A company without proper strategy is like a person without sight. The research deals with identifying the lost market that the company could not yet replace due to border conflict with Ethiopia, and with recommending future actions. The main goal of this research is to assess and analyze the external and internal situations of Dahlak Share Company. In order to formulate the best strategy, the company resources must correlate with the macro and microenvironment situation. Dahlak Share Company operates in Asmara, capital of Eritrea and it sells its products in local market and foreign countries, mainly in the Great Lakes region of Africa. Therefore, assessing and analyzing Eritrean and relevant other countries' situation, information regarding the footwear industry, stakeholder's interest and the company's capacity lends significance to the quality of the formulated strategy. The discussion on the research objective is based on the strategy formulation process. This research is a case study and is qualitative in nature. Therefore, financial reports, and other relevant company documents are used to collect the secondary data. Interviews have also been conducted with the company's management body to collect the primary data. According to the study findings the company has the opportunity to increase the demand of the Great Lakes region of African market and consciousness of Eritrean customers insistence on best quality products. The company is well branded in the region and it is known for its long time experience in shoe production. Moreover, the company has a strong management staff. Though there is tough competition in local and international market, Dahlak Share Company is able to succeed by minimizing unnecessary cost and improving the quality of its products. / Thesis (MBA)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2004.

Thèse--Geneva. / At head of title: Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales. Bibliography: p. [265]-270.

Thesis (MScFor (Forest and Wood Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Like in many developing countries, forest and woodland resources contribute significantly to ensure the sustainability of livelihoods of rural people of Eritrea. However, the contribution made by forest and woodland resources has been masked due to the inability of the traditional economic valuation methods to reveal the hidden values of forest resources. As a result they do not reflect in GDP accounting, development planning and conservation policymaking. The underestimation of the importance of forest and woodland resources to the rural subsistence economy results in both market and policy failures. These in turn lead to escalated forest degradation, livelihood insecurity, value conflicts and ineffective conservation programmes. The forest and woodlands of administrative sub-zone Dighe were selected as a case study as they comprise trees, shrubs and other non-woody plants of outstanding importance both in terms of socio-economics and biodiversity richness. However, these resources are being rapidly depleted as a result of clearing for commercial agriculture and are under growing pressure due to resettlement of returnees and needs of other social actors. The study was carried out in three representative administrative areas of the sub-zone. A literature survey was carried out to identify the best of traditional neo-classical economic valuation methods to use in this study. Complementary methods from various streams of economics, ethnobotany, ecological anthropology and rural sociology were reviewed. The sub-set of selected marketable items were quantified and monetised based on market-based valuation approaches; and compared with non-marketable roles to indicate the magnitude of full values of the forest and woodland resources. Values that could not be quantified were described qualitatively. A production-consumption analysis of dom palm scrub leaf harvesting for household utensils was carried out. Forest health was investigated based on observation, semi-structured interviews and secondary information. The study revealed that local forests and woodlands provide essential goods and services for subsistence use, to generate income and to reduce vulnerability during times of hardships. Riverine forests, acacia woodlands and scattered trees and shrubs of grassland are the three vegetation types found in the study area. The riverine forest, dominated by dom palm, is a most valuable resource as it provides for multiple uses. Among the many marketable and non-marketable benefits, forests and woodlands provide wild food, construction material, livestock feed, household utensils, firewood, traditional medicine, shade, climate amelioration, erosion control, cultural heritages and scenic values. All members of rural households regardless of age, gender and wealth extract forest products, which minor variation between households and administrative areas. Variability of consumptive use values between households and between administrative areas and other non-marketable values are determined by relative wealth status, seasonality, resource availability and distribution, market outlets and local institutions. The study revealed that the riverine forests and woodland values of the Dighe administrative sub-zone alone have contributed economical values many times greater than US $ 1.43 million per annum for selected quantifiable items only. This would be higher if the other non-marketable forest values were monetised including the livestock grazing and access to watering points. Beyond any doubt, the high local values of forest and woodlands and consequently the contribution to the national economy justify the conservation of the remaining forest. Moreover, the production-consumption analyses showed that the present level of dom scrub leaf harvesting is sustainable. Forest health situation analysis indicates, however, that the entire forest is under immense pressure. Moreover, the findings of this study suggest that conserving forest resource for local values is compatible with the millennium global development agendas.