It is a Key player for Doctrine of Equivalents of interpretation and application in the patent infringement. While the use of Doctrine of Equivalents on the judicial decisions they may not otherwise. The Doctrine of Equivalents of patent infringement litigation often is used to determine the key to victory or defeat. So can interpretation and application of Doctrine of Equivalents be used to explain the lack of fairness and justice? Two levels affect this. First, it will hinder the development of human resources for innovation and invention; on the other hand, it will hinder the use of proprietary information with competitors in the industry and then R & D innovation. Therefore, how to strike a balance, and provide companies with operations on the coping strategies? It must provide light to the government to develop policies to make the state's industrial economic development not have a negative impact, it will be able to make Taiwan high-tech industries the key to scale new heights. The development of Taiwan's high-tech industries has its advantages which, if they can continue to innovate and pursue new knowledge, create new knowledge, apply new knowledge, will be able to continue to successful development. In the arena of global competition, technological innovation in creating and maintaining the competitive edge play an important role. In the big picture, the State must be able to establish an economic growth patent policy..Taking into account the economic advantages of science and technology policy is the most important contribution of science and technology enterprises and will provide support to business and trade activities to encourage government, industry, education and cooperation between research units, to encourage and support scientific and technological innovation, and to develop plans to enhance the creativity and support research and development activities.This must be done as soon as possible due to the necessary Doctrine of Equivalents on the legal structure to ensure the rights and interests of both parties, thus contributing to the sustainable development of Taiwan's high-tech industries.

Life cycle assessment of soil remediation options:Study of options at Norrbyskär - which alternative has the least climate impact?  The purpose of this report was to make a life cycle assessment (LCA) to compare four suggested options for soil remediation at Norrbyskär, Umeå. The question formulation was to find out which option that had the least climate impact depending on the aim of the remediation. Main focus of the study was emissions of CO2 from transportation and machine work for each remediation option. The LCA was a screening and presented a good overview for the results. What sets the four remediation options apart is the amount of soil that is processed for each option. The LCA was performed according to the standards ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006. Calculations in the report was performed with the LCA-software SimaPro and general data from EcoInvent. The results showed that the total emissions from each soil remediation option varied between 310 and 590 tonnes carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e). The option that only included covering of the contaminated area with new soil had the least emissions and the option that included excavation and filling with new soil had the highest emissions. Both options do not fulfill the same goals in the end, though. One conclusion is that the more extensive remediation is the greater is the climate impact.

Darbo tyrimo objektas – kolokacijos ir jų tyrimo metodai. Pagrindinis darbo tikslas – išanalizuoti statistiniais metodais nustatytų kolokacijų sąrašus, juos palyginti ir išnagrinėti atrinktų kolokacijų vertimo atitikmenis. Darbo aktualumas – kolokacijų analizė padės lingvistams ir kitiems kalbos specialistams pasirinkti tinkamą kolokacijų nustatymo metodą tiek anglų, tiek lietuvių kalbai. O kolokacijų vertimo proceso supratimas svarbus vertimo analizei, vertėjų darbui. Tyrimas susideda iš penkių dalių. Antrajame skyriuje pristatoma teorinė kolokacijos sąvoka. Pateikiama sudėtinga kolokacijų vertimo problematika ir keturių analizei pasirinktų statistinių metodų charakteristikos: Tarpusavio Informacija (angl. Mutual Information), T-lygmuo (angl. T-score), Lošimo kauliukų metodas (angl. Dice) ir Logaritminio tikėtinumo santykis (angl. Log-likelihood ratio). Trečiajame skyriuje, remiantis pagrindiniu analizės šaltiniu – lygiagrečiu grožinės literatūros tekstynu, nustatomi kolokacijų sąrašai. Paaiškėja, kad T-lygmens ir Logaritminio tikėtinumo santykio (LTS) metoduose išryškėjo gramatinės kolokacijos, o Tarpusavio Informacijos (TI) ir Lošimo kauliukų (LK) metoduose – leksinės. Parinktos ir apibrėžtos kolokacijų ribos bei metodų panašumo koeficientai. Ketvirtajame skyriuje pasirenkamas 200 geriausiųjų kolokacijų sąrašas ir atliekamas kiekvienos kalbos statistinių metodų palyginimas. Metodai lyginami poromis pagal panašumo kriterijus – LK su TI (leksinės kolokacijos) bei... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The main objective of the Master thesis is collocations and collocation extraction methods. The aim of the research is to analyze collocation lists extracted by statistical methods from the parallel corpus of fiction and determine the collocation equivalents. Relevance of the thesis – collocation analysis can help linguists and other language specialists choose the right collocaton extraction methods in both, English and Lithuanian, languages. What is more, understanding of collocation translation process is very important for the translation analysis and interpreters. Research consists of 5 parts. Chapter 2 presents the concept of collocation and possible collocation translation problems. The theoretical part also includes the characteristics of the four selected statistical methods: Mutual Information (MI), T-score, Dice and Log-likelihood ratio (LLR). In chapter 3, collocation lists for each language, English and Lithuanian, are extracted. The analysis reveal that T-score and LLR methods extract grammatical collocations, while MI and Dice – lexical ones. Futher in this chapter, collocation boundaries and the coefficients of each method are defined. Chapter 4 presents a list of top 200 collocations of each language and method. The methods with new collocation lists are compared in pairs according to similarity criteria - Dice with MI (lexical collocations) and T-score with LLR (grammatical). Another distribution of bigrams according to frequency is identified, and both... [to full text]

