Understanding how the Renaissance rhetorical curriculum taught style as behavior makes it possible to unite the study of women writers' identities with formal criticism. Nancy L. Christiansen shows that early modern humanists built on the Isocratean tradition of teaching rhetoric as an ethical practice because they adopted and developed lists of rhetorical figures so extensive as to encompass all human discourse, thought, and behavior. For them, knowing, selecting, and applying these various forms was the ethical practice of good judgment, also called decorum. This type of decorum plays an important role in the rhetorical function of two key texts by early modern women. Margaret Fell and Aemilia Lanyer each use a humanist notion of decorum as the virtue of good judgment to formulate their intellectual and moral authority and to argue that women can exercise the same.

Text in Afrikaans / Die portefeulje Verdediging het vanaf 1948 tot 1959 besondere eise aan F.C. Erasmus gestel. Hy moes 'n parate en doeltreffende Unieverdedigingsmag, wat Suid-Afrika teen moontlike kommunistiese aggressie kon verdedig, daarstel. Hy moes ook die Nasionale Party se verdedigingsbeleid, tot nag toe abstrakte beginsels vervat in die partyprogram, implementeer. Erasmus het die Mag d.m.v. 'n ingrypende hervormingsprogram met 'n Suid-Afrikaanse identiteit beklee en Afrikaanssprekendes in groat getalle daarheen gelok. Nieteenstaande die beperkte hulpbronne tot die land se beskikking en sterk kritiek teen hom, het Erasmus Suid-Afrika se verdediging met rasse skrede laat vooruitgaan. Hy het die organisasie, opleiding en krygstuig van die Mag uitgebou en gemoderniseer, en ook die grondslag van 'n onafhanklike, plaaslike krygstuigvervaardigingsbedryf gele. Voorts het Erasmus 'n prominente rol in Suid-Afrika se internasionale militere strategie gespeel. Hy bet onvermoeid gepoog om die Europese koloniale moondhede te oorreed om 'n Afrika-verdedigingsorganisasie op die been te bring. 'n Hoogtepunt van sy dienstermyn aan die internasionale front was Brittanje se oordrag van Simonstad aan Suid-Afrika. / The Defence portfolio placed heavy demands on F.C. Erasmus from 1948 to 1959. He had to transform the South African armed forces into an efficient and combat ready Union Defence Force. He also had to implement the National Party's defence policy, which hitherto consisted of abstract principles contained in the party's political programme. Erasmus made far reaching changes to the Union Defence Force, furnishing it with a distinct South African identity. Despite criticism against him and the country's limited resources Erasmus improved South Africa's defence significantly. He modernized the organization, training and equipment of the Union Defence Force and established the basis for an independent local armaments industry. Erasmus also played a prominent role in South Africa's international military strategy. He laboured unceasingly to persuade the European colonial powers to enter into an African defence alli~nce. One of his greatest achievements is the transfer of Simonstown to South Africa. / History / M.A. (Geskiedenis)

Text in Afrikaans / Die portefeulje Verdediging het vanaf 1948 tot 1959 besondere eise aan F.C. Erasmus gestel. Hy moes 'n parate en doeltreffende Unieverdedigingsmag, wat Suid-Afrika teen moontlike kommunistiese aggressie kon verdedig, daarstel. Hy moes ook die Nasionale Party se verdedigingsbeleid, tot nag toe abstrakte beginsels vervat in die partyprogram, implementeer. Erasmus het die Mag d.m.v. 'n ingrypende hervormingsprogram met 'n Suid-Afrikaanse identiteit beklee en Afrikaanssprekendes in groat getalle daarheen gelok. Nieteenstaande die beperkte hulpbronne tot die land se beskikking en sterk kritiek teen hom, het Erasmus Suid-Afrika se verdediging met rasse skrede laat vooruitgaan. Hy het die organisasie, opleiding en krygstuig van die Mag uitgebou en gemoderniseer, en ook die grondslag van 'n onafhanklike, plaaslike krygstuigvervaardigingsbedryf gele. Voorts het Erasmus 'n prominente rol in Suid-Afrika se internasionale militere strategie gespeel. Hy bet onvermoeid gepoog om die Europese koloniale moondhede te oorreed om 'n Afrika-verdedigingsorganisasie op die been te bring. 'n Hoogtepunt van sy dienstermyn aan die internasionale front was Brittanje se oordrag van Simonstad aan Suid-Afrika. / The Defence portfolio placed heavy demands on F.C. Erasmus from 1948 to 1959. He had to transform the South African armed forces into an efficient and combat ready Union Defence Force. He also had to implement the National Party's defence policy, which hitherto consisted of abstract principles contained in the party's political programme. Erasmus made far reaching changes to the Union Defence Force, furnishing it with a distinct South African identity. Despite criticism against him and the country's limited resources Erasmus improved South Africa's defence significantly. He modernized the organization, training and equipment of the Union Defence Force and established the basis for an independent local armaments industry. Erasmus also played a prominent role in South Africa's international military strategy. He laboured unceasingly to persuade the European colonial powers to enter into an African defence alli~nce. One of his greatest achievements is the transfer of Simonstown to South Africa. / History / M.A. (Geskiedenis)

