Boolean functions are an important area of study for cryptography. These functions, consisting merely of one's and zero's, are the heart of numerous cryptographic systems and their ability to provide secure communication. Boolean functions have application in a variety of such systems, including block ciphers, stream ciphers and hash functions. The continued study of Boolean functions for cryptography is therefore fundamental to the provision of secure communication in the future. This thesis presents an investigation into the analysis of Boolean functions and in particular, analysis of affine transformations with respect to both the design and application of Boolean functions for cryptography. Past research has often been limited by the difficulties arising from the magnitude of the search space. The research presented in this thesis will be shown to provide an important step towards overcoming such restrictions and hence forms the basis for a new analysis methodology. The new perspective allows a reduced view of the Boolean space in which all Boolean functions are grouped into connected equivalence classes so that only one function from each class need be established. This approach is a significant development in Boolean function research with many applications, including class distinguishing, class structures, self mapping analysis and finite field based s-box analysis. The thesis will begin with a brief overview of Boolean function theory; including an introduction to the main theme of the research, namely the affine transformation. This will be followed by the presentation of a fundamental new theorem describing the connectivity that exists between equivalence classes. The theorem of connectivity will form the foundation for the remainder of the research presented in this thesis. A discussion of efficient algorithms for the manipulation of Boolean functions will then be presented. The ability of Boolean function research to achieve new levels of analysis and understanding is centered on the availability of computer based programs that can perform various manipulations. The development and optimisation of efficient algorithms specifically for execution on a computer will be shown to have a considerable advantage compared to those constructed using a more traditional approach to algorithm optimisation. The theorem of connectivety will be shown to be fundamental in the provision many avenues of new analysis and application. These applications include the first non-exhaustive test for determining equivalent Boolean functions, a visual representation of the connected equivalence class structure to aid in the understanding of the Boolean space and a self mapping constant that enables enumeration of the functions in each equivalence class. A detailed survey of the classes with six inputs is also presented, providing valuable insight into their range and structure. This theme is then continued in the application Boolean function construction. Two important new methodologies are presented; the first to yield bent functions and the second to yield the best currently known balanced functions of eight inputs with respect to nonlinearity. The implementation of these constructions is extremely efficient. The first construction yields bent functions of a variety of algebraic order and inputs sizes. The second construction provides better results than previously proposed heuristic techniques. Each construction is then analysed with respect to its ability to produce functions from a variety of equivalence classes. Finally, in a further application of affine equivalence analysis, the impact to both s-box design and construction will be considered. The effect of linear redundancy in finite field based s-boxes will be examined and in particular it will be shown that the AES s-box possesses complete linear redundancy. The effect of such analysis will be discussed and an alternative construction to s-box design that ensures removal of all linear redundancy will be presented in addition to the best known example of such an s-box.