By collecting and analysing plant names linguistically, a knowledge of popular botany and its relationshipto scientific botany can be obtained.This study has two primary aims: to describe the popular botanical view of the part of thevegetal world represented by grasses and to illustrate the dialectal use of plant names.The material consists of dialectal names for grasses and has been taken chiefly from variousarchives. The area investigated is primarily Sweden, but other parts of Fenno-Scandinavia, chieflyNorway and parts of Finland where Swedish is spoken, have also been included. The plant namesanalysed are either equivalents or synonyms: they have the same meaning but different geographicalareas of distribution or the same meaning and the same geographical areas of distribution.Three popular "species", each of which represents three different correspondences betweenpopular and scientific botany are described."Grass with a panicle" illustrates underdifferentiation. A number of grasses are collectivelygiven the same name. The grasses are primarily characterised by their similarity in appearance,but they are also used in the same way, as fodder grasses. "Grass with a panicle" has five namesin Swedish dialects: ven, tåtel, bunk, jägarn and tannar."Vegetative tillers" exemplifies overdifferentiation. The tillers are only one part of the plant,which means that the popular classification is more differentiated than the scientific one. Thereare probably several reasons for this differentiation: The vegetative tillers are the first to appearin spring, before the culms with panicles. The tillers are grazed, not cut like the flowering stems.The names found in Swedish dialects are rysk, tov and sia."Mat-grass" represents one-to-one correspondence. The "species" is on the whole identicalwith the scientific species mat-grass. The reason for this identity is the characteristic appearanceof the plant and its hardness. It is difficult to cut. In Swedish dialects mat-grass has five nameswhich are widely spread: stagg, finnskägg, hära, sägg and fnugg. But it also has a great numberof names with a very limited distribution. Because of the special efforts required at harvesttime—mat-grass often bent to the scythe only to rise again soon afterwards—this grass could stirup emotions and hence it has been subject to affective word-formation.The material points to the conclusion that external characteristics of plants may be decisive fortheir classification in popular botany. It is important to note, however, that the use made of aplant is also important in the popular division of "species". / <p>Omslagets illustration producerad av konstnären Eva Skåreus.</p> / digitalisering@umu

The recent introduction of a new converter topology, the modular multilevel converter (MMC) is a major step forward in voltage sourced converter (VSC) technology for high voltage, high power applications. To obtain a multilevel ac output waveform, a large number of semiconductor switches has to be used in the converter. The number of switches in the MMC for HVDC transmission is typically two orders of magnitudes larger than that in a two or three level VSC used in earlier generation. This large device count creates a computational challenge for electromagnetic transients (EMT) simulation programs, as it significantly increases the simulation time. The purpose of this research is to investigate whether the simulation can be speeded up. This research develops an efficient, time-varying Thévenin's equivalent model for the MMC converter based on partitioning the system’s admittance matrix. EMT simulation results show that the proposed equivalent model can drastically reduce the computational time without loss of accuracy. The use of the proposed equivalent method is demonstrated by simulating a point to point MMC based HVDC transmission system successfully with more than 100 levels. This approach enables what was hitherto not practical; the modeling of large MMC based HVDC systems on personal computers. With the assumption of ideal switch operation and using an equivalent average capacitor value based approach, an average valued model of MMC is also proposed in this thesis. The average model can be accurately used in most of the system level studies. The control algorithms and other modeling aspects of MMC applications are also presented in this thesis. One of the advantages of multilevel converters is the low operating losses as the smaller switching frequency of each individual power electronics switch and the low voltage step change during each switching. Using a recently developed, time domain simulation approach, the operating losses of the MMC converter are estimated in this thesis. When comparing the MMC operating losses against the losses of two-level VSC, the power loss for the two-level VSC is found to be significantly higher than the power loss of the MMC.