Le plurilinguisme est devenu la pierre angulaire des politiques éducatives linguistiques promues par le Conseil de l’Europe, et les programmes de mobilité étudiante Erasmus constituent un terrain privilégié pour la mise en place d’une éducation plurilingue et pluriculturelle. La nouvelle "génération Erasmus" s’incarnerait dans une figure d’étudiant humaniste, responsable et conscient de son rôle dans la construction d’une Europe plus citoyenne. Le rapport aux langues de cet étudiant cosmopolite serait à la fois la fin et le moyen de son évolution :l’immersion linguistique et culturelle liée à la mobilité serait l’occasion de développer chez l’étudiant Erasmus des attitudes plus tolérantes vis-à-vis des langues et des locuteurs dans leur diversité. Au-delà d’une "culture éducative européenne partagée" se pose ainsi la question de l’incidence réelle des programmes de mobilité sur les apprentissages linguistiques et les attitudes des étudiants face à la diversité. L’objectif de ce travail est d’interroger l’interaction entre les logiques institutionnelles européennes et les logiques individuelles des étudiants mobiles afin de nourrir la réflexion didactique. Pour ce faire, nous avons étudié d’une part les principes véhiculés par une sélection de textes européens et, d’autre part, les représentations que des étudiants Erasmus non francophones activent ou se forgent des langues et des pratiques langagières, à partir de praxis sociales et scolaires dans le cadre de leur séjour à Liège en Belgique francophone. Quelle(s) norme(s) ces discours (institutionnels et ordinaires) construisent-ils? Quelles postures les acteurs de la mobilité étudiante adoptent-ils vis-à-vis des langues? Se posera également la question de l’évolution vs la fossilisation des contenus représentationnels à la suite de l’expérience Erasmus. On peut en effet se demander si le fait d’apprendre une nouvelle langue fait évoluer les représentations vers une conception plus dynamique de la compétence plurilingue, conformément aux objectifs européens. Nous posons l’hypothèse que les déplacements paradigmatiques importants occasionnés par le passage à une vision plurilingue nécessitent des déplacements représentationnels non négligeables et qui ne vont pas de soi. Il s’agit donc de déterminer et de prendre en considération les représentations normatives des acteurs de la mobilité en ce qu’elles s’inscrivent ou non dans l’idéologie linguistique du plurilinguisme afin de penser au mieux les interventions didactiques en matière d’apprentissage des langues dans le cadre de la mobilité universitaire en Europe. / Doctorat en Langues et lettres / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Ce travail comporte 3 volumes: 1 (texte), 2 (illustrations), 3 (description de la bibliothèque d'Érasme et liste de ses éditions princeps). Le premier volume de texte étudie à la fois les rapports entre Érasme et ses imprimeurs et démontre comment cet humaniste a été l'un des premiers auteurs a participé activement à la production matérielle de ses œuvres, utilisant la mise en page et les différents éléments constitutifs du livre (page de titre, manchette, index, paragraphe, caractère typographique) pour tenter de maitriser la réception de son œuvre auprès de ses lecteurs. Ce travail contient trois parties: dans un premier temps, il suit Érasme pas à pas à la recherche d'un imprimeur idéal, puis à partir de 1514 et de sa rencontre avec Johann Froben à Bâle, il décrit les différentes formules utilisées par Érasme pour mettre en forme ses livres. Une troisième partie étudie les épîtres rédigées par ses imprimeurs. Elle montre que l'humaniste joue un rôle également important dans la revendication de ses imprimeurs à se présenter comme humanistes./This study has three volumes :1 (texte), 2 (illustrations), 3 (description of the library of Erasmus and the list of his editio princeps). The first volume studies the relations between Erasmus and his printers. He show that this humanist is the first to be implicated in the material production of his œuvre. He uses lay-out and differents elements of the book (tittle-page, marginalia, paragraph, index, types) to control the reception of his œuvre by the public. The first volume contains three parts: first, the chronological description of the writer searching an ideal printer. In the second part, after the meeting of Erasmus and Johann Froben in Basel in 1514, this study describes the different formules uses by Erasmus to constitute a new image of the modern book. In the last part, we describe the different letters of the Erasmus's printers. We show that Erasmus was also responsable of the revendication of his printers to be also the humanists. / Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis is the first full-length study of the English clergyman and historian William Cave (1637-1713). As one of a number of Restoration divines invested in exploring the lives and writings of the early Christians, Cave has nonetheless won only meagre interest from early-modernists in the past decade. Among his contemporaries and well into the nineteenth century Cave’s vernacular biographies of the Apostles and Church Fathers were widely read, but it was with the two volumes of his Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Historia Literaria (1688 and 1698), his life’s work, that he made his most important and lasting contribution to scholarship. The first aim