APSDS is a layered elastic tool for aircraft pavement thickness determination developed and distributed by Mincad Systems and based on the sister software Circly. As aircraft pavement thickness determination remains an empirical science, mechanistic-empirical design tools such as APSDS require calibration to full scale pavement performance, via the S77-1 curve. APSDS provides the unique advantage over other tools that it models all the aircraft in all their wandering positions, negating the need for designers to use pass to cover ratios and acknowledging that different aircraft have their wheels located at difference distances from the aircraft centerline. APSDS requires a range of input parameters to be entered, including subgrade modulus, aircraft types, masses and passes and a pavement structure. A pavement thickness is then returned which has 50% design reliability. Greater levels of reliability are obtained by conservative selection of input values. Whilst most input parameters have a linear influence on pavement thickness, subgrade modulus changes have a greater influence at lower values and less influence at higher values. When selecting input values, designers should concentrate their efforts on subgrade modulus and aircraft mass as these have the greatest influence on the required pavement thickness. Presumptive or standard values are generally acceptable for the less influential parameters. S77-1 pavement thicknesses are of a standard composition with only the subbase thickness varying. Non-standard pavement structures are determined using the principle of material equivalence and the FAA provides range of material equivalence factors, of which the mid-range values are most commonly used. APSDS allows direct modelling of non-standard pavement structures. By comparing different APSDS pavements of equal structural capacity, implied material equivalences can be calculated. These APSDS implied material equivalences lie at the lower end of the ranges published by FAA. In order to obtain consistence between APSDS and the FAA guidance, the following material equivalence values are recommended: * Asphalt for Crushed Rock. 1.3. * Crushed Rock for Uncrushed Gravel. 1.2. * Asphalt for Uncrushed Gravel. 1.6. Proof rolling regimes remain an important part of the design and construction of flexible aircraft pavements. Historically, designers relied on Bousinesq's equation and the assumption of point loads on semi-finite homogenous materials to determine proof rolling regimes using stress as the indicator of damage. The ability of APSDS to generate stress, strain and deflection at any depth and any location across the pavement allows these historical assumptions to be tested. As the design of a proof rolling regime is one of comparing damage indicators modelled under aircraft loads to those under heavy roller loads, the historical simplifications are generally valid for practical design scenarios. Where project specific data is required, APSDS can readily calculate stresses induced by proof rollers and aircraft at any location and depth for comparison. APSDS is a leading tool for flexible aircraft pavement thickness determination due to its flexibility, transparency and being free from bias. However, the following possible areas for improvement are considered worthy of future research and development: * Improvements to the user interface. * Ability to model aircraft masses as frequency distributions. * Ability to copy stress with depth data to Excel(tm) spreadsheets. * Ability to perform parametric runs. * Inclusion of a reliability based design module.

Univ., Diss.--Kiel, 2003. / Literaturverz. S. 157 - 168.

Submitted by FELIPE AUGUSTO MONTEIRO CRAVO null (felipeamcravo@gmail.com) on 2018-03-28T18:29:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 leitura oral e nomeação de figuras de palavras com dificuldades ortográficas de crianças com deficiencia auditiva e usuárias de implante coclear.pdf: 2704500 bytes, checksum: eb2cd4a72dbf413defd0c2ce33f7fc3c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Marlene Zaniboni null (zaniboni@bauru.unesp.br) on 2018-04-02T17:57:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cravo_fam_me_bauru.pdf: 2704500 bytes, checksum: eb2cd4a72dbf413defd0c2ce33f7fc3c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-02T17:57:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cravo_fam_me_bauru.pdf: 2704500 bytes, checksum: eb2cd4a72dbf413defd0c2ce33f7fc3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O implante coclear é um dispositivo biomédico que permite aos seus usuários detecção auditiva. Crianças com deficiência auditiva neurossensorial (severa/profunda), bilateral, pré-lingual, têm sido uma das populações mais favorecidas pelos benefícios desta tecnologia. Contudo, algumas crianças implantadas apresentam dificuldades no desenvolvimento de repertórios expressivos (leitura oral e nomeação de figuras) devido a variáveis como: tempo de implante, tempo de privação auditiva, sexo, perfil familiar e reabilitação fonoaudiológica. Para tanto um processo de reabilitação fonoaudiológica e educacional faz-se necessário. Revisões de literatura apontam uma busca crescente no desenvolvimento de procedimentos de ensino para atender as necessidades destas crianças. De maneira particular, estudos nacionais sob o escopo do INCT-ECCE (Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia sobre Comportamento, Cognição e Ensino) têm investigado os efeitos do uso de procedimentos e