[pt] A expansão e a interligação de Sistemas de Energia Elétrica (SEE) tem enfatizado o uso de equivalentes dinâmicos pelas companhias de serviço de eletricidade, nos estudos de planejamento e operação, para representação das porções do sistema não pertinentes à sua área de atuação. Com a redução das dimensões do modelo do sistema obtém-se um aumento de velocidade dos estudos com minimização dos custos e do esforço computacional. Além desses aspectos o uso de equivalentes contorna o problema de capacidade limitada de memória dos sistemas de computação e se enquadra na atual estrutura física e conceitual dos minicomputadores. Em estudos de estabilidade de SEE, o objetivo básico de equivalentes dinâmicos é o de simular as reações do sistema externo quando ocorrem distúrbios no sistema interno. O grande calor deste tipo de simplificação reside em sua capacidade de reconhecer a tendência dinâmica do sistema. Esta pesquisa apresenta um método para cálculo de equivalentes dinâmicos para estudos de estabilidade transitória baseado na agregação de geradores que oscilam conjuntamente após uma dada perturbação. O modelo reduzido obtido por transformações topológicas, e constituído de parâmetros similares aos habitualmente empregados na modelagem de sistemas de energia elétrica sendo numericamente estável. Ao final, alguns resultados são apresentados no intuito de atestar a validade do método proposto. / [en] The spread and the interconection of Electrical Power Systems have been stressed the employment of dynamic equivalents by Electrical Power Companies for representing system áreas that they are not responsible for at planning and operation studies. Due to system model dimension reduction, studies have become faster with reduced costs and computational task requiriments. Besides, dynamic equivalents overcome computational system limited memory capability problems ant fit easily into the up-to-date phisical and coceptual structure of the minicomputers. As an aid to Electrical Power System Stability studies, the objective of the dynamic equivalents is to simulate external system. The great merit of this lind of overcoming is its ability on revealing the system dynamic trend. This research shows a method of computing dynamic equivalents for transitory stability studies based con the agregation of the generators that oscilate together from an initial perturbation on. The reduced model, got from topological transformations, is built of parameters that are similar to usually employed on Electrical Energy System modeling been numerically stable. At the end, some results are shown as an attempt to test the performance of the method.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:33:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:43:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06775.pdf: 15025996 bytes, checksum: fbd53da186ea56301e555ed353c39360 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:33:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:06:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O principal objetivo deste trabalho é fornecer um modelo biocinético validado em termos fisiológicos para a avaliação das doses radiométricas devido à ingestão de [4-14C]-colesterol em humanos. Com o intuito de validar o modelo biocinético proposto para o [4-14C]-Colesterol, os valores de excreção fecal e absorção preditos pelo modelo foram comparados com dados experimentais da literatura, foi obtido um alto grau de concordância entre os resultados de acordo com teste ANOVA (p = 0,416 para os valores de excreção e p = 0,423 para os valores de absorção). Foram calculados os coeficientes de Dose Efetiva (SvBq-1), Dose Equivalente (SvBq-1) e Dose Absorvida (GyBq-1) nos orgãos e tecidos para humanos utilizando a metodologia MIRD e o software de análise compartimental ANACOMP para quatro objetos simuladores que representam: um adulto com massa de 73,3 kg, um adolescente de 15 anos (56,9 kg), uma criança de 10 anos (33,2 kg) e uma criança de cinco anos (19,8 kg). O órgão que obteve a maior Dose Absorvida, para todos os objetos simuladores, foi o intestino grosso inferior (IGI). O conceito da alometria foi utilizado para interpolar o Coeficiente de Dose Absorvida no intestino grosso inferior (DIGI) para massas corpóreas (m) desconhecidas: DIGI(SvBq-1)=161,26.m(kg)-1,025. Para uma mesma quantidade administrada de colesterol, o Coeficiente de Dose Efetiva (E) diminui com o aumento da massa corporal do objeto simulador, em outras palavras, para a mesma atividade administrada os indivíduos com menor massa são submetidos a Doses Efetivas mais elevadas. O conceito de alometria também foi utilizado para interpolar o Coeficiente de Dose Efetiva (E) para massas corpóreas (m) desconhecidas: E(SvBq-1)= 171,1.m(kg)-1,021. / Dissertação (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:43:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06775.pdf: 15025996 bytes, checksum: fbd53da186ea56301e555ed353c39360 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP