O Brasil possui o maior rebanho de equinos da América Latina e o terceiro do mundo, gerando um mercado de grande importância econômica para a sociedade brasileira. Esta complexa cadeia de negócios sofre também a influência de variáveis que orbitam as diversas relações estabelecidas. Entre elas, destacam-se as variáveis de ordem macroeconômica (influenciando o mercado e as relações de troca), ambientais e legais, derivadas da ação de órgãos reguladores (MAPA, ANVISA, entre outros). Recentemente, o estado brasileiro se viu refém de uma crise sanitária da zoonose do Mormo em equinos, que afetou diretamente o complexo do agronegócio do cavalo, incluindo dificuldades no âmbito internacional, como a realização das Olimpíadas do Rio 2016. Desta maneira, busca-se contribuir na análise dos pontos críticos ocasionados por esta ameaça de ordem legal/sanitária junto à cadeia de negócios, buscando respostas para melhoria da gestão estratégica entre os atores envolvidos, com base na proposta de gerenciamento de processos de negócios. A abordagem metodológica utilizada nesta pesquisa foi de natureza qualitativa e caracteriza-se como exploratória, quanto ao seu foco, e descritiva, quanto aos seus resultados e conclusões. Na descrição das etapas do Fluxograma de controle e erradicação do Mormo, foram observadas algumas atividades críticas para a consecução deste objetivo no Estado brasileiro. Todas essas atividades foram trabalhadas dentro uma matriz de priorização e, confirmados níveis altos de impacto e de probabilidade, passaram por uma análise de risco. Ao final são formuladas uma série de propostas de melhoria ao Fluxograma atual, buscando-se contribuir na mitigação de riscos para este importante segmento do agronegócio brasileiro. / Brazil has the largest equine population of Latin America and the third one in the world, generating a market of huge economic importance for Brazilian society. This complex business chain also suffers the influence of the variables surrounding these established relationships. Among them, the macroeconomics variables (affecting market and exchange relations), environmental and legal, resulting from the regulatory agencies\" (MAPA, ANVISA and others) actions, are highlighted. Recently the Brazilian state found itself taken into a health crisis of glanders zoonosis in horses, that affected directly the horse agrobusiness complex, including challenges of international context, related to Rio 2016 Olympic Games fulfilment. In this regard, the intention is to contribute towards the analysis of critical points related to this legal/health threat within the business chain, seeking answers for strategic management improvement among engaged actors, based on the propositions of business process management. The research\'s methodologic approach was of qualitative nature; characterized as exploratory regarding their focus, and descriptive in terms of outcomes and conclusions. In the description of the steps of control flowchart and glanders\'s eradication, were sighted some critical activities for the achievement of this goal in Brazil. All of them were worked out within a prioritizin matrix, and confirmed high levels of impact and probability, undergoing a risk analysis. Several improvement proposals for the current flowchart are offered, seeking to contribute towards the mitigation of risks for this fundamental segment of Brazilian agribusiness.