tecnologias de ensino baseadas em equivalência de estímulos. Tem-se demonstrado com esta população que o ensino e o fortalecimento da leitura oral favorece a aprendizagem de nomeação de figuras. Nesta direção, a presente dissertação visa a estender as investigações sobre procedimentos de ensino de leitura oral e nomeação de figuras a crianças com deficiência auditiva e usuárias de implante coclear. Três estudos foram conduzidos. Estudo 1 – apresenta uma revisão de literatura com os descritores “Cochlear Implant”, [and] “Children” [and] “Language”, [and] “Teaching”, no intervalo de tempo entre 2000 e 2016. Objetivou-se investigar: (a) quantidade e as características das investigações sobre procedimentos de ensino de repertório expressivo a crianças com implante coclear, (b) os instrumentos de avaliação mais utilizados e (c) os operantes verbais alvos de ensino. Doze publicações foram encontradas com maior concetração entre os anos de 2012 e 2015; 50% utilizaram delineamentos de sujeito único e o operante verbal mais ensinado foi o intraverbal. Estudo 2 – apresenta uma pesquisa aplicada; a participante foi uma menina de 9 anos de idade com tempo de privação auditiva acima de cinco anos. Objetivou-se verificar a eficácia do Módulo 2 do software ALEPP® sobre o ensino de 64 palavras com dificuldades ortográficas. A participante aprendeu a ler as palavras ensinadas, e por meio do delineamento de múltiplas sondas observou-se que a melhora na leitura aconteceu após a inserção do ensino. Discute-se neste estudo quais as características necessárias das tarefas de ensino para obter os efeitos positivos observados no repertório expressivo (leitura oral) da participante. Ademais, discute-se quais as características de procedimentos de ensino baseados em equivalência. Por fim, o Estudo 3 – baseou-se nas questões emergentes do Estudo 2. Teve como objetivo investigar o efeito de diferentes tipos de ensino (diferenças críticas e múltiplas) com palavras com dificuldades ortográficas, sobre a precisão da leitura e nomeação de crianças usuárias de implante coclear. Duas participantes do sexo feminino, entre 8 e 9 anos de idade, foram submetidas a um procedimento de ensino. Os dados desta pesquisa replicam e extendem os resultados encontrados nas pesquisas nacionais sobre melhora na precisão da fala em nomeação de figuras após ensino e fortalecimento de leitura oral com palavras que apresentam dificuldades ortográficas. Ademais, verificou-se que as dificuldades ortográficas selecionadas por esta pesquisa (i.e., dígrafos e encontros consonantais) produzem efeitos diferentes durante a aprendizagem de leitura oral e nomeação de figuras. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os ensinos com diferenças críticas e múltiplas. Futuras investigações devem (a) ampliar o número de participantes, (b) controlar os efeitos de diferenças críticas e múltiplas dentro dos blocos de ensino, (c) ampliar o número de conjuntos de palavras com dificuldades ortográficas, (d) investigar procedimentos de ensino de operantes verbais mais complexos como intraverbais e autoclíticos. / The cochlear implant is a biomedical device allows they users hearing detection. Children with neurosensory hearing loss (severe/ profoundly), bilateral, prelingual, have been one of the populations most favored by the benefits of this technology. However, some implanted children have difficulties in the development of expressive repertoires (oral reading and naming of figures), can be variables that influence this: time of implantation, time of hearing deprivation, gender, family profile and speech-language rehabilitation. A speech and hearing rehabilitation process is necessary. Literature reviews point to an increasing search for development of teaching procedures to meet the needs of these children. In particular, national studies under the scope of INCT-ECCE (National Institute of Science and Technology on Behavior, Cognition and Teaching) investigated the effects of using procedures and teaching technologies based on stimulus equivalence. It has been demonstrated with this population that the teaching and the strengthening of the oral reading favors the learning of naming figures. The present dissertation aims to extend the investigations on procedures of teaching oral reading and naming figures to children with hearing loss and users of cochlear implants. Three studies were conducted. Study 1 - presents a literature review with the descriptors "Cochlear Implant", [and] "Children" [and] "Language", [and] "Teaching", between 2000 and 2016. The objective was to investigate: (a) quantity and characteristics of investigations on procedures of teaching expressive repertoire to children with cochlear implants, (b) the most used evaluation instruments and (c) verbal operants