Masters of Science / The main purpose of this thesis is to study the interplay between relational structures and topology, and to portray pairings in terms of some finite poset models and order preserving maps. We show the interrelations between the categories of topological spaces, closure spaces and relational structures. We study the 4-point non-Hausdorff model S4 weakly homotopy equivalent to the circle s'. We study pairings of some objects in the category of relational structures, similar to the multiplication of Hopf spaces in topology. The multiplication S4 x S4 ---7 S4 fails to be order preserving for posets. Nevertheless, applying a single barycentric subdivision on S4 to get Ss, an 8-point model of the circle enables us to define an order preserving poset map Ss x Ss ---7 S4' Restricted to the axes, this map yields weak homotopy equivalences Ss ---7 S4' Hence it is a pairing. Further, using the non-Hausdorff join Ss ® Ss, we obtain a version of the Hopf map Ss ® Ss ---7 §S4. This model of the Hopf map is in fact a map of non-Hausdorff double mapping cylinders.

The term equivalence comes from the Latin word "aequivalentia" and means equivalence. "Aequus" stands for equal and "valere" for worth. So two objects are equivalent if they have the same value. Equivalence plays an important role in translation science. "Translation science deals with the process of translation, i.e. the process that leads from a written source language text (ST text) to a written target language text (TL text), the translation Therefore, a TL (target language) text must be equivalent to the original ST (source language) text. However, a perfect equivalent transmission of the message in the target language is not always so easy to achieve, because languages differ at different levels. The languages reflect your own culture, way of seeing, expression, grammar and syntax. When you try to adapt these elements to a new language, it often happens that the equivalence is not achieved due to this heterogeneity and diversity. If you don't achieve them, it is not a translation but a text reproduction or text production that is not the same is worth to the original text. That is why the search for real equivalence has occupied various translators and scientists for years. They have defined various equivalence criteria that can be helpful for an accurate translation. For all these reasons, it is essential to achieve the correct equivalence when translating. This thesis researches the concept of equivalence in order to better understand it and then use it in practice, namely when translating.

Mori Ōgai’s (1862-1922) 1909 translation and the subsequent theater production of Henrik Ibsen’s 1896 play John Gabriel Borkman was in many ways instrumental in the formation of Japanese Meiji-era shingeki theater. Through his career as a translator, Ōgai’s translation approach shifted from one of decreasingly relying on domestication techniques to staying more faithful to the source text through use of foreignization techniques and arguably towards what has been identified by Eugene Nida and Jin Di as dynamical equivalence or equivalent effect, respectively, in drama translation. In this project, Ōgai’s translation of John Gabriel Borkman is examined using a set of categories peculiar to drama translation, as proposed by Chinese scholars Xu and Cui (2011), again based on the theories of Nida and Di. The categories are intelligibility, brevity, characterization and actability. The results from the analysis are used to do a qualitative analysis of Ōgai’s approach to drama translation. Results from the study indicate that Ōgai put large emphasis on the intelligibility of the play, and perhaps over the aspects of brevity, characterization and actability. However, wherever the brevity aspect seems not to be in violation of any of the other aspects, Ōgai seems to have tried to adhere as close as possible to the source texts in terms of speaking length.

Critical thinking is emphasized as a desirable and important ability across disciplines, occupations, governments, and cultures. Experts describe critical thinking as a collection of individually quantifiable skills that should be directly trained; however, existing interventions for improving critical thinking skills can be time consuming. Equivalence-based instruction reliably yields rapid and efficient acquisition of a variety of academic skills. The ability to identify logical fallacies was selected as a subset of critical thinking skills and compared across 30 college undergraduates who received either equivalence-based instruction, self-instruction, or no instruction in a pretest-train-posttest group design. Equivalence-based instruction resulted in greater mean score increases with shorter instructional duration than self-instruction and no instruction; however, mean session length and Ennis-Weir Critical Thinking Essay Test scores did not differ between groups.

The need for psychotherapy outcome research is growing in Japan as the societal demands for psychotherapy have increased in recent years. Although researchers in Japan recognize the importance of integrating clinical practice and empirical research in evaluating psychotherapy outcome, most Japanese studies to date have relied heavily on qualitative case studies (Haebara, 1997; Kanazawa, 2004; Tanno, 2001). With the help of six translators and 116 native Japanese pilot respondents, this study adapted the Outcome Questionnaire (OQ; Lambert et al., 1996), one of the most common quantitative measures of clinical outcome, for use in Japan. The translation of the original OQ into Japanese followed Beaton et al. (2000) to include forward translation, synthesis, back translation, and expert committee meetings. The study produced 4 pre-final versions, 2 pretests, and a pilot. With permission from the original questionnaire developers, a few items were modified to achieve cultural equivalence. The rigorous translation and adaptation processes, evaluated through the Translation Validity Index (Tang & Dixon, 2002) and Content Validity Index (Polit et al., 2007), sought semantic, content, and conceptual equivalence between the English and Japanese versions of the OQ. Study limitations and suggestions for further development of the Japanese OQ are discussed.

This dissertation consists of three chapters on the topic of differential games and resource economics. The first chapter extends the envelope theorem to the class of discounted infinite horizon differential games that posses locally differentiable Nash equilibria. The theorems cover both the open-loop and feedback information structures, and are applied to a simple analytically solvable linear-quadratic game. The results show that the conventional interpretation of the costate variable as the shadow value of the state variable along the equilibrium path is only valid for feedback Nash equilibria, but not for open-loop Nash equilibria. The specific linear-quadratic structure provides some extra insights on the theorem. For example, the costate variable is shown to uniformly overestimate the shadow value of the state variable in the open-loop case, but the growth rate of the costate variable are the same as the shadow value under open-loop and feedback information structures. Chapter two investigates the qualitative properties of symmetric open-loop Nash equilibria for a ubiquitous class of discounted infinite horizon differential games. The results show that the specific functional forms and the value of parameters used in the game are crucial in determining the local asymptotic stability of steady state, the steady state comparative statics, and the local comparative dynamics. Several sufficient conditions are provided to identify a local saddle point type of steady state. An important steady state policy implication from the model is that functional forms and parameter values are not only quantitatively important to differentiate policy tools, but they are also qualitatively important. Chapter three shifts the interests to the lottery mechanism for rationing public resources. It characterizes the optimal pricing strategies of lotteries for a welfare-maximization agency. The optimal prices are shown to be positive for a wide range of individual private value distributions, suggesting that the sub-optimal pricing may result in a significant efficiency loss and that the earlier studies under zero-pricing may need to be re-examined. In addition, I identify the revenue and welfare equivalency propositions across lottery institutions. Finally, the numerical simulations strongly support the findings.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att jämföra två kinesiska översättningar av den ryska novellen Damen med hunden av Anton Pavlovitj Tjechov och identifiera översättningsstrategier som används i de kinesiska versionerna. Den ena kinesiska översättningen är gjord av Ru Long under andra halvan av 1900-talet. Den andra versionen översattes av Tong Daoming år 2016. Jämförelsen görs med en empirisk studie som baserar sig på en tabell med insamlade ryska verb och dess kinesiska översättningar, som sedan vidare analyseras i uppsatsen. Kapitlet om översättningsstrategier om icke-ekvivalens på ordnivå i Mona Bakers bok In Other Words – a coursebook on translation utgör den teoretiska grunden för analysen. Uppsatsens frågeställningar handlar om antalet verb översatta med en fullgod motsvarighet på kinesiska och översättningsstrategier som används i de icke-exakt översätta verben i de två olika kinesiska versionerna. Resultaten av studien visar att många av de ryska verben översätts med en exakt kinesisk motsvarighet. Vidare visar resultaten att sex av åtta av Mona Bakers översättningsstrategier används i samtliga jämförda kinesiska versionerna. Den mest använda strategin i Ru Longs version är Omskrivning med ett relaterat ord, medan Tong Daoming föredrar strategin Översättning till ett kulturellt substitut i sin utgåva.

