[pt] Equivalentes estáticos e dinâmicos de sistemas externos representam um importante papel tanto em projeto e planejamento bem como na operação de sistemas de energia elétrica (SEE), devido sobretudo à redução da complexidade do modelo conduzindo à melhoria da análise e do esforço computacional. Além desses aspectos, o uso de equivalentes contorna o problema da capacidade limitada de memória dos sistemas de computação e se enquadra na estrutura física e conceitual dos recentes minicomputadores. O modelo para o fluxo de potência de uma certa área de um sistema interligado exige uma representação satisfatória afim de simular corretamente o comportamento do seu estado permanente. Equivalente estático do sistema externo está diretamente ligado com esta representação. O objetivo do equivalente externo é obter o melhor modelo válido para uma faixa ampla de condições de operação. Os equivalentes dinâmicos são necessários para diferentes estudos em SEE onde o sistema interno é representado em detalhe e o sistema externo é representado pelo equivalente para simular os efeitos interativos do sistema externo no sistema interno para perturbações originadas no sistema interno. O grande valor deste tipo de simplificação reside no reconhecimento fornecido sobre a tendência dinâmica do sistema. Esta pesquisa apresenta métodos para obtenção de equivalentes tanto para estudos de fluxos de potência como de estabilidade transitória. / [en] The external system static and dynamic equivalents play na impotant role in electric power system desing and planning as well as in system operation. This is due to a reduction in modeling complexity leading to a saving in computing effort to analyse the system. In addition to that, the static and dynamic equivalents overcome the computer storage capacity limitation and are also suitable for the recent minicomputers. The load-flow model of a certain are an interconnected system requires a satisfactory representation of the ramaining areas in order to simulate its steady-state behavior correctly. External system static equivalent is concerned with this representation. The objective of external equivalencing is to obtain the best model over a wide range of operating conditions. The external system dynamic equivalents are needed for different system studies where the internal system is represented in detail and the external system is represented by the equivalent to simulate the interaction effects of the external system on the internal system for disturbances originating in the internal system. The greatest value of this type of system simplification lies in the insight it provides about the dynamic tendencing of the system. In this research, the equivalents obtained by the proposed methods are for load-flowand transient stability studies.

The endocrine system is vulnerable to a range of chemicals in the environment. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous agents that can induce responses on the endocrine system because of their hormone-like activity and toxicity. Specific to this study are thyroid disrupting chemicals (TDCs), these are EDCs that specifically disrupt the thyroid hormone signalling pathway, and this may result in adverse health effects. Thyroid hormones play a crucial part in metabolism, growth, maintenance of brain function and fertility; hence disruption of the thyroid signalling axis implicates human health. We are exposed to TDCs regularly, and studies have shown an association between TDC exposure and neurobehavioural disorders, reproductive abnormalities and obesity. There is a lack of data associated to thyroid hormone receptor activity in surface and drinking water. Hence, the potential human health risks posed by thyroid disruption may therefore be underestimated. The aim of the study was to optimise and validate the GH3.TRE.Luc reporter gene bioassay that can measure thyroid hormone receptor mediated activity and cytotoxicity in drinking and source water, with relevance to water monitoring. The GH3.TRE.Luc reporter gene bioassay was established, optimized and validated to detect thyroid hormone receptor activity. The luciferace assay was used to test for metabolic activity and the resazurine cell proliferation assay was used to assess cell viability. The assay was applied to compounds with agonistic and antagonistic properties; triidothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), triac, tetrac, amiodarone, sodium arsenite, pentachlorophenol (PCP), ethylene thiourea, 2,2,4,4-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (THBP) and methimazole. It was also applied to environmental and drinking water samples from the Global Water Research Coalition (GWRC). Finally, the assay was applied to 48 water samples from a water treatment plant in South Africa, collected over a period of 12 months. Every month, four samples