This diploma thesis deals with the topic Binomials in German, Czech and English. The theoretical part defines the basic terminology related to phraseology and phraseologisms. Furthermore, the theoretical part describes the definition and classification of binomials. The first part contains the gathered German binomials which are compared with their Czech and English equivalents using methods of contrastive phraseology which is described in the theoretical part. The expressions are compared on the basis of the classification of types of equivalence according to Helgunde Henschel (1993). In the second part are introduced results of analysis of textbooks and workbooks that correspond to reference levels A1 B1 according to the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR). The aim of this part is to gather binomials and further analyse them. The third part focuses on presentation of preparation of one teaching lesson that includes binomials.

La popularisation de la technologie a permis d'implanter des dispositifs et des applications de plus en plus développés à la portée d'utilisateurs non experts. Ces systèmes produisent des flux ainsi que des données persistantes dont les schémas et les dynamiques sont hétérogènes. Cette thèse s'intéresse à pouvoir observer les données de ces systèmes pour aider à les comprendre et à les diagnostiquer. Nous proposons tout d'abord un modèle algébrique Astral capable de traiter sans ambiguïtés sémantiques des données provenant de flux ou relations. Le moteur d'exécution Astronef a été développé sur l'architecture à composants orientés services pour permettre une grande adaptabilité. Il est doté d'un constructeur de requête permettant de choisir un plan d'exécution efficace. Son extension Asteroid permet de s'interfacer avec un SGBD pour gérer des données persistantes de manière intégrée. Nos contributions sont confrontées à la pratique par la mise en œuvre d'un système d'observation du réseau domestique ainsi que par l'étude des performances. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés à la mise en place de la personnalisation des résultats dans notre système par l'introduction d'un modèle de préférences top-k. / Due to the popularization of technology, non-expert people can now use more and more advanced devices and applications. Such systems produce data streams as well as persistent data with heterogeneous schemas and dynamics. This thesis is focused on monitoring data coming from those systems to help users to understand and to perform diagnosis on them. We propose an algebraic model Astral able to treat data coming from streams or relations without semantic ambiguity. The engine Astronef has been developed on top of a service-oriented component framework to enable a large adaptability. It embeds a query builder which can select a composition of components to provide an efficient query plan. Its extension Asteroid interfaces with a DBMS in order to manage persistent data in an integrated manner. Our contributions have been confronted to practice with the deployment of a monitoring system for the digital home and with a performance study. Finally, we extend our approach with an operator to personalize the results by introducing a top-k preference model.

The paper investigates net lending and net borrowing flows of the institutional sectors in Europe since the introduction of the Euro in 1999. Applying a simple statistical apparatus, this paper is novel in describing the sectoral behavior leading up to and during the crisis. We find that (1) many countries of the Northern group were characterized by low public deficits or even budget surpluses, current account surpluses and a private sector in a net lending position. In countries of the Southern periphery, in the Anglo-Saxon countries as well as in many Eastern European Economies private sector net borrowing coincided with a budget deficit and substantial current account deficits. (2) With the onset of the crisis private net lending soared in all countries while all governments incurred deficits, consistent with the notion of a balance sheet recession. (3) Private net lending is pro-cyclical, reinforcing the economic downturn, while public net lending is countercyclical in all countries. (4) Household net lending tends to lead the business cycle, while corporate net lending tends to lag it especially in the Northern group. (5) Prominent concepts asserting causal relationships in sectoral net lending, such as Ricardian equivalence and the twin deficit hypothesis are not supported by the data. (authors' abstract) / Series: Ecological Economic Papers

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo repertoriar os termos do licenciamento ambiental brasileiro e oferecer equivalentes em língua inglesa, visando à construção futura de um glossário deste tema. A motivação para a pesquisa advém da necessidade de criar um instrumento que possa contribuir para a comunicação entre profissionais do meio ambiente e o público estrangeiro, cujo benefício se estende aos profissionais da tradução, intermediadores da comunicação. A pesquisa se realiza em dois corpora, compostos de legislação ambiental e de manuais de licenciamento ambiental voltados a orientar aos cidadãos, nos idiomas português e inglês. Para a sua realização, recorreu-se aos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia (CABRÉ, 1999a), que compreende os termos como unidades léxicas pertencentes às línguas naturais, que adquirem estatuto terminológico no âmbito das comunicações especializadas. Na Linguística de Corpus (SARDINHA, 2004), disciplina que se ocupa da coleta e exploração de conjuntos textuais para fins de pesquisas linguísticas, buscou-se orientação quanto ao uso e processamento de corpora. A investigação dos equivalentes pautou-se no conceito de equivalência funcional resultante dos estudos de tradução jurídica (GÉMAR, 1998; SARCEVIC, 1997). A análise dos corpora para a recolha dos termos se deu por meio do programa AntConc (ANTHONY, 2014) e suas ferramentas. Elaborou-se uma árvore de domínio e fluxogramas do licenciamento ambiental que, somados aos dados de frequência e distribuição, constituíram os parâmetros para a identificação e validação dos termos. Os 371 termos validados apontam para a interdisciplinaridade do domínio do licenciamento ambiental, de modo que foram identificados termos inerentes ao tema, de pertinência temática, e termos que permeiam a temática colaborando para sua compreensão, de pertinência pragmática. Tal constatação permitiu que fosse realizada uma classificação dos termos em quatro categorias: licenciamento ambiental, gestão ambiental, direito e outras áreas. Tal classificação resultou no conhecimento acerca da composição da terminologia da área estudada. Quanto aos equivalentes, as diferenças jurídicas e culturais existentes entre Brasil e Estados Unidos ficaram evidenciadas na terminologia estudada, com a apuração de termos para os quais um equivalente funcional não poderia ser oferecido. Para esses casos, outros recursos foram utilizados, tais como a expansão lexical e a equivalência literal. Os desafios encontrados reforçam o interesse e a necessidade em prosseguir com a pesquisa rumo à confecção de um glossário do licenciamento ambiental. / This research aims at collecting the most relevant terms of the Brazilian environmental licensing and their equivalents in English as a first step to the construction of a glossary of this topic. The motivation for the research comes from the need to create an instrument that can contribute to communication between professionals of the environment and the foreign public, what can also benefit professional translators, who mediate communication. The research is carried out in two corpora, composed of environmental legislation and guidance manuals for citizens, in Portuguese and in English. It is based on the theoretical and methodological principles of the Communicative Theory of Terminology (CABRÉ, 1999a), which comprises the terms as lexical units belonging to natural languages and that acquire terminological status within the specialized communications. In Corpus Linguistics (SARDINHA, 2004), a discipline that deals with the collection and exploitation of textual language sets for research purposes, it sought guidance on the use and processing of corpora. The investigation of equivalents was based on the concept of functional equivalence derived from legal translation studies (GEMAR, 1998; SARCEVIC, 1997). The study of the corpora for the collection of terms was performed with the software AntConc (ANTHONY, 2014) and its tools. In addition to statistical data, such as frequency and distribution, a domain tree and flowcharts of the environmental licensing were built and used as parameters to identify and validate the terms. The 371 terms validated point to the interdisciplinary nature of the environmental licensing domain, so there were terms inherent to the theme, of thematic relevance, and terms of pragmatic relevance, which permeate a theme and contribute to its understanding. This finding allowed a classification of terms into four categories: environmental licensing, environmental management, law and other areas. This classification resulted in knowledge about the composition of the terminology of the studied area. Regarding the equivalents, the existing legal and cultural differences between Brazil and the United States were evidenced in the studied terminology, with the occurrence of terms for which a functional equivalent could not be offered. For these cases, other resources were used, such as lexical expansion and literal equivalence. The challenges reinforce the interest and the need to continue the research in order to produce a glossary of environmental licensing.