of the thesis is therefore to build on a recent quickening of research into the innovative early-modern genre of historia literaria by exploring how, why, and with what help, in the context of late seventeenth-century European intellectual culture, Cave decided to write a work of literary history. To do so it makes extensive use of the handwritten drafts, annotations, notebooks, and letters that he left behind, giving a comprehensive account of his reading and scholarly practices from his student-days in 1650s Cambridge and then as a young clergyman in the 1660s to his final, unsuccessful attempts to publish a revised edition of his book at the end of his life. Cave’s motives, it finds, were multiple, complex, and sometimes conflicting: they developed in response to the immediate practical concerns of the post-Restoration Church of England even as they reflected some of the deeper-lying tensions of late humanist scholarship. The second reason for writing a thesis about Cave is that it makes it possible to reconsider an influential historiographical narrative about the origins of the ‘modern’ disciplinary category of literature. Since the 1970s the consensus among scholars has been that the nineteenth-century definition of literature as imaginative fictions in verse and prose – in other words literature as it is now taught in schools and universities – more or less completely replaced the early-modern notion of literature, literae, as learned books of all kinds. This view is challenged in the final section of this thesis, which traces the influence of Cave’s work on some of the canonical authors of the English literary tradition, including Johnson and Coleridge. Coleridge’s example, in particular, helps us to see why Cave and scholars like him were excluded lastingly from genealogies of English studies in the twentieth century, despite having given the discipline many of its characteristic concerns and aversions.

My dissertation explores Shakespeare’s negotiation of Reformation controversy about theories of salvation. While twentieth century literary criticism tended to regard Shakespeare as a harbinger of secularism, the so-called “turn to religion” in early modern studies has given renewed attention to the religious elements in Shakespeare and his contemporaries. Yet in spite of the current popularity of early modern religion studies, there remains an aura of uncertainty regarding some of the doctrinal or liturgical specificities of the period. This historical gap is especially felt with respect to theories of salvation, or soteriology. Such ambiguity, however, calls for further inquiry into historical theology. As one of the “hot-button” issues of the Reformation, salvation was fiercely contested in Shakespeare’s day, making it essential for scholarship to differentiate between conformist (Church of England), godly (puritan), and recusant (Catholic) strains of soteriology in Shakespearean plays. I explore how the language and concepts of faith, grace, charity, the sacraments, election, free will, justification, sanctification, and atonement find expression in Shakespeare’s plays. In doing so, I contribute to the recovery of a greater understanding of the relationship between early modern religion and Shakespearean drama. While I share Kastan’s reluctance to attribute particular religious convictions to Shakespeare (A Will to Believe 143), in some cases such critical guardedness has diverted attention from the religious topography of Shakespeare’s plays. My first chapter explores the tension in The Merchant of Venice between Protestant notions of justification by faith and a Catholic insistence upon works of mercy. The infamous trial scene, in particular, deconstructs cherished Protestant ideology by refuting the efficacy of faith when it is divorced from ethical behaviour. The second chapter situates Hamlet in the stream of Lancelot Andrewes’s “avant-garde conformity” (to use Peter Lake’s coinage), thereby explaining why Claudius’s prayer in the definitive text of the second quarto has intimations of soteriological agency that are lacking in the first quarto. The third chapter argues that Hamlet undermines the ghost’s association of violence and religion, thus implicitly critiquing the proliferation of religious violence on both sides of the Reformation divide. The fourth chapter argues that Calvin’s theory of the vicarious atonement of Christ, expounded so eloquently by Isabella in Measure for Measure, meets substantial resistance, especially when the Duke and others attempt to apply the soteriological principle of substitution to the domains of sexuality and law. The ethical failures that result from an over-realized soteriology indicate that the play corroborates Luther’s idea that a distinction must be maintained between the sacred and secular realms. The fifth chapter examines controversies in the English church about the (il)legitimacy of exorcising demons, a practice favoured by Jesuits but generally frowned upon by Calvinists. Shakespeare cleverly negotiates satirical source material by metaphorizing exorcisms in King Lear in a way that seems to acknowledge Calvinist scepticism, yet honour Jesuit compassion. Throughout this study, my hermeneutic is to read Shakespeare through the lens of contemporary theological controversy and to read contemporary theology through the lens of Shakespeare. / Graduate / 2023-11-20