were collected. Two samples were source water samples, with one going into the treatment plant and coming out as 2 distribution pipelines (drinking water). For optimisation and validation, the dose response curves obtained for T3, T4, tetrac and triac (agonists) were comparable to literature. Antagonistic behaviour was seen in sodium arsenite, amiodarone, PCP and methimazole. Spiked water samples from the GWRC showed thyroid hormone receptor activity. Sixteen of the 48 water samples collected from the water treatment plant were positive for thyroid hormone disruptor activity. Highest activity was seen in the winter season, accounting for seasonal variations. High TDCs activity reported in the source water may be due to activities occurring near the dam. The water treatment plant seemed effective for only one of the distribution pipelines, and not the other. This study confirms that GH3.TRE.Luc Reporter Gene Bioassay is a sensitive and effective tool to identify and quantify TDC activity in pure chemicals and in complex environmental mixtures present in water. Further monitoring of water sources for TDCs is recommended to ensure water quality and safety. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH) / MSc / Unrestricted

Orientador: Maurizio Babini / Resumo: O objetivo principal deste trabalho é analisar o vocabulário acadêmico bilíngue português-francês, presente em textos acadêmicos-científicos nos domínios de Economia, Linguística e Medicina, estabelecendo equivalências entre os termos de nosso corpus em português e discutindo eventuais questões de equivalências. Essa pesquisa terá como base teórica os estudos terminológicos de acordo com Felber (1984), Cabré (1998), Aubert (2001), Pavel e Nolet (2002), Barros (2004), Krieger e Finatto (2004), L'Homme (2004) e Babini (2006), assim como os estudos sobre vocabulário acadêmico, segundo Coxhead (2000), Nation (2001), Tutin (2007) e Babini e Silva (2012). O ponto de partida desse trabalho foi a terminologia acadêmica em francês levantada por Tutin (2007) a partir de um corpus de teses, dissertações e artigos científicos. A autora identifica 865 termos acadêmicos, dentre os quais encontram-se 362 substantivos, 203 adjetivos e 300 verbos. Sucessivamente, constituímos um corpus digitalizado em português com a mesma tipologia de textos. A partir desse corpus, procedemos à coleta dos termos com o auxílio do software HyerBase versão 10.0 (2017). Aplicando critérios quantitativos e qualitativos, selecionamos um total de 568 termos acadêmicos em português, dentre os quais encontram-se 259 substantivos, 111 adjetivos e 198 verbos. Em seguida, passamos à elaboração de dois sistemas conceptuais: um para os termos em português e outro para os termos em francês coletados por Tutin (2007). Proce... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of our work is to analyze Brazilian Portuguese-French bilingual academic vocabulary, present in academic-scientific texts, establishing equivalences, present in academic-scientific texts in the fields of Economics, Linguistics and Medicine, establishing equivalences between the terms of our corpus in Brazilian Portuguese and discussing eventual equivalence issues. . This research will be based on terminological studies according to Felber (1984), Cabré (1998), Aubert (2001), Pavel and Nolet (2002), Barros (2004), Krieger and Finatto (2004), L'Homme ( 2004) and Babini (2006), as well as studies on academic vocabulary, according to Coxhead (2000), Nation (2001), Tutin (2007) and Babini and Silva (2012). The starting point of this work was the French academic terminology raised by Tutin (2007) from a corpus of theses, dissertations and scientific articles. The author identifies 865 academic terms, among which 362 nouns, 203 adjectives and 300 verbs. Subsequently, we constituted a digitalized corpus in Brazilian Portuguese with the same typology of texts. From this corpus, we proceeded to the collection of terms with the aid of HyerBase version 10.0 (2017) software. Applying quantitative and qualitative criteria, we selected a total of 568 academic terms in Brazilian Portuguese, among which are 259 nouns, 111 adjectives and 198 verbs. We then proceed to the elaboration of two conceptual systems: one for the Brazilian Portuguese terms and another for the French terms... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Résumé: L'objectif de notre travail est d'analyser le vocabulaire académique bilingue portugais-français, présent dans des textes scientifiques dans les domaines d’Économie, de Linguistique et de Médécine, en établissant d’équivalences entre les termes de notre corpus en portugais et en discutant des éventuels problèmes d'équivalence. Cette recherche aura comme base théorique les études terminologiques selon Felber (1984), Cabré (1998), Aubert (2001), Pavel et Nolet (2002), Barros (2004), Krieger et Finatto (2004), L'Homme (2004) et Babini (2006), ainsi que les études sur vocabulaire académique, selon Coxhead (2000), Nation (2001), Tutin (2007) et Babini et Silva (2012). Notre point de départ dans ce travail est la terminologie académique en français recueillie par Tutin (2007) à partir d'un corpus de thèses, de dissertations et d’articles scientifiques. L'auteure identifie 865 termes académiques, parmi lesquels on trouve 362 noms, 203 adjectifs et 200 verbes. Ensuite, nous avons constitué un corpus numérisé en portugais ayant la même typologie de textes. À partir de ce corpus, nous avons procédé au repérage des termes à l'aide du software HyperBase version 10.0 (2017). En appliquant des critères quantitatifs et qualitatifs, nous avons sélectionné un total de 568 termes académiques en portugais brésilien, parmi lesquels nous avons 259 noms, 111 adjectifs et 198 verbes. Ensuite, nous avons mis en place deux systèmes conceptuels : un pour les termes en portugais et l’autre pour les ter... (Résumé complet accès életronique ci-dessous) / Mestre

We consider two distinct techniques for estimating random parameters in random differential equation (RDE) models. In one approach, the solution to a RDE is represented by a collection of solution trajectories in the form of sample deterministic equations. In a second approach we employ pointwise equivalent stochastic differential equation (SDE) representations for certain RDEs. Each of the approaches is tested using deterministic model comparison techniques for a logistic growth model which is viewed as a special case of a more general Bernoulli growth model. We demonstrate efficacy of the preferred method with experimental data using algae growth model comparisons.

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is the condition which occurs when newborn babies experience withdrawal symptoms from medications taken by their mothers during pregnancy. Prior research suggest NAS is associated with long-term educational difficulties and alterations in neonatal brain structure. Between 2008 and 2017, NAS rates more than tripled in the United States. An epicenter of the NAS epidemic is Southern Appalachia. West Virginia, the only state with all counties located in Southern Appalachia, has an NAS rate roughly seven times the national average, and in 2017, four of the 10 states with the highest NAS rates were part of Southern Appalachia. Upon reviewing Tennessee data, it was noted that increasing NAS rates had a similar curve to buprenorphine prescribing patterns. Buprenorphine is an opioid partial-agonist prescribed in medication assisted therapy (MAT) intended to help individuals, including those pregnant, avoid withdrawal symptoms. Previous research at an East Tennessee clinic identified buprenorphine in urine drug screens of 16% of all pregnant patients; patients admit to both prescribed and illicit use, including snorting, smoking, and injecting. These findings align with a 2017 study suggesting that mothers of NAS infants in eastern Tennessee, compared to mothers across the state, were more likely to use substances prescribed to another person. Despite the drug’s increasing prescribing patterns and popularity for illicit use, its effects on the mother and fetus remain controversial. We therefore felt it appropriate to investigate possible linkages between buprenorphine prescriptions and NAS rates. For the purposes of this study, we define Southern Appalachia as 250 counties from 7 states, including Tennessee, West Virginia, Virginia, North Carolina, Kentucky, Ohio, and Maryland. Annual NAS rates, buprenorphine prescription rates, drug-induced death rates, and opioid prescribing rates from each county in the region were assessed for the years 2008-2018 using data provided by governmental agencies. It was found that buprenorphine prescriptions in the region more than quintupled between 2008 and 2018. NAS rates and drug-induced death rates did not decrease as well; unfortunately, they dramatically increased. We identified a significant linear association between the rate of NAS diagnoses and buprenorphine prescriptions (r = 0.9774, R2 = 0.9553, p-value less than 0.001) and between the rate of buprenorphine prescriptions and drug-induced deaths (r = 0.7129, R2 = 0.5082, p-value .0311). This is the first report which documents a relationship between NAS rates and increasing buprenorphine prescribing. Discussions regarding current policies for buprenorphine management during pregnancy are warranted. We encourage further research on establishing the lowest effective buprenorphine dose for each patient, and we support the CDC’s resumption of tracking the morphine milligram equivalents (MME) of buprenorphine prescribed during pregnancy so that researchers can further study the effect of congenital MME exposure on fetal outcomes.