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Ministry of Information of Eritrea is basically aimed at providing the society with news, information, education and entertainment. In addition to its service presentation through radio, TV and printed press the Ministry of Information has taken the initiative to present its services in the digital way by publishing a website known as shabait.com. But as the technique is new to the country as well as to the organization, it is to be expected that there will be inaccuracies in the way the website was designed. Hence, evaluating and redesigning shabait.com with the goal of making it informative, attractive and easy to use will be very beneficial to the organization as well as to users of the website. This recently launched website is not very attractive and not successfully directed to its users. Therefore, the main aim of this study is to assess and find the best way of presenting information digitally to the Eritrean society, as well as to anyone interested in finding out about Eritrea through the State owned media website. This study was firstly approached by gathering previously written relevant information from books, journals, and the Internet. In addition to that interviews with concerned people in Eritrea were held to understand the aim, difficulties and challenges of the website. Subsequently the website was assessed according to the evaluation criteria developed, based on the literature review. The evaluation of the website assumed three different approaches of qualitative as well as quantitative types. A usability test with both quantitative and qualitative questions was done through a questionnaire, which was analyzed statistically. A competitive analysis, of qualitative type with two international websites was also made. In order to create a good quality website, it is essential to have clearly specified goals, policies and strategies, and adequate advanced human as well as technological resources, so that it will be easy to overcome the common challenges such as competition, diversity of users, budget constraints, and inadequacy of policy instruments. The findings of the evaluation of shabait.com indicate that the website is not attractive, is user unfriendly, of low content quality as well as with low download speed and, more importantly, was not advertised well. Therefore, shabait.com is not fit to be considered as a sole first hand information provider website for the Eritrean society as well as for anybody who is concerned about Eritrea. At the end of the study recommendations of how the website can be modified to be successful are listed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelwit van die Ministerie van Inligting van Eritrea is om nuus, inligting, opvoeding en vermaak aan die gemeenskap te verskaf. Bykomend tot die radio, TV en die gedrukte media, het die Ministerie van Inligting nou ook besluit om 'n digitale diens te lewer deur middel van 'n webwerf bekend as shabait.com. Aangesien die betrokke tegnieke vir die land sowel as vir die organisasie iets nuuts is, kan daar verwag word dat die ontwerp van die webwerf onakkuraathede sal toon. Dus moet shabait.com evalueer en verbeter word om dit sodoende aantreklik en gebruikersvriendelik te maak; dit sal tot die voordeel strek van die organisasie so wel as die gebruikers. Hierdie jong webwerf is tans nie baie aantreklik of maklik om te gebruik nie. Dus is die doelwit van hierdie studie om die beste wyses te vind om die gemeenskap van Eritrea, sowel as ander belangstellendes, deur middel van 'n webwerf wat deur die staat beheer word, digitaal van inligting te bedien. Relevante geskrewe inligting is bekom deur middel van boeke, joernale en die Internet. Daar is ook onderhoude gevoer met mense betrokke by shabait.com om sodoende die doelwitte, probleme en uitdagings van die webwerf beter te verstaan. Daarna is die webwerf evalueer volgens ontwikkelde kriteria gebaseer op die literatuuroorsig. Vir die evaluasie is drie benaderings gebruik, beide kwalitatief en kwantitatief. 'n Bruikbaarheidstoets is deur middel van 'n vraelys gedoen met kwalitatiewe sowel as kwantitatiewe vrae en die antwoorde is statisties ontleed. Twee internasionale webwerwe is ook ontleed sodat hulle gehalte met dié van shabait.com vergelyk kon word. Om 'n webwerf van goeie gehalte te ontwerp, is dit noodsaaklik om duidelik omskrewe doelwitte, beleide en stategië, asook genoegsaam opgeleide mense en gevorderde tegnologiese hulpbronne te hê sodat die uitdagings soos kompetisie, verskeidenheid van gebruikers, begrotingsbeperkings en swak beleidsinstrumente oorkom kan word. Die bevindinge van die evaluasie van shabait.com toon dat die webwerf onaantreklik en gebruikersonvriendelik is, die inhoud is van swak gehalte, die aflaai spoed is laag en en die werf is nie goed adverteer nie. Daarom is die werf nie geskik om beskou te word as die enigste eerstehandse inligtingsverskaffer webwerf vir die gemeenskap van Eritrea sowel as ander belangstellendes nie. Aan die einde van die studie is daar aanbevelings vir die verbetering van die webwerf.