teaching targets. Twelve publications were found with greater concentration between the years of 2012 and 2015; 50% used single subject designs and the most commonly taught verbal operant was intraverbal. Study 2 - presents an applied research; the participant was a 9-year-old girl with a hearing loss of more than five years until she received the cochlear implant. The aim of this study was to verify the efficacy of Module 2 of ALEPP® software on teaching 64 words with orthographic difficulties. The participant learned to read the words taught, and through the design of multiple probes it was observed that the improvement in reading occurred after the insertion of the teaching. This study discusses the necessary characteristics of the teaching tasks to obtain the positive effects observed in the participant's expressive repertoire (oral reading). Also discussed the characteristics of equivalence-based teaching procedures. Study 3 - was based on the emerging issues of Study 2. Objective was to investigate the effect of different types of teaching (critical and multiple differences) with words with difficult orthography, on reading accuracy and the naming figures with cochlear implantations childrens. Two female participants, between 8 and 9 years of age, underwent a teaching procedure. The data from this research replicate and extend the results found in the national surveys on improving speech accuracy in naming figures after teaching and strengthening oral reading with words that present orthographic difficulties. It has been found that the orthographic difficulties selected by this research (i.e., digraphs and consonant meeting) produce different effects during oral reading learning and figure naming. No differences were observed between the teachings with critical and multiple differences. Future investigations should (a) increase the number of participants, (b) control the effects of critical and multiple differences within teaching blocks, (c) increase the number of spelling problems, (d) investigate teaching procedures of more complex verbal operants such as intraverbal and autoclitic. / PGPTA 54/2014

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-10T17:30:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DAVID LEVI DA SILVA MACÊDO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2015..pdf: 982236 bytes, checksum: eeb47d97976467c33db1c843ee7e5f90 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T17:30:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DAVID LEVI DA SILVA MACÊDO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGMAT 2015..pdf: 982236 bytes, checksum: eeb47d97976467c33db1c843ee7e5f90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08 / Capes / Para ler o resumo deste trabalho recomendamos o download do arquivo, uma vez que o mesmo possui fórmulas e caracteres matemáticos que não foram possíveis trascreve-los aqui. / To read the summary of this work we recommend downloading the file, since it has formulas and mathematical characters that were not possible to transcribe them here.

Syftet med studien var att lyfta förskolechefers syn på och arbete kring likvärdig undervisning i förskolan. I studien har kvalitativa intervjuer använts som datainsamlingsmetod, med en intervjuguide där följdfrågorna baserades på respondenternas svar. I undersökningen har fem förskolechefer intervjuats för att få en bredd på förskolechefens syn på likvärdig undervisning. Analyseringsarbetet har skett genom tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att alla deltagande förskolechefer ansåg att likvärdig undervisning är ett viktigt begrepp för att lyfta fram förskolans kvalitet och betydelse. De lyfte även vikten av att ha kunnig och professionell personal ute på förskolorna, då de ansåg att det hade stor betydelse för hur de som chefer kunde fullfölja sitt uppdrag. Resultatet är kopplat till den ekologiska systemteorin. / The purpose of this study is to raise the point of view and the work around equivalent education in preschool. In the study, qualitative interviews has been used as data collection method according to a guide, but follow up questions have been based on the responders answers. Five different preschool managers has been interviewed to get a wide range of their look on equivalent education. The responder’s answers has been analyzed according to the thematic analysis. The result shows that all the different head of preschools felt that equivalent education is an important matter to raise the quality and the meaning of the preschool. They also felt that it’s important to have knowledgeable and professional staff at the preschools, because it has a big meaning of how the head of preschools can complete their assignments. The result is connectedto the ecological system theory.

Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo repertoriar os termos do licenciamento ambiental brasileiro e oferecer equivalentes em língua inglesa, visando à construção futura de um glossário deste tema. A motivação para a pesquisa advém da necessidade de criar um instrumento que possa contribuir para a comunicação entre profissionais do meio ambiente e o público estrangeiro, cujo benefício se estende aos profissionais da tradução, intermediadores da comunicação. A pesquisa se realiza em dois corpora, compostos de legislação ambiental e de manuais de licenciamento ambiental voltados a orientar aos cidadãos, nos idiomas português e inglês. Para a sua realização, recorreu-se aos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Teoria Comunicativa da Terminologia (CABRÉ, 1999a), que compreende os termos como unidades léxicas pertencentes às línguas naturais, que adquirem estatuto terminológico no âmbito das comunicações especializadas. Na Linguística de Corpus (SARDINHA, 2004), disciplina que se ocupa da coleta e exploração de conjuntos textuais para fins de pesquisas linguísticas, buscou-se orientação quanto ao uso e processamento de corpora. A investigação dos equivalentes pautou-se no conceito de equivalência funcional resultante dos estudos de tradução jurídica (GÉMAR, 1998; SARCEVIC, 1997). A análise dos corpora para a recolha dos termos se deu por meio do programa AntConc (ANTHONY, 2014) e suas ferramentas. Elaborou-se uma árvore de domínio e fluxogramas do licenciamento ambiental que, somados aos dados de frequência e distribuição, constituíram os parâmetros para a identificação e validação dos termos. Os 371 termos validados apontam para a interdisciplinaridade do domínio do licenciamento ambiental, de modo que foram identificados termos inerentes ao tema, de pertinência temática, e termos que permeiam a temática colaborando para sua compreensão, de pertinência pragmática. Tal constatação permitiu que fosse realizada uma classificação dos termos em quatro categorias: licenciamento ambiental, gestão ambiental, direito e outras áreas. Tal classificação resultou no conhecimento acerca da composição da terminologia da área estudada. Quanto aos equivalentes, as diferenças jurídicas e culturais existentes entre Brasil e Estados Unidos ficaram evidenciadas na terminologia estudada, com a apuração de termos para os quais um equivalente funcional não poderia ser oferecido. Para esses casos, outros recursos foram utilizados, tais como a expansão lexical e a equivalência literal. Os desafios encontrados reforçam o interesse e a necessidade em prosseguir com a pesquisa rumo à confecção de um glossário do licenciamento ambiental. / This research aims at collecting the most relevant terms of the Brazilian environmental licensing and their equivalents in English as a first step to the construction of a glossary of this topic. The motivation for the research comes from the need to create an instrument that can contribute to communication between professionals of the environment and the foreign public, what can also benefit professional translators, who mediate communication. The research is carried out in two corpora, composed of environmental legislation and guidance manuals for citizens, in Portuguese and in English. It is based on the theoretical and methodological principles of the Communicative Theory of Terminology (CABRÉ, 1999a), which comprises the terms as lexical units belonging to natural languages and that acquire terminological status within the specialized communications. In Corpus Linguistics (SARDINHA, 2004), a discipline that deals with the collection and exploitation of textual language sets for research purposes, it sought guidance on the use and processing of corpora. The investigation of equivalents was based on the concept of functional equivalence derived from legal translation studies (GEMAR, 1998; SARCEVIC, 1997). The study of the corpora for the collection of terms was performed with the software AntConc (ANTHONY, 2014) and its tools. In addition to statistical data, such as frequency and distribution, a domain tree and flowcharts of the environmental licensing were built and used as parameters to identify and validate the terms. The 371 terms validated point to the interdisciplinary nature of the environmental licensing domain, so there were terms inherent to the theme, of thematic relevance, and terms of pragmatic relevance, which permeate a theme and contribute to its understanding. This finding allowed a classification of terms into four categories: environmental licensing, environmental management, law and other areas. This classification resulted in knowledge about the composition of the terminology of the studied area. Regarding the equivalents, the existing legal and cultural differences between Brazil and the United States were evidenced in the studied terminology, with the occurrence of terms for which a functional equivalent could not be offered. For these cases, other resources were used, such as lexical expansion and literal equivalence. The challenges reinforce the interest and the need to continue the research in order to produce a glossary of environmental licensing.