexes définies sur les corps réels clos ou p-adiqument clos. La deuxième partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'étude de quelques questions liées à la cohomologie non ramifiée. Dans le chapitre II.1 on utilise le troisième groupe de cohomologie non ramifiée pour donner un exemple d'une variété projective et lisse géométriquement rationnelle X, définie sur un corps fini Fp, telle que l'application de groupes de Chow de codimension deux de la variété X dans le groupe de Chow de cycles de codimension deux sur la clôture algébrique, fixés par l’action de Galois, n'est pas surjective. Dans le chapitre II.2 on s'intéresse aux fibrations au-dessus d'une surface sur un corps fini dont la fibre générique est une variété de Severi-Brauer et on montre que le troisième groupe de cohomologie non ramifiée s'annule pour de telles variétés. Dans le chapitre II.3, on établit l'invariance birationnelle de certains termes de la suite spectrale de Bloch et Ogus pour des variétés sur un corps de dimension cohomologique bornée. Sur un corps fini, on relie un de ces invariants avec le conoyau de l'application classe de cycle l-adique pour les 1-cycles. Dans le chapitre II.4, on s'intéresse à “borner” la ramification des éléments des groupes de cohomologie Hr(K, Z/n), r>0, si K est le corps des fonctions d'une variété intègre définie sur un corps de caractéristique nulle k. / In this Ph.D. thesis, we investigate some arithmetic properties of algebraic varieties. The thesis consists of two parts, divided into eight chapters. The first part is devoted to the study of R-equivalence on rational points of algebraic varieties. In chapter I.1, we prove that for some families X→Y of smooth projective geometrically rational varieties defined over a finite extension of Qp, the number of R-equivalence classes on Xy(k) is a locally constant function on Y(k). In chapter I.2, we establish the triviality of R-equivalence for rationally simply connected varieties defined over C(t). In chapter I.3, we introduce and analyze a different equivalence relation on rational points of varieties defined over a field equipped with a discrete valuation, and then compare it with R-equivalence. In chapter I.4, we study R-equivalence for varieties over real closed and p-adically closed fields. The second part of the thesis deals with some questions involving unramified cohomology. In chapter II.1, we use the third unramified cohomology group to give an example of a smooth, projective, geometrically rational variety X defined over a finite field Fp, such that the map from the Chow group of codimension two cycles on X to the Chow group of codimension two cycles over an algebraic closure, fixed by the Galois action, is not surjective. In chapter II.2, we prove the vanishing of the third unramified cohomology group for certain fibrations over a surface defined over a finite field whose generic fibre is a Severi-Brauer variety. In chapter II.3, we show that certain terms of the Bloch-Ogus spectral sequence are birational invariants for varieties over fields of bounded cohomological dimension. Then in the case of a finite field, we relate one of these invariants to the cokernel of the l-adic cycle class map for 1-cycles. Finally, in chapter II.4, we establish a “bound” for ramification of elements of the group Hr(K, Z/n), r>0, where K is the function field of an integral variety defined over a field of characteristic zero.