On considère R une relation d’équivalence borélienne standard de type I I1 sur un espace de probabilités (X, µ). On étudie une certaine propriété d’homogénéité pour un graphage fixé de la relation R : on suppose que les feuilles du graphage sont toutes isomorphes à un certain graphe transitif (connexe, infini, localement fini) Γ. Que peut-on dire sur la relation ? Dans ce cas, en considérant une action "à la Mackey", on montre qu’il existe (Z ,η) un revêtement standard probabilisé de (X, µ), une action libre (qui préserve η) sur Z du groupe G (localement compact, à base dénombrable d’ouverts) des automorphismes du graphe et un isomorphisme stable des groupoïdes mesurés associés. On fait le lien entre les propriétés du groupe G et celles de la relation de départ ; en particulier la propriété (T), (H) et la moyennabilité "passent" du graphe à la relation et réciproquement. On déduit aussi de la construction quelques couplages d’équivalence mesurée (ou plus généralement des "randembeddings") entre certains sous-groupes des automorphismes de Γ et tout groupe qui contient orbitalement la relation R. Dans un deuxième chapitre, on aborde le cas particulier de la propriété (T) relative pour les paires de groupes (ΓxZ^2, Z^2), où Γ est un sous-groupe non moyennable de SL(2,Z). Cette propriété a d’abord été prouvée par Marc Burger, puis "re-démontrée" plus "visuellement" quelques années plus tard dans le cas de SL(2,Z)xZ^2 par Y. Shalom, en utilisant des découpages du plan. On reprend cette technique dans le cas général du théorème de Burger afin d’obtenir par un algorithme des constantes de Kazhdan explicites pour toute paire (ΓxZ^2, Z^2). / We consider a measure preserving standard borel equivalence relation R on a standard probability space (X,µ). We study a particular property of homogeneity for a fixed graphing of the relation R : We assume that the leaves of the graphing are all isomorphic to a given transitive graph Γ (connected, infinite, locally finite). What can be known about the relation ?In this case, considering a « Mackey action », we show that there exists a standard covering of (X,µ) i.e. a standard space Z; a probability measure η; a free, measure-preserving action on Z of G the (locally compact, second countable) group of all graph automorphisms of Γ and a stable isomorphism of the associated measured groupoid with R. We investigate some links between properties of G (resp. of the graph Γ) and those of R. In particular, Kazhdan property (T), Haagerup property (H) and amenability are preserved from the graph to the relation and conversely. We also deduce from the construction some couplings of measured equivalence (more generally some randembeddings) between subgroups of G and any group orbitally containing R. In a second chapter, we deal with the relative property (T) for the pairs (ΓxZ^2,Z^2), where Γ is a non-amenable subgroup of SL(2,Z). This property was first proved by M. Burger. Later on, Y. Shalom gave a more geometrical proof in the case of SL(2,Z)xZ^2, by using partitions of the plane. Following the same techniques in the general case of Burger's theorem, we develop an algorithm producing explicit constants for all pairs (ΓxZ^2,Z^2).