The ultimate aim of this research is to design a Catalan>English bilingual electronic dictionary of somatic idioms. To do so, we undertake a semasiological characterisation of somatic idioms to determine their semantic value and morphosyntactic combinatorial possibilities going from language to abstraction, identifying the differences in conceptualisation between Catalan and English and their equivalence relationship on the basis of their occurrences in corpora. The methodology used for the description of these somatisms is based on lexicogrammar but in a bottom-up manner. The theory of lexicogrammar (M. Gross 1975, 1981) holds that every elementary phrase is constituted by at least one first order predicate that introduces its arguments, represented by nouns or phrases. For example, in the phrase 'Luc admire le courage de Léa', we can find the verbal predicate 'admirer' with its arguments 'Luc' and 'Léa', that are morphologically equivalent to 'Luc est admiratif (pour + devant) le courage de Léa', with an adjective predicate, and 'Luc a de l'admiration pour le courage de Léa', with a nominal predicate, since there is no change in the structure of arguments (Le Pesant & Mathieu-Colas 1998: 8). This entails a systematic description of the syntactic and semantic properties of verbs, predicate nouns and adjectives in the form of tables that represent a class of lexical elements –characterised in terms of syntactic-semantic features (such as human, animal, plant, concrete, abstract, locative and temporal)–which correspond to a certain syntactic category with a series of common distributional and transformational properties. However, this description is insufficient for the complete automatic treatment of language; this is why in 1992 G. Gross adds to lexicogrammar the notion of object classes: semantic groups defined by the syntactic relations they maintain with one or more classes of verbs, called appropriate predicates (Gross 2012: 101). This exhaustive description of the language has made it possible to consider certain linguistic phenomena like fixation for the automatic treatment of language. Considering that computerised corpora play a very prominent role in usage-based linguistics, a trend that considers grammar and use to be closely interrelated, lexicogrammar can represent a theoretical model particularly suitable for the detection and analysis of phraseological units (PhUs) in corpora. In particular, we focus on the description of the 50 most frequent idioms in Catalan containing one of the five most common anthropomorphic somatic lexemes in all languages: hand, head, heart, eye and ear (Mellado 2004). To identify which are these 50 most frequent idioms (10 per each lexeme), we retrieve all the occurrences for each of the five mentioned lexemes from the Corpus Textual Informatitzat de la Llengua Catalana (CTILC) (~ 52M words with texts from 1833-1988). Then we carry out a semi-automatic extraction of the different combinations of the most frequent bigrams (candidates for idioms of the dictionary) for each somatic lexeme using the software Metaconcor. For example, for mà (hand), we obtain: a mà (at hand), a mà (by hand), entre mans (on [one’s] hands), de mà en mà (from hand to hand), mà d’obra (labour force), mà dura (firm hand), picar de mans (to clap [one’s hands]), lligar de peus i mans (to tie [sb’s] hands and feet), a mans plenes (liberally) and rentar-se’n les mans (to wash [one’s] hands [of]). We also consider the most frequent verbal and nominal co-occurrences of each bigram. Once we have translated the Catalan idioms into English, we apply this step to the English equivalents based on their occurrences in the British National Corpus (BNC) (~ 100M words with texts from 1985-1994). In order to design the dictionary, we undertake a syntactic-semantic description of the Catalan idioms and their equivalents in English –indicating its argument structures and semantic values according to the object class to which we ascribe them (the one referring to the values of <somatisms>)–, based on the occurrences of these units offered by the CTILC for Catalan and the BNC for English. This analysis is expressed through a tagging recognised by automatic language processing systems, based on the one used by the Laboratoire de Linguistique Informatique (LLI) –current LDI (Lexiques, Dictionnaires, Informatique) from the Paris 13 University–, whose dictionaries follow the system of the Laboratoire d’Automatique Documentaire et Linguistique (LADL) (Paris 7) –founded by M. Gross in 1968– and incorporate the notion of G. Gross’ object classes (1992). Having identified the most frequent idioms and their English equivalents, as well as their distributional (syntagmatic relations) and transformational possibilities (paradigmatic relations), we give account of their semantic relations (for both languages): conceptual variations (polysemy), intersynonymic variants (relations of synonymy), their eventual relations of antonymy and hyperonymy and their paradigmatic variants (according to their occurrences in the corpora used). All this information is registered in the dictionary in the form of four coordinated files with fields of different nature (cf. 2): two files containing the arguments of