Orientador: Samir Issa Samara / Banca: Iveraldo dos Santos Dutra / Banca: Adolorata Aparecida Bianco Carvalho / Banca: Cláudia Del Fava / Banca: Fábio Carvalho Dias / Resumo: A doença de Aujeszky (DA) é uma enfermidade conhecida na suinocultura pelo seu grande impacto produtivo e econômico. O Estado de São Paulo (SP) não é considerado área livre para DA, pois há evidências de circulação do vírus. Por isso, este trabalho teve como objetivo a identificação, o diagnóstico da situação epidemiológica e a avaliação de estratégias para a erradicação de focos de DA em sistema de produção de suínos no Estado de SP. Foram identificados dois focos da enfermidade no Município de Cerqueira César, um apresentou somente animais sororreagentes (Foco 1), e outro, casos clínicos da enfermidade (Foco 2). Para a erradicação da DA foram tomadas ações de defesa sanitária animal, sendo avaliadas duas estratégias: (A) eliminação de animais sororreagentes e (B) despovoamento gradual, com acompanhamento durante 12 meses. A erradicação por eliminação dos sororreagentes foi aplicada no Foco 1 e compreendeu: identificação por teste sorológico, isolamento e abate dos sororreagentes; vacinação dos negativos, reposição no plantel com animais livre de DA e avaliação dos índices produtivos. No início do estudo, 68% do plantel eram sororreagentes e, no final, 51%. No Foco 2 utilizou-se o despovoamento gradual; todos os animais foram enviados gradativamente ao abate sanitário, até que fosse estabelecido o vazio sanitário das instalações e, somente depois repovoado com animais livres da DA. Como essa última estratégia, apresentou maior eficácia, pois erradicou a DA no Foco 2, a mesma também foi aplicada no Foco 1, tendo em vista o insucesso da estratégia A inicialmente aplicada. Ao final, após monitoramentos sorológicos, concluiu-se que a DA foi erradicada em todos os focos identificados / Abstract: Aujeszky's disease (AD) is an important viral affection within the swine production, once it plays a significant role in economic losses. São Paulo state is not considered free of the disease, once evidences show that there is circulation of the virus. This study aimed to identify the epidemiologic situation and evaluation strategies for the eradication of outbreaks of AD in system of swine production in the state of Sao Paulo. Two outbreaks were identified in the Cerqueira César county, one of them only seroreagents were observed (Outbreak 1), and in the other, clinical signs were seen (Outbreak 2). In order to eradicate the disease, two sanitary strategies were tested: (A) eradication by means of positive serology and; (B) gradual depopulation, with a follow up of 12 months. The eradication by means of serology was used in the Outbreak 1, and included the identification, isolation and sacrifice of positives animals; vaccination of negative subjects, replacement with naive subjects, and assessment of production indices. At the beginning, 68% of animals were positive, and at the end 51% were positive. In Outbreak 2, gradual depopulation was employed, and all animals were sent to sanitary slaughter, until facilities were completely empty. Afterwards, animals free of the disease were used to repopulation. At the end of the study, it was observed that the last strategy was more effective, being, therefore, used in the outbreak 1. Finally, after serological monitoring, it was concluded that the AD was eradicated in all outbreaks identified / Doutor

Cento e vinte caracóis da espécie Achatina fulica, divididos em quatro grupos segundo situação, primeiro grupo originário de criação em cativeiro (LAB) no Heliciário Experimental Professora Doutora Lor Cury - FMVZ/USP, os três grupos restantes de animais asselvajados provenientes da área urbana de Pirassununga: quintal com horta(DPE), terreno baldio com pomar(MBA) e terreno baldio murado contendo entulho(CJA). Os animais foram abatidos por resfriamento e submetidos a 2 tipos de avaliação, externa e interna. A primeira tratou da pesagem corporal e mensuração do comprimento e largura da concha. Na avaliação interna fracionou-se da carcaça, em concha, carne, glândula prostática/útero, glândula de albumina/ovotestis, massa de ovos e número de ovos. Além do peso absoluto das partes, foram considerados, o percentual de peso das frações em relação ao peso corporal dos animais. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualisado, cada grupo de animais oriundo de cada local foi considerado um tratamento, que passou a denominar-se situação, cada animal foi considerado uma unidade amostral. Realizou-se a análise da variância e teste de Tukey para comparação de médias, verificação de possíveis correlações entre as variáveis. O resultados da avaliação externa se mostraram significativos, destacando-se as médias para a situação LAB (52,63 g de peso médio, 76,28mm de comprimento de concha e 43,96mm de largura de concha) sendo o limite inferior o tratamento CJA (31,48g de peso médio, 68,71mm de comprimento de concha e 37,17mm de largura de concha). Os resultados quanto ao peso médio de concha foram iguais entre os tratamentos LAB(12,88g) e CJA(11,64g), no que diferiram de DPE(5,87g) e MAB(0,57g). Quanto ao percentual houveram diferenças, apresentando valor superior na proporção concha/carcaça para o tratamento CJA, logo seguido dos demais tratamentos. No peso médio de carne, o tratamento LAB(10,04 g) foi superior aos demais DPE(6,26g) MAB(5,92g) e CJA(6,49g). Entretanto quanto as médias da proporção de carne na carcaça não houveram diferença significativas. O peso médio de glândula prostática foi