Soit (X, μ) un espace de probabilité standard et Γ un groupe dénombrable agissant sur X de manière à préserver la mesure de probabilité (p.m.p.). La partition de l’espace X en orbites induite par l’action de Γ est entièrement encodée par le groupe plein de l’action, constitué de l’ensemble des bijections boréliennes de l’espace qui agissent par permutation sur chaque orbite. Plus précisément, le théorème de reconstruction de H. Dye stipule que deux actions p.m.p. sont orbitalement équivalentes (i.e. induisent la même partition à une bijection p.m.p. près) si et seulement si leurs groupes pleins sont isomorphes.Le sujet de cette thèse est grandement motivé par ce théorème de reconstruction, puisqu’il s’agit de voir comment des invariants d’équivalence orbitale, qui portent donc sur la partition de l’espace en orbites, se traduisent en des propriétés algébriques ou topologiques du groupe plein associé.Le résultat majeur porte sur le rang topologique des groupes pleins, c’est-à-dire le nombre minimum d’éléments nécessaires pour engendrer un sous-groupe dense. Il se trouve être fortement relié a un invariant fondamental d’équivalence orbitale : le coût. Plus précisément, nous avons montré que le rang topologique était, dans le cas ergodique, égal à la partie entière du coût de l’action plus un. Le cas non ergodique a également été étudié, et on a obtenu des résultats complémentaires sur la généricité de l’ensemble des générateurs topologiques.Enfin, on a caractérisé les actions dont toutes les orbites sont infinies : ce sont exac- tement celles dont le groupe plein n’admet aucun morphisme non trivial à valeurs dans Z/2Z. / Let (X,μ) be a standard probability space and Γ a countable group acting on X in a measure preserving way. The partition of the space X into Γ-orbits is entirely encoded by the full group of the action, consisting of all the Borel bijections of X which act by permutation on every orbit. To be more precise, Dye’s reconstruction theorem states that two measure preserving actions are orbit equivalent (i.e. they induce the same partition up to a measure preserving bijection of (X, μ)) if and only if their full groups are isomorphic.The reconstruction theorem is the main motivation for this thesis, in which we try to understand how exactly orbit equivalence invariants of measure preserving actions translate into algebraic or topological properties of the associated full group.The main result deals with the topological rank of full groups, that is the minimal number of elements needed to generate a dense subgroup. It happens to be deeply linked to a fundamental invariant of orbit equivalence : the cost. To be more precise, we have shown that the topological rank is, in the ergodic case, equal to the integer part of the cost of the action plus one. The non-ergodic case was also treated, and we obtained some genericity results for the set of topological generators.We also obtained a characterization of the measure preserving actions having only infinite orbits : these are the ones whose full group has non nontrivial morphism into Z/2Z.

Nesta tese de doutorado apresentamos um estudo sobre o comportamento de diversos sistemas irrevers?veis, caracterizados pela existencia de estados absorventes, atraves de abordagens distintas. Utilizamos aproximacoes de campo medio dinamico, simulacoes numericas usuais, mudanca de ensemble e expanso em serie. Alem disso, mostramos numa parte deste trabalho que a abordagem proposta para o estudo de sistemas irrevers?veis no ensemble em que o numero de part?culas e constante tambem pode ser estendida para sistemas em equil´?brio termodinamico, descrito pela distribuicao de probabilidades de Gibbs. Finalmente mostramos problemas em aberto para trabalhos futuros. / In this PHD thesis, we have presented a study about several nonequilibrium systems with absorbing states by means of different approaches, such as mean-field analysis, usual numerical simulations, analysis in another ensemble and perturbative series expansions. In a specific part of this thesis, we have shown that the approach proposed here for describing nonequilibrium systems in the constant particle number ensemble can also be used to caracterize equilibrium systems, described by Gibbs probability distribution. Finally, we have shown open problems for future researchs.

Esta tese apresenta uma análise estatística detalhada dos dados de experimentos com neutrinos solares mais recentes, com duas diferentes soluções para oscilações de neutrinos, ambas caracterizadas por um grande comprimento de oscilação. A primeira baseada no mecanismo de oscilação padrão, ou seja, induzida por massa, sendo esta estudada nos casos de duas e três gerações e dentro do regime de quase-vácuo. E a segunda, uma exótica, que usa como mecanismo de oscilação uma possível violação do princípio de equivalência, que foi analisada somente para o caso de duas gerações, sendo este discutido para transições entre neutrinos ativos, e entre neutrinos ativos e estéreis. Nossos resultados mostraram que ambas soluções são consistentes com os dados de neutrinos solares e, também, no caso específico do quase-vácuo, observamos que a hipótese de três gerações ficou desfavorecida. / This thesis presents a well detailed statistical analysis using the recent data from solar neutrino experiments. This analysis was done in the framework of two different solutions of neutrino oscillations, both characterized by a long oscillation wavelength. The first was based on the standard mass induced oscillation mechanism, here we worked in the scheme of two and three neutrino generations within the quasivacuum regime. The second was an exotic mechanism, where the neutrino oscillation is due to a possible breakdown of the equivalence principle, this alternative was analyzed only for two neutrino generations, in the cases for the conversion among active neutrino and active to sterile neutrino. Our results show a good agreement between the solar neutrino data and both solutions, also in the specific case of quasivacuum, we found that the hypothesis for the three neutrino generation is disfavored.