the idioms (one file for Catalan and another file for English) and two files containing the predicates (i.e. the idioms as entries) (one file for Catalan and another one for English). Considering the relevance object classes may have in fixed expressions, our dictionary mostly contains idioms –predicates– that combine invariable (argument human nouns) and variable (anthropomorphic somatic lexemes) elements –arguments–: for example, to wash <one’s> hands (of)/C:<so-ma:elre>/G:v/N0:<hum>/N1:<so-ma:elre>/N3:<ina>/Ca:rentar-se les mans (d’) <alguna cosa>, where N0 refers to the subject (a human), and N1 to the first complement (direct object) in the argument structure of this idiom with the somatic lexeme (so) hand, which in this case has a semantic value of refusal of responsibility (elre) (in other cases this lexeme will be in idioms which may evoke, among others, proximity or facility [at hand], manual labour [by hand], activity [on (one’s) hands], severity [firm hand], itinerancy [from hand to hand], human resources [labour force], approval, enthusiasm or attention [to clap (one’s hands)], immobility or repression [to tie (sb’s) hands and feet] and abundance [liberally], which will be reflected in the argument file). N3 is the third complement, which here corresponds to a concrete inanimate object (<ina>)(e.g. “I’m entirely opposed to the er (pause) the idea that they should wash their hands of their (pause) er, obligations er, the nineteen sixty eight act (pause) as” [BNC]). In this case there is no N2 complement, which usually refers to an indirect object. Ca indicates the Catalan equivalent of the idiom. Opting for an electronic phraseological dictionary with a semasiological approach implies, on the one hand, finding the PhUs contained in it more easily, since instead of departing from specific concepts, it departs from the semantic values of the units (idioms) grouped in a linguistically well-defined object class. On the other, it offers the advantage of being suitable for Natural Language Processing, as it has a coding recognised by automatic language processing systems, incorporating numerous fields with information of morphological, syntactic-semantic (the most common distributional and transformational properties) and diasystematic nature (if applicable). It also contains a specific field referred to translations into other languages (bilingual or multilingual). Therefore, these repertoires have a dual function: decoding and encoding information. In fact, one of the main advantages offered by semasiological electronic dictionaries over more traditional ones is that they present in different entries each of the argument structures of a predicate, which allows it to be monosemised. Thus, each usage of a predicate is conceived as a lexical unit to which a description is assigned, a sine qua non for machine translation. This is particularly relevant to hybrid systems, which combine statistics with syntax and semantics (e.g. Systran and Sadaw). The eventual product derived from this thesis, as well as the linguistic data (methodology, examples, tagging and files), can be considered unprecedented. Until now, lexicogrammar had been implemented based on linguistic intuition, which could make the creation of object classes somehow biased by the linguist’s idiolect. Using a syntactic-semantic tagging based on the above-mentioned methodology enables precision and objectivity, starting from real language instances (occurrences of these idioms in corpora). All in all, the usability and replicability of the linguistic data provided in the research may offer a wide range of possibilities, since this tagging could be implemented into linguistic analysis tools (e.g. in the form of tags in the “part of speech” label if idioms are used) and the model could be replicated to expressions from other lexico-phraseological fields, different types of PhUs and other languages. / La present tesi doctoral ha rebut el finançament del contracte d’investigació predoctoral Ayudas para la Formación de Profesorado Universitario (Ref. FPU17/0032) concedit pel Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte d’Espanya (actual Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades). El projecte de tesi s’ha inscrit en el si de l’Institut Superior d’Investigació Cooperativa IVITRA [ISIC-IVITRA] (Programa per a la Constitució i Acreditació d’Instituts Superiors d’Investigació Cooperativa d’Excel∙lència de la Generalitat Valenciana, Ref. ISIC/012/042) i s’ha desenvolupat en el marc dels projectes, xarxes i grups de recerca següents: «Variación y cambio lingüístico en catalán. Una aproximación diacrónica según la Lingüística de Corpus» (MICINUN, Ref. PGC2018-099399-B-100371); (IEC, Ref. PRO2018-S04-MARTINES); Grup d’Investigació VIGROB-125 de la UA; Xarxa de recerca en innovació en docència universitària «Lingüística de Corpus i Mediterrània intercultural: investigació educativa per a l’aplicació de la Lingüística de Corpus en entorns multilingües diacrònics. Aplicacions del Metacorpus CIMTAC» (Institut de Ciències de l’Educació de la UA, Ref. 4581-2018), i Grup d’Investigació en Tecnologia Educativa en Història de la Cultura, Diacronia lingüística i Traducció (Universitat d’Alacant, Ref. GITE-09009-UA).

The Kinnikinic Formation of central Idaho is a sedimentary unit consisting principally of orthoquartzite. From its maximum measured thickness of 2285 feet in the central Lemhi Range near Gilmore, Idaho, it thins westward to 376 feet at the type section and southward to 326 feet near Arco, Idaho. Northeast of the Lemhi Range it occurs only as erosional remnants, due to pre-Devonian erosion. Both the lower and upper contacts of the Kinnikinic Formation are disconformable. The Kinnikinic Formation is light colored, predominately fine to medium grained, thin to medium bedded, and largely cemented by silica overgrowths. Some metamorphic recrystallization has occurred locally. Although parallel laminae and structureless beds predominate within primarily parallel bedding, omikron-type (underwater dune) cross-laminae are locally abundant. The sediments are moderately sorted to well sorted and both positively and negatively skewed. Cumulative-frequency probability curves illustrate traction, "saltation," and "suspension" populations; some thin sections indicate two "saltation" populations. An open-marine, shallow-shelfal environment influenced by high-energy (tidal?) currents is postulated for deposition of the Kinnikinic Formation on the basis of the lithlogic uniformity, lateral extent, sedimentary structure, trace fossils, and paleogeographic setting. The Swan Peak Formation of southeastern Idaho and north-central Utah is divisible into a lower member of dark gray shale and quartz silitite, a middle member of brown orthoquartzite and light-colored shale, and an upper member of white orthoquartzite. Correlation of the white, fine- to medium-grained quartzite in the Raft River Range with the Ordovician Eureka Quartzite, considered probable by Compton (1972), is here accepted. The relatively thin nature of the Eureka Quartzite in this area reflects lesser sedimentation rates relative to areas farther south and/ or post-depositional erosion. The Dayley Creek Quartzite of Armstrong (1968) in the Albion Range is complexly faulted; as mapped, all or most of it probably is not correlative with the Kinnikinic Formation. Quartzites in the lower thrust plate of the Phi Kappa Formation in central Idaho are not environmental equivalents of the Kinnikinic Formation to the east, even though they apparently are approximately time equivalent (Churkin, 1963a, pp. 1612-1615). Middle Ordovician, shallow-shelfal orthoquartzit.es (Kinnikinic Formation, upper member of the Swan Peak Formation, Eureka Quartzite, and Mount Wilson Quartzite of southern Canada) are considered to be one originally continuous genetic unit, based on age determinations of overlying and underlying units, disconformable lower and upper contacts, close physical resemblances, and the high probability they were principally derived from the same source area, possibly Cambrian sandstones in the Peace River-Athabasca Arch area of northern Alberta, Canada. The shelfal environment of the Middle Ordovician Cordilleran miogeosyncline can be divided into at least five major, distinctly separated, basins of deposition: (1) Alberta-British Columbia Basin; (2) Central Idaho Basin; (3} Southeastern Idaho Basin (herein proposed); (4) Northeastern Nevada Basin; and (5) Ibex Basin. Anomalously high percentages of undulatory quartz grains in Middle Ordovician orthoquartzites of the Cordilleran miogeosynclinal shelf are highly suggestive of straining in situ and are probably related to post-depositional conditions ranging from purely tectonic to intricate combinations of tectonic and nontectonic events.

Importance of problem: The ice cream industry continually faces the problem of improving its frozen desserts. At the present time corn syrup solids are being used to supplement milk serum solids to improve the body and texture of these products. One of the problems is to increase the total solids content of frozen desserts without increasing sweetness or developing sandiness in the finished product. There is a limit to the amount of milk serum solids that can be used because of the danger of sandiness and the cost . The use of corn syrup solids helps to overcome these limiting factors. The corn syrup solids product now used contains a dextrose equivalent of 42. The corn products manufacturers are beginning to make a product with different dextrose equivalents with different degrees of sweetness. Modifications of DE 42 contain dextrose equivalents of 24 and 31 and will add corn syrup solids of different dextrose equivalents or degrees of sweetness to these frozen desserts. Robert L. Lloyd defines dextrose equivalent as follows: The percentage of reducing sugars present on a dry basis indicates the degree to which conversion has been carried in the hydrolysis of starch. Dextrose has a DE of 100 and is used as the standard. The lower the dextrose equivalent of a product the less the sweetening power. Purpose of problem: 1. To determine the optimun amounts of corn syrup solids to use in building body and texture in frozen desserts without impairing flavor. 2. To determine the comparative value of different amounts of DE 31, DE 24, and DE42.

[pt] O cálculo de equivalentes dinâmicos baseados em coerência apresenta três etapas básicas: a identificação de geradores coerentes, a redução estática da rede e a agregação dinâmica dos modelos das unidades geradoras coerentes. Esta dissertação trata do problema da agregação dinâmica de modelos de estabilizadores aplicados em reguladores de tensão de geradores coerentes, visando o cálculo de equivalentes dinâmicos precisos para estudos de estabilidade transitória de sistemas de energia elétrica. A determinação de um critério de escolha do melhor modelo equivalente, para uma dada composição de modelos de estabilizadores num grupo de geradores coerentes, é o objetivo principal. O ajuste dos parâmetros dos modelos equivalentes de estabilizadores dos grupos coerentes é realizado, a partir das respostas em freqüência dos modelos individuais de cada grupo, utilizando-se o método de Levenberg-Marquardt, o que caracteriza um problema de otimização multivariável. O desempenho dinâmico dos equivalentes calculados com a metodologia adotada é avaliado em um sistema teste. / [en] The calculation of coherency-based dynamic equivalents has three main steps: the identification of coherent generators, the network reduction and the dynamic aggregation of the coherent generating unit models. This dissertation deals with the problem of dynamic aggregation of power system stabilizer models to calculate coherency-based dynamic equivalents for power system transient stability studies. The determination of a criteria to choose the best equivalent model for a given composition of power system stabilizer models in a group of coherent generators is the main objective. The parameters of the power system stabilizer equivalent models for each group of coherent generating units are adjusted to match the frequency response of the individual models. This multivariable optimization problem is solved using the Levenberg-Marquardt method. The dynamic performance of the equivalents is evaluated in a test system.

On January 1st, 2022, requirements for climate declarations were set in Sweden to calculate the climate impact of new buildings. Climate impact is calculated at an early stage using generic data which is the average data of the selected product type. Most building components must be included in climate declarations, however, there are no requirement for foundation components to be included. Foundations can form a large part of a building, meaning that excluding them from climate calculations can result in a large missing figure of the total climate impact. Thus, this thesis has focused on creating generic climate data for concrete piles that can be used for climate declarations of construction projects in Sweden. The reason why concrete piles have been chosen is because they are the most used pile type in Sweden.To produce this generic data, a literature review was first conducted and interviews with experienced people in the industry were performed to complement the study. After that, calculations were made together with a parameter study as well as a case study.Generic data were obtained for both single and jointed concrete piles of the dimensions SP1, SP2 and SP3 with the unit kg CO2e/m. To make the generic data conservative, the climate impact for modules A1-A3 was increased by 25%. Generic data for SP1 is 41.38 kg CO2e/m, SP2 is 51.90 kg CO2e/m and SP3 is 55.78 kg CO2e/m when the distance to construction site is 100 km, also including 5% construction waste. Input data for distance to construction site and amount of construction waste should be adapted for each specific building project.The assumption that there is no difference in climate impact between single and jointed concrete piles per meter was made. On the other hand, the climate impact weighted against the bearing capacity, shows that single concrete piles have a lower climate impact per meter and kN load than jointed concrete piles. In this order, from lowest to highest, the climate impacts of the different pile types are single SP3, SP2 and SP1 followed by jointed SP2, SP3 and SP1. That is, single SP3 has the lowest carbon footprint while jointed SP1 has the highest carbon footprint, in terms of their load bearing capacity.A combined value of climate impact was calculated, taking into consideration the different concrete pile types and their frequency of use, however, this value was considered too misleading and is therefore not recommended to use.