superior em LAB(1,29 g) e teve como limite inferior CJA(0,45g), quanto a glândula de albumina estes resultados foram similares, entretanto para a média da somatória entre as glândulas e massa de ovos os valores para LAB foram elevados (11,89g) se comparados ao limite inferior CJA(2,04g).As correlações na avaliação externa foram lineares e significativas. A glândula prostática apresentou correlação positiva com peso corporal, comprimento, largura, concha e glândula de albumina, que apresentou correlação somente com as variáveis ligadas ao aparelho reprodutor / 120 land snails of the species Achatina fulica were arranged into four groups according to situation in which the first group was collected from the heliciculture site (LAB) at the Heliciário Experimental Professora Doutora Lor Cury – FMVZ/USP and the other three groups, made up of wild individuals, were collected from a vegetable garden (DPE), a land lot with fruit crop (MBA) and an empty walled lot containing waste material (CJA), in a urban area in Pirassununga, São Paulo state, Brazil. The animals were slaughtered through freezing and assessed externally and internally. The external assessment included body weight and shell length and width measurements. For the internal evaluation, the carcass was fragmented into shell, meat, prostate/uterus gland, albumen/ovotestis gland, egg clutches and number of eggs. Besides total weight of fragments, the percentages of fragment weight in relation to body weight were considered. The experiment drawing used was totally at random where each group of animals from each site was considered what we named of situation, and each animal was taken as a sample unit. For mean comparisons and possible correlations among variables it was used the analysis of variance and the Test-t (Tukey). The obtained results were significant for external assessment where the higher mean values were found in the situation LAB (52,63g mean weight, 76,28mm shell length and 43,96mm shell width), and the situation CJA (31,48g mean weight, 68,71mm shell length and 37,17mm shell width) corresponding to the lower limit. The results for mean shell weight were the same between the situations LAB (12,88g) and CJA (11,64g), but different in DPE (5,87g) and MAB (0,57g). There were differences in the percentage assessment where results of a higher value for the rate shell/carcass in CJA were found, followed by the other situations results. The obtained result in LAB (10,04g) was higher than in DPE (6,26g), MAB (5,92g) and CJA (6,49g) situations for mean meat weight. However, there was no significant difference found for mean carcass meat rate. The prostate gland mean weight was higher in LAB (1,29g) and a lower limit was shown in CJA (0,45g); these results were similar for the albumen gland. However, higher values were found for mean total amount between glands and egg clutches in LAB situation (11,89g) when compared to the lower limit in CJA (2,04g). The rates for external assessment were linear and significant. The prostate gland showed a positive correlation to body weight, shell length and width, and albumen gland, which in turn showed only a correlation to the variables related to the reproductive system

Cento e vinte caracóis da espécie Achatina fulica, divididos em quatro grupos segundo situação, primeiro grupo originário de criação em cativeiro (LAB) no Heliciário Experimental Professora Doutora Lor Cury - FMVZ/USP, os três grupos restantes de animais asselvajados provenientes da área urbana de Pirassununga: quintal com horta(DPE), terreno baldio com pomar(MBA) e terreno baldio murado contendo entulho(CJA). Os animais foram abatidos por resfriamento e submetidos a 2 tipos de avaliação, externa e interna. A primeira tratou da pesagem corporal e mensuração do comprimento e largura da concha. Na avaliação interna fracionou-se da carcaça, em concha, carne, glândula prostática/útero, glândula de albumina/ovotestis, massa de ovos e número de ovos. Além do peso absoluto das partes, foram considerados, o percentual de peso das frações em relação ao peso corporal dos animais. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualisado, cada grupo de animais oriundo de cada local foi considerado um tratamento, que passou a denominar-se situação, cada animal foi considerado uma unidade amostral. Realizou-se a análise da variância e teste de Tukey para comparação de médias, verificação de possíveis correlações entre as variáveis. O resultados da avaliação externa se mostraram significativos, destacando-se as médias para a situação LAB (52,63 g de peso médio, 76,28mm de comprimento de concha e 43,96mm de largura de concha) sendo o limite inferior o tratamento CJA (31,48g de peso médio, 68,71mm de comprimento de concha e 37,17mm de largura de concha). Os resultados quanto ao peso médio de concha foram iguais entre os tratamentos LAB(12,88g) e CJA(11,64g), no que diferiram de DPE(5,87g) e MAB(0,57g). Quanto ao percentual houveram diferenças, apresentando valor superior na proporção concha/carcaça para o tratamento CJA, logo seguido dos demais tratamentos. No peso médio de carne, o tratamento LAB(10,04 g) foi superior aos demais DPE(6,26g) MAB(5,92g) e CJA(6,49g). Entretanto quanto as médias da proporção de carne na carcaça não houveram diferença significativas. O peso médio de glândula prostática foi superior em LAB(1,29 g) e teve como limite inferior CJA(0,45g), quanto a glândula de albumina estes resultados foram similares, entretanto para a média da somatória entre as glândulas e massa de ovos os valores para LAB foram elevados (11,89g) se