Um dos principais problemas na teoria qualitativa das equações diferenciais em dimensão dois é apresentar, para uma dada família de sistemas diferenciais, uma classificação topológica dos retratos de fase de todos os sistemas dessa família. A proposta deste trabalho é estudar a técnica utilizada na classificação dos retratos de fase globais de sistemas diferenciais polinomiais da forma \'dx SUP dt\' = P(x,y) \'dy SUP dt = Q(x,y) onde P e Q são polinômios nas variáveis x e y e o máximo entre os graus de P e Q é 2. Para esse fim optamos pelo estudo da referência de Cairó e Llibre [5]. Na presente referência os autores obtém a classificação de todos os retratos de fase globais dos sistemas diferenciais polinomiais que possuem uma integral primeira racional, H, de grau 2. Esse estudo foi dividido em duas etapas. Na primeira, caracterizamos a função H através de seus coeficientes. Na segunda, encontramos todos os retratos de fase globais no disco de Poincaré. Para tais sistemas, existem exatamente 18 retratos de fase no disco de Poincaré, exceto pela reversão do sentido de todas as órbitas ou equivalência topológica / One of the main problems in the qualitative theory of 2-dimensional differential equations is, for a concrete family of differential systems, to describe a topological classification of the phase portraits for all the systems in this family. The purpose of this work is to study a technique used in the classification of global phase portraits of the planar polynomial diferential systems or simply quadratic systems of the form \'dx SUP. dt\' = P(x,y) \'dy SUP. dt\' = Q(x,y) where P and Q are real polynomials in x and y the maximum degree of P and Q is 2. Our basic reference is the paper of Cairó and Llibre [5]. In that work the authors give the classification of all global phase portraits of the planar quadratic differential systems having a rational first integral H of degree 2. Our work is divided in two parts. In the first part, we characterize the first integral H through its coeficients. In the second one, we describe all global phase portraits in the Poincaré disk. For such systems, there are exactly 18 different phase portraits in the Poincaré disk, up to a reversal of sense of all orbits or topological equivalence

Com base na teoria da tradução intersemiótica desenvolvida por Julio Plaza, o objetivo central desta pesquisa é analisar o processo de recriação das formas estéticas em traduções intersemióticas de haikai para o universo das artes visuais. Mais especificamente, trata-se de considerar as especificidades desse tipo de poema em seus aspectos sintáticos, semânticos e pragmáticos e analisar como são obtidas as equivalências nesses níveis no processo de transmutação intersígnica. Além disso, tendo em vista a importância dos meios de produção artística, especialmente no caso da tradução intersemiótica, observaremos como o meio pode favorecer a obtenção da equivalência. Como estudo de caso, propomos analisar traduções intersemióticas do haikai Furuikeya, do poeta japonês Matsuo Bash, para artes visuais em três tipos distintos de meio, elencados a partir de suas especificidades semióticas em relação ao processo de produção de imagens: meios artesanais, meios mecânicos e meios eletrônicos. / Based on the theory of Intersemiotic Translation developed by Julio Plaza, the central purpose of this research is to analyse the process of recreation of aesthetical forms in intersemiotic translations of haiku into the universe of visual arts. More specifically, considering the peculiarities of this type of poem in its syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects, we will analyse how the equivalences on these levels will be obtained in the process of intersign transmutation. Besides, since the media of artistic production are important, especially in the case of intersemiotic translation, we will observe how the medium can aid the achievement of equivalence. As a case study, we propose to analyse intersemiotic translations of the haiku Furuikeya (composed by the Japanese poet Matsuo Bash) into visual arts in three different types of medium, chosen from their semiotic peculiarities in relation to the process of image production: craft media, mechanical media, and electronic media.