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:28:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3184.pdf: 615801 bytes, checksum: 5d8654ee242eff8f78e530be4b12eaf5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-24 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / In his retiring Presidential address to the American Mathematical Society in 1971, Zariski proposed some questions in the Theory of Singularities. One of them concerns the topological invariance of the multiplicity of complex hypersurfaces. In more accurate terms, Zariski asked: if two complex hypersurfaces are homeomorphic as embedded varieties, then are their multiplicities at the origin the same? The multiplicity of a complex hypersurface at the origin is the number of points of intersection of the hypersurface with a generic complex line passing close to the origin, but not through it. The problem still remains unsolved. However, there are some special cases which were answered affirmatively, such as the case of homeomorphic hypersurfaces by a bilipschitz homeomorphism. This work aims at understanding the main results settled for the problem. In the present dissertation, we will make a precise concept of multiplicity of a complex hypersurface and we will give special emphasis to C1-invariance of the multiplicity, bilipschitz invariance and quasihomogeneous hypersurfaces. Besides having great importance by themselves, these cases bring their own interpretations of multiplicity helping us to understand better such an object. / Em seu discurso de saída da presidência da Sociedade Americana de Matemática em 1971, Zariski propôs algumas questões na Teoria de Singularidades. Uma delas diz respeito `a invariância topológica da multiplicidade de hipersuperfícies complexas. Em termos mais precisos, Zariski perguntou: se duas hipersuperfícies complexas são homeomorfas como variedades imersas, então suas multiplicidades na origem são as mesmas? A multiplicidade de uma hipersuperfície complexa na origem é o número de pontos de interseção da hipersuperfície com uma reta complexa genérica passando próximo da origem, mas não por ela. O problema permanece ainda sem solução. Entretanto, existem alguns casos especiais que foram respondidos afirmativamente, tais como o caso de hipersuperfícies homeomorfas por um homeomorfismo bilipschitz. Este trabalho tem por objetivo compreender os principais resultados estabelecidos para o problema. Na presente dissertação, faremos um conceito preciso de multiplicidade de uma hipersuperfície complexa e daremos ênfase especial `a C1-invariância da multiplicidade, `a invariância bilipschitz e `as hipersuperfícies quase homogêneas. Além de terem grande importância por si só, estes casos trazem suas próprias interpretações de multiplicidade, ajudando-nos a compreender melhor tal objeto.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:30:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6278.pdf: 3722087 bytes, checksum: 5d4fe7ef1accdc79a886f6fa9eec0aff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-18 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / False memories are defined as remembering events that never happened or remember facts in a distorted way. In cognitive psychology this phenomenon has been studied through the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, in witch lists of words semanticaly related are used. In behavior analysis, the paradigm of stimulus equivalence is a proposition to study semantic relations. This doctoral dissertation presents three studies with undergraduate students in witch DRM and the stimulus equivalence paradigms were used in association to investigate false memories. First and second studies aimed to replicate the phenomenon in a experimental situations, using both Paradigms. Difference concentrates in the controlled variables. In Study 1, nonsense words were used as stimuli. Procedure was divided into two phases. Phase 1: formation of three twelve members equivalence classes. Phase 2: verification of false memories using lists based on DRM paradigm. A list with 10 out of the 12 stimuli from each of the three classes was presented (study list). After completing a distracter task a lists composed by all stimuli from previously list (targets), the rest of the stimuli form the classes (critical distractors) and four more nonsense words (non-related distracters) were shown. Participants should indicate witch stimuli were presented on study list. Participant recognized significantly more critical distratctors, compared to non-related stimuli. However, results could be due to the novelty of non-related distractors. In the second study, this variable was controlled. In Study 2, bot phases were presented, but in Phase 1, participants were first taught three four-stimuli equivalence classes in witch one set of stimuli was familiar pictures. Later, three classes with twelve stimuli were taught. Stimuli from the first three classes were