comparados ao limite inferior CJA(2,04g).As correlações na avaliação externa foram lineares e significativas. A glândula prostática apresentou correlação positiva com peso corporal, comprimento, largura, concha e glândula de albumina, que apresentou correlação somente com as variáveis ligadas ao aparelho reprodutor / 120 land snails of the species Achatina fulica were arranged into four groups according to situation in which the first group was collected from the heliciculture site (LAB) at the Heliciário Experimental Professora Doutora Lor Cury – FMVZ/USP and the other three groups, made up of wild individuals, were collected from a vegetable garden (DPE), a land lot with fruit crop (MBA) and an empty walled lot containing waste material (CJA), in a urban area in Pirassununga, São Paulo state, Brazil. The animals were slaughtered through freezing and assessed externally and internally. The external assessment included body weight and shell length and width measurements. For the internal evaluation, the carcass was fragmented into shell, meat, prostate/uterus gland, albumen/ovotestis gland, egg clutches and number of eggs. Besides total weight of fragments, the percentages of fragment weight in relation to body weight were considered. The experiment drawing used was totally at random where each group of animals from each site was considered what we named of situation, and each animal was taken as a sample unit. For mean comparisons and possible correlations among variables it was used the analysis of variance and the Test-t (Tukey). The obtained results were significant for external assessment where the higher mean values were found in the situation LAB (52,63g mean weight, 76,28mm shell length and 43,96mm shell width), and the situation CJA (31,48g mean weight, 68,71mm shell length and 37,17mm shell width) corresponding to the lower limit. The results for mean shell weight were the same between the situations LAB (12,88g) and CJA (11,64g), but different in DPE (5,87g) and MAB (0,57g). There were differences in the percentage assessment where results of a higher value for the rate shell/carcass in CJA were found, followed by the other situations results. The obtained result in LAB (10,04g) was higher than in DPE (6,26g), MAB (5,92g) and CJA (6,49g) situations for mean meat weight. However, there was no significant difference found for mean carcass meat rate. The prostate gland mean weight was higher in LAB (1,29g) and a lower limit was shown in CJA (0,45g); these results were similar for the albumen gland. However, higher values were found for mean total amount between glands and egg clutches in LAB situation (11,89g) when compared to the lower limit in CJA (2,04g). The rates for external assessment were linear and significant. The prostate gland showed a positive correlation to body weight, shell length and width, and albumen gland, which in turn showed only a correlation to the variables related to the reproductive system

Thesis (M.Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2013 / The study aims to provide insights into the nature and extent of development funding provided to various poverty eradication projects by the National Development Agency (NDA) and its subsequent impact on reducing poverty in the predominantly rural communities of the Makhuduthamaga Municipality in the Limpopo Province. It examines in detail the impact made by the NDA on community development through the disbursement of funds to poverty eradication projects. It also provides insights into the total number of the NDA-funded projects and the total proportion of the NDA-funds allocated to them in the Makhuduthamaga Municipality. The study further examines the nature of the NDA support regarding the design of the interventions, relevance, participation of communities, delivery modalities and sustainability. The effectiveness of the NDA-funded projects in community development is determined using employment opportunities created, income generated, skills transferred, assets accumulated, sustainability mechanisms and community empowerment indicators. Although all of these indicators are found to be tightly linked to the NDA’s mandate of poverty eradication, the extent to which the NDA has achieved its objectives in disbursing development funding earmarked for poverty eradication and strengthening of CSOs was yet to be determined, hence the relevance of this study. The study, therefore, highlights key issues regarding the types of employment opportunities created and levels of income emanating from the NDA-funded projects. The study further highlights various areas of community empowerment, financial and sustainability measures put in place for the sustainability of the NDA-funded projects. Using a combined method of research, that is the qualitative and quantitative case study approach, the study highlights in detail insights into the impact made by the NDA on community development, particularly on Makhuduthamaga Municipality. The study highlights that while the NDA made some strides in the creation of employment opportunities, income generation, food security and community empowerment, both financial and institutional sustainability proved to be a daunting challenge for the NDA-funded projects Tailor-made and accredited training interventions coupled with the introduction of market-driven products to the NDA-funded projects as opposed to heavy reliance on donor funding will go a long way in bringing about productivity and, most probably, positive balance sheets and the maximum impact on the NDA funded projects.

