Introdução: A triagem nutricional é um método utilizado mundialmente, para identificar indivíduos em risco nutricional, sendo os idosos o segmento populacional mais vulnerável. No entanto, no Brasil, ainda não existem métodos específicos para triagem nutricional de idosos domiciliados. Objetivos: i) identificar métodos de triagem nutricional para idosos domiciliados e selecionar o mais adequado para utilização no Brasil; ii) realizar a adaptação transcultural e validação de conteúdo do método selecionado; e iii) verificar as propriedades psicométricas de confiabilidade, de validade e de equivalência operacional do método selecionado. Métodos: Esta tese é composta por três manuscritos. O primeiro apresenta revisão sistemática de métodos de triagem nutricional para idosos domiciliados, publicados nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS e Web of Science, no período de 1990 a 2012. O segundo descreve o processo de adaptação transcultural e validação de conteúdo do método selecionado, Determine Your Nutritional Health® (DNH), para o Brasil. O terceiro analisou a versão brasileira do método de triagem nutricional Verifique a condição nutricional do idoso, quanto à confiabilidade (pelo teste de McNemar e gráficos de Bland & Altman), à validade discriminante (pela correlação entre o resultado do escore final de triagem nutricional, com as variáveis antropométricas e indicadores nutricionais, utilizando o teste de Mann Whitney) e à equivalência operacional (pelos dados relativos à duração de realização do método e pelo grau de entendimento pela escala Likert entre 1 a 5 ). Resultados: Manuscrito 1: 12 métodos de triagem nutricional que atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade foram descritos, segundo suas características, forma de identificação do risco nutricional, propriedades psicométricas e aspectos operacionais, sendo selecionado para adaptação transcultural para o Brasil, o método DNH. Manuscrito 2: Adaptações de palavras e expressões foram realizadas originando a versão brasileira Verifique a condição nutricional do idoso apresentando as mesmas questões da versão original do DNH, contudo, em formato mais claro, por meio de perguntas, consideradas acessíveis e de fácil entendimento. Manuscrito 3: Constatou-se que o método Verifique a condição nutricional do idoso é confiável, ou seja, foi capaz de reproduzir respostas semelhantes quando realizadas duas vezes (em momentos diferentes) no mesmo indivíduo, mostrou resultados suficientes quanto à validação discriminante e apresentou duração média da entrevista de 7 minutos, com nota média geral de entendimento de 4,8. Conclusões: O método de triagem nutricional DNH foi selecionado como o mais adequado para adaptação transcultural para o Brasil. Seu processo de adaptação resultou na versão brasileira Verifique a condição nutricional do idoso. Esse método mostrou-se confiável e apresentou resultados suficientes referentes à sua validade discriminante e equivalência operacional, constituindo uma alternativa preventiva para ser utilizada, por profissionais de saúde, com a finalidade de alertar os idosos, quanto à sua condição nutricional para procurarem ajuda especializada. / Background: The nutritional screening is a method used worldwide to identify individuals at nutritional risk, being the older people the most vulnerable population segment. However, in Brazil, there are still no specific methods for nutritional screening in older domiciled people. Objectives: i) identify nutritional screening methods for older domiciled people and select the most adequate for the use in Brazil; ii) carry out the cross-cultural adaptation and validation of content of the method selected; and iii) verify the psychometric properties of reliability, validity and operational equivalence of the method selected. Methods: This thesis is composed of three manuscripts. The first presents a systematic review of nutritional screening methods for the use in older domiciled people published in the databases PubMed, LILACS and Web of Science from 1990 to 2012. The second describes the process of cultural adaptation and validation of contents of the selected method, Determine Your Nutritional Health® (DNH) to Brazil. The third analyzed the Brazilian version of the nutritional screening method \"Verify the condition nutritional of the older people\", regarding the reliability (by the McNemar test and Bland & Altman), the discriminate validity (by correlation between the result of the final score of the screening nutrition, with the anthropometric variables and nutritional indicators, using the Mann-Whitney test) and operational equivalence (by data on the duration of implementation of the method and degree of understanding by Likert scale of 1-5). Results: Manuscript 1: 12 nutritional screening methods which attended the eligibility criteria were described, according to their characteristics, form of identification of nutritional risk, psychometric properties and operational aspects, being selected for cross-cultural adaptation to Brazil, the DNH method. Manuscript 2: Adaptations of words and expressions were made resulting in the Brazilian version of \"Verify the condition nutritional of the older people\", presenting the same issues of the original version of DNH, however, in clearer format, through questions considered accessible and easy to understand. Manuscript 3: It was found that the \"Verify the condition nutritional of the older people\" is reliable, that is, was able to reproduce similar responses when carried out twice (at different moments) with the same individual. It showed sufficient results regarding the discriminate validity and presented an average duration of 7 minutes to carry out the method, with a 4.8 general average grade of understanding. Conclusions: The nutritional screening method DNH was selected as the most adequate for cross-cultural adaptation to Brazil. Its adjustment process resulted in the Brazilian version of \"Verify the condition nutritional of the older people\". This method proved to be reliable and presented results sufficient regarding its discerning validity and operational equivalence, constituting a preventative alternative to be used by health professionals, with the purpose of alerting the older people about their nutritional condition to seek specialized help.

A emergência de relações não diretamente treinadas e a formação de classes de estímulos equivalentes têm sido demonstradas após treinos com o procedimento matching-to-sample em humanos. Entretanto, estudos com não-humanos têm encontrado dificuldade em demonstrálas. Estudos que utilizaram procedimentos alternativos ao matching-to-sample com pombos sugerem a emergência de relações de dentidade e simetria a partir do procedimento go/no-go. O presente estudo pretendeu avaliar se o procedimento go/no-go com estímulos compostos produziria relações emergentes de simetria, transitividade e equivalência, que atestam a formação de classes de equivalência, utilizando pombos como sujeitos. Três pombos passaram por um treino (AB e BC) de discriminação sucessiva, no qual responder aos compostos A1B1, A2B2, B1C1 e B2C2 foi consequenciado com alimento em VI60 e responder aos compostos A1B2, A2B1, B1C2 e B2C1 não foi seguido de consequência programada. Os testes envolveram compostos formados pelas recombinações dos elementos dos compostos de treino: BA e CB (simetria), AC (transitividade) e CA (equivalência). Todos os pombos apresentaram desempenhos indicativos de emergência de simetria, mas não de transitividade e equivalência. Esses resultados sugerem que testes de simetria com o procedimento go/no-go com estímulos compostos podem avaliar repertórios diferentes dos testes de simetria com o procedimento matching-to-sample, uma vez que no caso desse último procedimento a literatura indica maiores dificuldades de se estabelecer simetria do que transitividade. Outra possibilidade é que o procedimento go/no-go com estímulos compostos seria mais eficaz para testar emergência de simetria. Futuros estudos poderão investigar quais parâmetros do procedimento go/no-go com estímulos compostos poderiam favorecer a emergência também das relações de transitividade e equivalência. / Emergence of not directly trained relations and formation of stimulus equivalence classes have been shown using matching-to-sample procedure in humans. However, studies found difficulties to demonstrate these relations in nonhumans. Studies with alternative procedures suggest the emergence of identity and symmetry relations with the go/no-go procedure in pigeons. The present study aimed to evaluate if the go/no-go procedure with compound stimuli would produce symmetry, transitivity and equivalence relations with pigeons as subjects. Three pigeons were submitted to a successive discrimination training in which responding in the presence of the compounds A1B1, A2B2, B1C1 and B2C2 was followed by food and responding to A1B2, A2B1, B1C2 and B2C1 was not followed by programmed consequence. During tests, the compounds were formed by recombination of the elements of training compounds: BA and CB (symmetry), AC (transitivity) and CA (equivalence). All pigeons showed emergence of symmetry, but not transitivity and equivalence. These results suggest that symmetry tests with go/no-go procedure with compound stimuli would evaluate different repertories than the symmetry tests with matching-to-sample procedure because studies with matching-to-sample procedure indicate difficulties in establishing symmetry but not to establish transitivity. Another possibility is that the go/no-go procedure with compound stimuli would be more efficient to test emergence of symmetry. Future studies could investigate which parameters in a go/no-go procedure with compound stimuli would favor the emergence of transitivity and equivalence relations.

O presente estudo descritivo-comparativo refere-se à tradução juramentada de documentos realizada no par de línguas português e italiano. Sendo o ato tradutório um processo complexo, implica em várias etapas a serem cumpridas, desde o recebimento da informação transmitida pela língua de partida, a análise imediata do tradutor de seu conteúdo e objetivo, a pesquisa terminológica a ser realizada nesse documento para a certificação da equivalência/correspondência em realidades situacionais jurídicas e administrativas diferentes e as decisões que ele deve tomar para preencher as lacunas linguísticas provenientes dessa diversidade. Para a realização do seu trabalho, o tradutor juramentado conta com um prazo pré-estabelecido, além de um escasso material lexicográfico bilíngue de apoio. Na maioria das vezes, suas decisões sobre esse árduo percurso são imediatas, pontuais e solitárias. Assim, objetiva-se com este estudo fundamentar a sua prática tradutória em uma teoria dos estudos da tradução, para justificar tais decisões. Ao longo deste trabalho, foram apresentados diversos tipos de documentos que são utilizados na prática de atos civis das pessoas e que, ao transpor continentes, são mediados pelo tradutor juramentado, quando a comprovação de seu teor deve ser atestada e traduzida/vertida, para cumprir determinado objetivo em países estrangeiros que se comunicam. Esses documentos são de valor incontestável desde épocas remotas até os dias atuais. Isso será brevemente relatado no surgimento dos cartórios, que objetivavam o registro dos atos civis dos habitantes de uma comunidade, na criação das Juntas Comerciais, que sempre visaram à fiscalização e ao registro da vida comercial das sociedades, até nossos dias, em que são utilizados para formalizar transações intercontinentais. No discorrer da pesquisa, foi dado um pequeno enfoque para a importância do verbo em contextos jurídicos, estudo este fundamentado na teoria dos Atos de Fala. Visto que o tradutor juramentado é investido de poder para o ofício que executa ao certificar suas traduções, a referida Teoria é relevante ao ser também comprovada na pratica do ato tradutório. A análise comparativa terminológica principal deste estudo foi realizada tomando-se como base dois documentos transcritos no par de línguas português e italiano: o TERMO DE AUDIÊNCIA EM AÇÃO DE DIVÓRCIO DIRETO CONSENSUAL e VERBALE DI COMPARIZIONE DEI CONIUGI ALL´UDIENZA CAMERALE DI DIVORZIO CONGIUNTO. Nela, procurando-se estabelecer o grau de equivalência/correspondência nas línguas português e italiano e a comprovação de semelhanças no uso de sintagmas verbais encontrados no corpo dos dois documentos, constatou-se a existência terminológica total em alguns segmentos e parcial em outros. Fundamentar a prática tradutória em uma teoria da tradução foi de imensa importância para a conclusão deste trabalho, não só pela justificativa das decisões pessoais tomadas pelo tradutor juramentado no processo tradutório, mas pela comprovação teórica desses atos, obtida através dos estudos incansáveis realizados por esses pesquisadores da língua. / This comparative-descriptive study refers to the certified translation of documents held in the pair of Portuguese and Italian languages. Being the Translational Act a complex process, it involves several steps to be complied, since the receiving of the information supplied by the source language, the immediate analysis of the translator of its content and purpose, the terminological research to be held in this document to the certification of the equivalence/correspondence in different legal and administrative situational realities and the decisions he must take in order to fill the linguistic gaps from this diversity. For the completion of a work, the certified translator has a pre-established deadline, and a scarce bilingual lexicographic support material. Most of the time, their decisions on this arduous journey are immediate, timely and lonely. Thus, the objective of this study is to substantiate its translation practice on a theory of translation studies, to justify such decisions. Throughout this work, various types of documents that are used in the practice of civil acts of people and that, when transposing continents, are mediated by a certified translator, when the evidence of its content must be certified and translated to fulfill a particular purpose in foreign countries which communicate to each other, were presented. These documents are of incontestable value since ancient times to the present day. This will be briefly reported in the emergence of registry offices, which aimed the registration of civil acts of the inhabitants of a community, from the creation of Trade Boards, which have always aimed at the supervision and registration of the commercial life of society, to this day, when they are used to formalize intercontinental transactions. In the discourse of the research, it has been given a small focus to the importance of the verb used in legal contexts, being this study based on the Theory of Speech Acts. Since the certified translator is vested with power to the work that he performs when certifying the translations, the referred Theory is also relevant when proven in the practice of the translation act. The main terminological comparative analysis of this study was performed taking base on two documents transcribed in the pair of the Portuguese and Italian languages: TERM OF HEARING IN DIRECT CONSENSUS DIVORCE ACTION and VERBALE DI COMPARIZIONE DEI CONIUGI ALL\'UDIENZA CAMERALE DI DIVORZIO CONGIUNTO. In it, seeking to establish the degree of equivalence / correspondence in the Portuguese and Italian languages and the evidence of similarities in the use of verb phrases found in the body of the two documents, there was total terminological existence in some segments and partial in others. Substantiating the translation practice in a theory of translation was of immense importance to the completion of this work, not only by the background of the personal decisions made by the certified translator in the Translational process, but by the theoretical evidence of these acts, obtained through the tireless studies carried out by these researchers of the language.

This theoretical and biographical thesis deals with the work of Otto Kade, a major German Translation Studies scholar. It is based on an analysis of his monographs and articles and presents his most important ideas and contributions to the development of Translation Studies. The thesis describes the circumstances under which Kade's theory was created, and depicts his efforts to defend the existence of Translation Studies as an independent field of science - his endeavour to establish the subject of this discipline, make Translation Science more scientific, develop a consistent and innovative terminology and methodology, assess the social status of translators and interpreters, and systematise their education and didactics. Last but not least, the thesis demonstrates how wide in scope his reflections were, and also outlines the reception of Kade's concepts. Key words Otto Kade, Leipzig School, translation theory, equivalence types, machine translation

Este trabalho tem dois objetivos principais. O primeiro é estender o Teorema de Serre-Swan para grupoides de Lie étale. O segundo é demonstrar que, se dois grupoides de Lie étale são Morita equivalentes então a categoria dos módulos sobre as álgebras de convolução destes grupoides são equivalentes, e esta equivalência preserva a subcategoria dos módulos de tipo finito e posto constante. / In this work we have two main goals. The first one is to extend the Serre-Swan\'s theorem. Our second goal is to prove, if two étale Lie groupoids are Morita equivalence then the category of modules over its convolution algebra are Morita equivalence, and this equivalence preserve the subcategory of modules of finite type and of constant rank.

Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och analysera lärares och speciallärares erfarenheter av och uppfattningar om att arbeta med pedagogisk utredning i grundskolan samt grundsärskolan utifrån följande forskningsfrågor: Vilka erfarenheter har lärare av att genomföra pedagogiska utredningar enligt gällande riktlinjer för att utreda grundskolans samt grundsärskolans elevers behov av särskilt stöd? Vilka uppfattningar har lärare om den pedagogiska utredningens betydelse för att stödja elevers måluppfyllelse? Utifrån syfte och frågeställningar valdes en metodtriangulering där fem speciallärare intervjuades utifrån semistruktur, enkät skickades ut till alla lärare vid kommunens F-9 skolor därefter genomfördes en fokusgruppsintervju med fyra lärare för att få en fördjupad förståelse för studiens forskningsområde. Studiens teoretiska referensram utgår från begreppet likvärdighet. Gällande styrdokument beskriver likvärdighet utifrån tre grundläggande aspekter; lika tillgång till utbildning, lika kvalitet på utbildning och att utbildningen ska vara kompensatorisk. I studien framkommer att efter Skolinspektionens granskning av kommunen har arbetet med och rutiner kring att utreda elevers behov av särskilt stöd förbättrats. Det framgår också att den pedagogiska utredningen genomförs till stor del enligt styrdokumentens riktlinjer. Dock beskrivs i denna studie en begränsad erfarenhet av att utreda grundsärskoleelevers behov av särskilt stöd som grundar sig i avsaknad av måluppfyllelse. Intervjupersonerna i studien har en förhoppning om att tydligare rutiner kommer att ge eleverna bättre stödinsatser men det framkommer också att de har erfarenhet av att bristande resurser och kompetens kan spela en avgörande roll för om skolan kan erbjuda eleven kompensatoriskt stöd. / The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze teachers and special needs teachers experiences of and perceptions with respect to working with educational assessment in elementary school and special needs school based on the following research questions: What experiences do teachers have from performing educational assessments according to current guidelines for assessment of elementary school and special needs school pupils need of special support? What perceptions do teachers have regarding the educational assessments importance for supporting pupils goal completion? Based on the purpose and questions a mixed method approach was chosen. Five special needs teachers were interviewed by semi structure and a poll was sent out to all teachers in the municipality F-9 schools and after that a focus group interview was performed with four teachers to get a deeper understanding of the research area of the study. The theoretical reference for this study originates from the concept of equivalence. Current regulatory documents describe equivalence based on three fundamental aspects: equal access to education, equal quality of education and education shall be compensatory. In the study it reveals that after Schools Inspectorate review of the municipality the work with routines for assessment regarding pupils with special needs have been improved. It also reveals that the educational assessment is being performed according to the regulatory documents guidelines. However, this study describes a limited experience of assessing special needs pupils need of special support based on lack of goal completion. The persons interviewed in the study have an expectation that more clear routines will give the pupils better support contribution, but it also reveals that they have experience that lack of resources and competence can have a crucial role if the school can offer the pupil compensatory support.

Error equivalence concerns the mechanism whereby different error sources result in identical deviation and variation patterns on part features. This could have dual effects on process variation reduction: it significantly increases the complexity of root cause diagnosis in process control, and provides an opportunity to use one error source as based error to compensate the others. There are fruitful research accomplishments on establishing error equivalence methodology, such as error equivalence modeling, and an error compensating error strategy. However, no work has been done on developing an efficient process design approach by investigating error equivalence. Furthermore, besides the process mean shift, process fault also manifests itself as variation increase. In this regard, studying variation equivalence may help to improve the root cause identification approach. This thesis presents engineering driven approaches for process design and control via embedding error equivalence mechanisms to achieve a better, insightful understanding and control of manufacturing processes. The first issue to be studied is manufacturing process design and optimization based on the error equivalence. Using the error prediction model that transforms different types of errors to the equivalent amount of one base error, the research derives a novel process tolerance stackup model allowing tolerance synthesis to be conducted. Design of computer experiments is introduced to assist the process design optimization. Secondly, diagnosis of multiple variation sources under error equivalence is conducted. This allows for exploration and study of the possible equivalent variation patterns among multiple error sources and the construction of the library of equivalent covariance matrices. Based on the equivalent variation patterns library, this thesis presents an excitation-response path orientation approach to improve the process variation sources identification under variation equivalence. The results show that error equivalence mechanism can significantly reduce design space and release us from considerable symbol computation load, thus improve process design. Moreover, by studying the variation equivalence mechanism, we can improve the process diagnosis and root cause identification.

<p>This essay aims to study how national tests in the ninth grade are being viewed upon in the Swedish school system. What are the affected people’s thoughts regarding its field of application? For further information about this matter, three different sub studies have taken place. In the first sub study, literature from The Swedish National Agency for Education (SNAE) has been studied and compared to other researches. In the second sub study, pupils who took part in the national tests during the previous year answered a survey about their experiences working with the tests. The third sub study includes interviews with 12 teachers who all work with national tests in the ninth grade. These teachers were asked questions about their experiences working with the national tests. Results from the three sub studies are discussed thoroughly and are being brought together through a neo-rationalistic perspective in the discussion part of the essay. The major conclusion made is that there is a difference between the guidelines given by SNAE and how the affected people within the schools look upon the test system.</p>

A major dilemma for music teachers in Sweden is that the educational system since 15 years dictates that local adaptations should be made, since all students shall be assessed equivalently. In this study I have examined what strategies music teachers have in the grading process, and specifically how they do to grade equivalently. Previous research shows that Swedish music teachers have difficulties when it comes to make use of regulatory documents. Working conditions for Swedish music teachers also often differ from other teacher groups (e.g. it is usually only one music teacher at a school) and therefore, and because of the fact that the area is largely unexplored, new knowledge and understanding is needed.The thesis consists of two parts: A web survey (quantitative and qualitative parts) and core questions in the survey (on how to grade equivalently in music). I emanate in my reasoning from a music teacher’s awareness but with an open approach. With socioculture influences and a critical approach I question the prevailing circum- stances. With the qualitative approach, I aim to get close to the material and identify music teachers' strategies for assessment in accordance with the requirements of national equivalence.More than 600 music teachers contributed to the survey, representing around 50% of all final grades that are written each year in Swedish compulsory school music. The outcomes show that during the last decade an ongoing professionalization has taken place among music teachers. The findings also include knowledge about how impor- tant note taking is for equivalence and the problems music teachers have with physi- cal conditions for the teaching (such as group sizes and instrumentation). Also the gut felling, as a cultural tool, is observed in a particular way in the assessment work. Last, the picture of “music teachers as their own curriculum” is suggested to be revised. Since music teachers need to adjust to local conditions, and now have a greater knowledge and experience in the mechanism of grading equivalently, it is suggested that music teachers are forced to be their own curriculum.

Vectorial Boolean functions are used as S-boxes in cryptosystems. To design inequivalent vectorial Boolean functions resistant to known attacks is one of the challenges in cryptography. Verifying whether two vectorial Boolean functions are equivalent or not is the final step in this challenge. Hence, finding a fast technique for determining whether two given vectorial Boolean functions are equivalent is an important problem. A special class of the equivalence called restricted extended affine (REA) equivalence is studied in this thesis. We study the verification complexity of REA-equivalence of two vectorial Boolean functions for some types, namely types I to VI. We first review the verification of the REA-equivalence types I to IV given in the recent work of Budaghyan and Kazymyrov (2012). Furthermore, we present the complexities of the verification of REA-equivalence types I and IV in the case basic simultaneous Gaussian elimination method is used. Next, we present two new REA-equivalence types V and VI with their complexities. Finally, we give the algorithms of each type I to VI with their MAGMA codes.