used as non-related distractors. Participant did not recognized significantly more critical distratctors, compared to non-related. It is argued that results could be due to a weak relations between stimuli from the equivalence classes. The third study aimed to increase the relations between stimuli and to investigate the effect of including emotional stimuli in equivalence classes, on false memories. Study 2 was replicated and in the twelve-member classes, a set of stimuli was pictures with happiness, angry or neutrality expressions. Only in neutral list critical ditractors were recognized significantly more than non-related distractors. Results indicates list with emotions are less likely to produce false memories. / Falsas memórias são definidas como lembranças de eventos que nunca aconteceram ou lembranças distorcidas de fatos do passado. Na psicologia cognitiva, este fenômeno tem sido estudado por meio do paradigma Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) que utiliza listas com palavras associadas semanticamente. Na análise do comportamento, existe a proposta do estudo de relações semânticas utilizando o paradigma da equivalência de estímulos. A presente tese apresenta três estudos que utilizaram o paradigma DRM e o de equivalência de estímulos no estudo de falsas memórias. O primeiro e o segundo estudos tiveram por objetivo replicar o fenômeno, em situação experimental, utilizando os dois paradigmas. A diferença esteve nas variáveis controladas em ambos os estudos. No Estudo 1 foram utilizadas apenas pseudopalavras como estímulos. O procedimento foi dividido em duas fases. Fase 1: treino para formação de três classes de equivalência compostas por 12 estímulos. Fase 2: teste de falsas memórias. Uma lista era apresentada com alguns dos estímulos das classes formadas na fase anterior (lista de estudo). Após um tarefa distratora, era apresentada uma lista composta por todos os estímulos da lista de estudo (alvos), o restante dos estímulos das classes, que não constavam na lista de estudo (distratores críticos) e mais quatro novos estímulos (distratores não relacionados). Os resultados mostraram reconhecimento significativamente maior dos distratores críticos do que dos não relacionados. Uma variável importante observada foi que os resultados poderiam ser fruto da novidade dos distratores críticos. No segundo estudo essa variável foi controlada. No Estudo 2, as duas fases também estiveram presentes, porém na Fase 1 foram ensinadas, primeiramente, três classes de equivalência com quatro estímulos, em que um dos conjuntos de estímulos era composto por figuras familiares. Em seguida, três classes com 12 estímulos foram ensinadas. Qs estímulos das primeiras classes foram utilizados como distratores não relacionados. Os resultados apontaram que não houve diferenças significativas no reconhecimento dos dois tipos de distratores. Argumenta-se que esse resultado possa ser fruto de um baixo grau de relacionamento entre os estímulos das classes de equivalência. O terceiro estudo pretendeu aumentar a força das relações de equivalência e verificar a influência da utilização de estímulos com conteúdos emocionais nas classes de equivalência na ocorrência de falsas memórias. O estudo 2 foi replicado e, para as classes com 12 estímulos, os estímulos de um dos conjuntos de cada classe eram ou expressões faciais de alegria, ou de raiva, ou de neutralidade. Apenas na lista neutra, os distratores críticos foram mais reconhecidos que os não relacionados. Os resultados indicam que listas com conteúdo emocional são menos sujeitas a falsas memórias.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:30:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6719.pdf: 2189907 bytes, checksum: 9012da16633635b39831afafd23bcc32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The present study aimed to investigate whether preschool children would acquire arbitrary conditional discriminations between pictures of objects, whether they would form equivalence classes between the photos and if they would then incorporate the objects themselves into classes (with no direct teaching of relations between them). An additional objective was to determine whether children would group together schematic drawings of objects in the same classes. Six children around the age of four participated. Initially, tests aimed to evaluate generalized repertoires of conditional discriminations by identity (between photos and between objects). Next, conditional discriminations were taught that served as a baseline for forming three equivalence classes between photographs of abstract objects (without names). Half of the participants underwent the Sample as Node Training (AB / AC) and the other half the Linear- Series Training (AB / BC). Multiple probes that assessed both baseline relations, as well as derived relations (symmetries and equivalences), were used to evaluate the effects of teaching on the learning process and the acquisition of discriminations, as well as the emergence of derived relations. Following the emergence of classes with the use of photos, arbitrary conditional discrimination tests were performed between objects and between objects and photos, in order to assess the expansion of the original classes. Lastly, the children underwent conditional discrimination tests between schematic figures. All participants accurately performed identity-matching conditional discriminations between photos and between objects, and conditional discrimination between objects and their photos. In the probes prior to the teaching participants answered at random in the baseline (AB, and AC or BC), symmetry (BA and CA or CB) and equivalence relations (BC and CB; or AC and CA). After the acquisition of the first base line (AB), the probes showed that AB was maintained as well as the emergence of BA symmetries. Following the second baseline (AC or BC), most participants maintained AC (or BC) and presented the symmetries (CA or CB); however, deterioration of AB and BA occurred for four children, whereas one child formed equivalence classes. For the others, the equivalence relations emerged after the teaching of mixed baselines (training simultaneously with AB and AC or with AB and BC). Three participants showed positive results in tests of equivalence between objects, and exhibited expansion classes while simultaneously matching objects and photos. Two responded according to the classes in the tests with schematic figures. Apparently, the training structure produced no systematic effects neither on the emergence of relations between photos, nor on the expansion of classes. The results carry important implications for understanding the symbolic behavior involving levels of correspondence between two-dimensional and tridimensional stimuli. Methodological limitations should be addressed in future studies which evaluate the role of critical variables for the photos-objects equivalence based on the teaching involving only one of the stimuli modalities. / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar se crianças pré-escolares aprenderiam discriminações condicionais arbitrárias entre fotografias de objetos, se formariam classes de equivalência entre as fotos e se, em seguida, incorporariam os próprios objetos às classes (sem ensino direto de relações entre eles). Um objetivo adicional foi verificar se as crianças agrupariam desenhos esquemáticos dos objetos nas mesmas classes. Participaram seis crianças com cerca de quatro anos de idade. Inicialmente, testes avaliaram repertórios generalizados de discriminações condicionais por identidade (entre fotos e entre objetos). Em seguida, foram ensinadas discriminações condicionais que serviram como linha de base para a formação de três classes de equivalência entre fotografias de objetos abstratos (sem nomes). Metade dos participantes realizou o Treino de Modelo como Nódulo (AB/AC) e outra metade o Treino Linear (AB/BC). Um delineamento de múltiplas sondagens, que avaliava tanto relações de linha de base, quanto relações derivadas (simetrias e equivalências), foi empregado para avaliar os efeitos do ensino sobre a aprendizagem e a retenção de discriminações, bem como sobre a emergência de relações derivadas. Após a emergência das classes com fotos, foram realizados testes de discriminação condicional arbitrária entre objetos, e entre fotos e objetos, com o objetivo de avaliar a expansão das classes originais. Por último, as crianças realizaram testes de discriminação condicional entre as figuras esquemáticas. Todos os participantes realizaram acuradamente discriminações condicionais de identidade entre fotos e entre objetos, e discriminações condicionais entre objetos e suas fotos. Nas sondas antes do ensino os participantes responderam ao acaso nas relações de linha de base (AB, e AC ou BC), de simetria (BA e CA ou CB) e de equivalência (BC e CB; ou AC e CA). Após a aprendizagem da primeira linha de base (AB), as sondas mostraram manutenção de AB e emergência das simetrias BA. Após a segunda linha de base (AC ou BC), a maioria dos participantes manteve AC (ou BC) e apresentou as simetrias (CA ou CB); porém para quatro crianças ocorreu deterioração de AB e BA, enquanto uma criança formou classes de equivalência. Para os demais as relações de equivalência emergiram após o ensino da linha de base cheia (treino misto simultâneo com AB e AC ou BC). Três participantes apresentaram resultados positivos nos testes de equivalência entre objetos, e mostraram expansão classes, relacionando simultaneamente objetos e fotos. Dois responderam de acordo com as classes nos testes com figuras esquemáticas. A estrutura de treino aparentemente não produziu efeitos sistemáticos sobre a emergência de relações entre fotos, nem sobre a expansão das classes. Os resultados têm importantes implicações para a compreensão do comportamento simbólico envolvendo níveis de correspondência entre estímulos bi e tridimensionais. Limitações metodológicas deverão ser equacionadas em estudos futuros que avaliem o papel de variáveis críticas para a equivalência fotos-objetos a partir do ensino com apenas uma das modalidades de estímulos.