Mammalian pests are excluded from Maungatautari Ecological Island by an XcluderTM pest-proof fence. Inevitably, the fence integrity will be compromised at some point by mechanisms such as treefall and flood-scour: such events could lead to pest re-invasion. Knowledge of pest activity directly outside the reserve would assist reserve managers in developing optimal breach-response procedures. This thesis described baseline data on the presence, timing of activity and behaviour of mammalian pest animals found directly at the Maungatautari fence. Two seasonal video studies investigated the effects of season (summer and winter), exterior habitat (forest and pasture) and simulated breach type ('tree-fall' and 'flood scour') on the number of pest sightings. Significantly more sightings were recorded in summer (788) than in winter (428), particularly for rodents. Rabbits were sighted significantly more often at pasture sites, but habitat type did not significantly affect sightings of any other species; nor did breach type affect sightings of any species. Ship rats were commonly sighted within the fence hood gutter. Overall, rodent, possum and cat sightings were very high, and mustelid sightings extremely low, in both seasons. Over 95% of non-lagomorph sightings were nocturnal, and the greatest threat of invasion was found to come nocturnally, from mice, and in the summer. A probability model showed that although the cumulative probability of a mammalian pest encountering a fence breach increases dramatically after dark, in reality there is always a threat of encounter, and this is always increasing with time. Over the same two studies, the behaviour of pest mammals sighted was also described. Pests were found to show interest in and enter summer breaches more often than winter breaches (p lt 0.001). Simulated breaches were encountered by pests within the first 24 hours at a very high rate (95% summer, 92.5% winter), and most likely to enter a breach were rodents. Over 7 days, breaches were encountered and entered by increasing numbers of species and possibly by more individuals; all species were shown to be willing to enter. The threat of invasion by ship rats was probably underestimated because of their higher activity within the fence hood than at the fence base; mustelids may also offer a greater threat than the results suggest, because they almost always entered a breach. It was strongly recommended that when the fence integrity is compromised, physical response should be as quick as possible, especially at night. Future research was strongly encouraged, particularly to understand invasion behaviour of animals such as ship rats and stoats, and to describe pest behaviour at real breach events.

This thesis consists of a summary and four self-contained papers. Paper [I] examines whether the implementation of a social safety net programme in Ethiopia has affected the value, risk and composition of farmers‟ crop portfolios. The empirical analysis suggests that the value and risk of the crop portfolio have not been altered due to the programme. However, the programme seems to have brought about some changes in the land allocated to different crops. Paper [II] studies how a social safety net affects farmers‟ (dis)investments in productive assets. More specifically, it studies how the Productive Safety Net Programme in Ethiopia has changed livestock and tree holdings. The results indicate no significant effect on livestock holdings, but a significant increase in tree holdings. Paper [III] investigates if there is a problem of adverse selection in formal microlending in rural Bangladesh. The results indicate that farmers who only borrow formally have a shadow price of capital that is substantially higher than the average informal interest rate. This suggests that farmers that only borrow formally are perceived as poor credit risks by informal lenders. Paper [IV] explores the economic incentives surrounding the cultivation of opium poppy in Afghanistan. Specifically, it examines the impact of eradication policies when opium is used as a means of obtaining credit, and when the crops are produced in sharecropping arrangements. The results indicate that both these features are likely to affect the outcome of eradication policies.