В магистерской диссертации осуществлена попытка соотнесения уровней эквивалентности и адекватности на материале двух русских переводов повести Р. Брэдбери «Вино из одуванчиков». Был проведен анализ 483 реплик главного героя и их соответствий в двух переводах. В результате было обнаружено 7 возможных комбинаций. / В магистерской диссертации осуществлена попытка соотнесения уровней эквивалентности и адекватности на материале двух русских переводов повести Р. Брэдбери «Вино из одуванчиков». Был проведен анализ 483 реплик главного героя и их соответствий в двух переводах. В результате было обнаружено 7 возможных комбинаций.

Family functioning has long been a focus of research in psychopathology. Decades of research has shown that family factors are associated with symptom severity, relapse, functional outcomes, and conversion to psychosis among at-risk individuals. Previous studies suggest family functioning varies across cultures, which raises the possibility that associations between family factors and psychopathology may also differ by culture. Furthermore, family functioning assessment generally involves instruments that have not been systematically validated for use with individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds. The current study used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (N = 11,138) to: (1) evaluate three family functioning scales (i.e., Family Environment Scale, Child's Report of Parental Behavior Inventory, Parental Monitoring Survey) and the Prodromal Questionnaire – Brief Child version for measurement invariance across racial/ethnic groups; (2) investigate the relations between family factors and psychosis; and (3) compare relations derived from Step 2 between racial/ethnic groups. Full scalar invariance was tenable for the CRPBI and the PQ-BC, providing statistical support for mean comparisons across groups. The FES and the PMQ lacked scalar invariance, which suggests mean comparisons across groups may not be appropriate. The CRPBI and the PMQ are significantly associated with the PQ-BC, and all three family scales had equivalent relations with the PQ-BC across groups. The current study highlights the importance of evaluating assessment instruments for measurement invariance across racial/ethnic groups. Results also help to connect specific family factors to the etiology of psychotic disorders among US children and adolescents.

Dans ce mémoire nous nous sommes intéressée à la traduction au niveau européen et comment la notion d’équivalence est traitée dans les textes scientifiques destinés au grand public dans la traduction du français au suédois. Est-ce que c’est une équivalence plutôt « mot à mot », ou desens, ou un équilibre entre les deux. Le document qui a servi de base pour cette étude est le ”Pacte Vert pour l’Europe” publié en 2021. L’analyse se fait en trois parties en s’appuyant principalement sur les 7 stratégies de Svane. D’abord nous avons analysé le contenu, le corps du texte, ensuite les titres, car ils jouent un rôle essentiel dans cette brochure informative et enfin, à quel degré la mise en pages impacte la traduction, car dans toutes les langues le format doit rester identique. Nous pouvons constater, à la suite de cette analyse, que le plus important c’est de transmettre le même message et qu’il n’est pas nécessaire de rester fidèle aux mots mais au sens. Cela donne une certaine liberté aux traducteurs mais il y a néanmoins d’autres contraintes comme le respect du lexique d’UE, le travail concernant les titres et de la mise en page. / This essay studies the translation in the European Union, more specifically the notion of equivalence and how it is respected in scientific documents written for the general public and translated from French to Swedish. Is the translation focused on word-for-word or on the meaning or is it a balance between the two of them? The study is based on the brochure “The Green Deal” published in 2021. The analysis is conducted mainly by referring to Svane’s 7 strategies, first by studying the text and its content, then the titles, as they play an essential role in this brochure, and finally the layout, in what proportion it influences the translation as the format should be the same in all languages. We can see from the study that what counts the most, is that the documents communicate the same message even though the translation might not strictly follow the original text. This provides the translators with a certain freedom, but they face other constraints such as the EU terminology, the titles, and the layout.