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1). This disease causes vast economic losses in cattle breeding, namely in dairy cattle breeds and consequently in the dairy industry. The aim of the thesis was to evaluate the process of the National IBR eradication program since its beginning to the present day. I have collected data mapping the course of five years of the NEP IBR. In the second part of the thesis I have examined six farms in the Český Krumlov region and another six farms in the Tábor region. Then I compared these two regions and evaluated the results.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / Tourism is one of the fastest growing global sectors, with current international tourist arrivals exceeding 935 million, and projected arrivals to exceed 1 billion by 2020. Community-based ecotourism has been suggested as a possible avenue for poverty eradication and local economic development in South Africa's remote rural regions, which are characterised by undeveloped infrastructure, poorly functioning schools and few economic opportunities. This is especially true of the Wild Coast region in the Eastern Cape Province, which is characterised by the contrasting elements of abundant natural resources eminently suitable for tourism development, and abject poverty. The central objective of this qualitative study is to evaluate the developmental impacts of the Bulungula Lodge and related initiatives, in order to assess the extent to which ecotourism can be used as a catalyst for local economic development. This includes the conservation practices employed by the enterprise, as well as its contribution towards conservation knowledge amongst community members. In addition, the study undertook to assess the extent to which the Bulungula Lodge and related initiatives has provided employment, and facilitated local participation in decision making and skills development in order to contribute towards sustainable livelihood outcomes. The findings indicate that Bulungula Lodge and related initiatives contribute positively to the local economy through job creation, skills development and local collaboration. However, Bulungula Lodge is faced with a number of factors which constrain the attainment of development goals, such as an inactive local and provincial government, low human and physical capital stocks and an inability to expand without threatening the sustainability of the natural resource base. In conclusion, the study provides numerous recommendations in order to increase the effectiveness of projects and employment within an environment devoid of government intervention. Among these are strategies for improving an understanding of conservation amongst community members, as well as strategies to improve adult education and the empowerment of women in the decision making process.

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of the eradication of infectious polio and its current problems. Polio is a highly infectious disease of viral origin. The most effective form of protection from the disease is vaccination. The main aim of this work was to determine the major issues in polio surveillance in the Pilsen region at present. Intermediate goals were determined in relation to the main aim: to ascertain the awareness of practicing paediatricians about the principles of poliomyelitis surveillance with an emphasis on diagnosing and reporting cases of acute palsy and further to ascertain the quality of the cooperation between the locally competent public health authority and practicing paediatricians in the field of poliomyelitis surveillance. The work is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The practical part was elaborated using a qualitative method based on semi-structured interviews with practicing paediatricians and with the locally competent public health authority. The research was participated in by 9 practicing paediatricians and one public health authority worker from the Pilsen region, with an average length of practice of 20 years. The resulting data was then evaluated by a coding method and divided into schemes according to Švaříček and Šeďová (2007). Three research questions were defined based on the set aims: RQ1: What do practising paediatricians see as the prime problems in polio surveillance? RQ2: How many cases of acute palsy do practising paediatricians record and subsequently report to the competent public health authority? RQ3: What is the quality of the cooperation between practising paediatricians and the locally competent public health authority? The research revealed that, according to the practising paediatricians, the problem in poliomyelitis surveillance is refusal of the vaccination and the associated decreasing immunisation coverage of the population. The next most commonly reported problem was population migration. Furthermore, it was found that not one practising paediatrician recorded or reported cases of acute palsy in their surgery. Only one respondent encountered acute palsy 10 years ago. The answer to the last research question is also apparent from the information obtained. More than half of the respondents agreed that so far there is no cooperation on this issue. Although four respondents stated that the cooperation is at a high level and is of very good quality.