Academics have for decades written on the need to interrogate the labels upon which the field of Refugee and Forced Migration Studies has been founded. At the centre of these discussions has been theorising around the 'integrity' and 'content' of the refugee label itself, with foundational texts expounding the need to take nothing about the meaning and purpose of this label for granted. This is evidently important in popular accounts, where the term's misuse fuels anti-immigrant sentiments and societal mistrust, as well as for the futures of these populations, as multiple interpretations of their status affect attempts to negotiate durable solutions to their plight. Without denying the importance of these theoretical accounts, or the incredibly rich literature that has emerged on account of them, this thesis suggests that much of the theorising on labelling to date has lacked a clear theoretical framework around which to structure otherwise critical observations vis-à-vis the performative and malleable characteristics of language. It therefore introduces semiotic theories and methodologies as an approach for making sense of these manifold interpretations and their relationships to each other, and to explore what impacts this has on negotiations over refugees' futures. Associated theories are used to explain the controversial negotiations that surrounded the invocation of the Cessation Clause for Eritrean refugees in Sudan in 2002, and the ongoing attempts to apply Cessation to Rwandan refugees in Uganda. Both processes were mired by controversy, and yet almost no literature exists detailing when, why and how they unfolded as they did. Disaggregating the refugee 'label' through the semiotic frameworks provided by Saussure and Barthes helps explain the conceptual and spatial dissonance that plagued attempts to conclude these protracted refugee situations. Through doing so, this thesis seeks to make three main contributions. First, it provides these extended accounts of how decisions to apply Cessation are arrived at, thereby filling an empirical gap in literature on this process. Second, it presents a heuristic framework rooted in linguistic theories to explain how certain words and objects - including the refugee label - can see their meanings transformed and bourgeon over time, the mechanisms through which this distortion occurs and is accommodated within discussions over the treatment of refugees, and the implications that the application of this theoretical framework has for how we understand particular incidents of decision-making within the refugee regime. Third, these theoretical approaches are shown to result in key challenges to how the role, content and function of the word refugee have been conceptualised to date.

Along its Red Sea coast Eritrea possesses not less than 350 Islands. Dahlak Kebir, the largest of all is located approximately 50kms off the coast of Massawa, the busiest port of Eritrea. Topographically, relatively low relief limestone encircled by clean waters, abundant coral reefs and bountiful of fish species are the dominant features of the Islands. Nevertheless, their rich resources are so far not harnessed. They are inhabited by small fishing communities. One could only witness a small hotel and few houses scattered here and there, except for the presence of a military base on both Dahlak Kebir and in the near by Nakura Islands. The archaeological site of the Necropolis, a large early Islamic cemetery, and nearby ancient cisterns and pre Islamic cemetery, lies on the southwestern side of the Island. The story of Dahlak and its ruins are clear testimony that the archipelago has a mine of very rich history that needs to be explored. In the 7th century, for instance, it was through these Islands that the Islamism has infiltrated and eventually penetrated deep into various parts of Eritrea and Ethiopia. In between the beginning of the 8th and mid-9th century, the archipelago was conquered and occupied by various external powers such as the Byzantine Empire. In the 13th century, during the period of internal uprising in the Arab world, Dahlak established its own autonomous Sultanate. In latter years, Portuguese and Ottoman Kingdoms used to control the Islands and to assert their supremacy in the Red Sea. In 16th century, however, Dahlak was exclusively occupied by the Ottomans and was used as a launching ground to conquer and control the costal part and highland of Eritrea. Finally, in the 1870s Mohammed Ali of Egypt became master of the Islands. Dahlak was also known to have been the centre of trade for slaves on the Horn from the beginning of its occupation by Ottomans until its occupation of the Islands and the Red Sea coast by the Egyptians. (Eritrean travel and trade manual 2000) The prospect of the Dahlak Archipelago for the development of a successful tourist industry in Eritrea could undoubtedly be feasible. The low-lying coral chains where these volcanic Islands are located is amazingly tantalizing, fascinating and picturesque beyond description. Environmentally unpolluted, they are hygienic health-wise and could therefore be the primary attractions for tourists. Clean water and warm climate being their outstanding features, tourists could easily be lured to enjoy themselves without much ado about worrying their welfare, given their graceful natural environment is protected from deteriorations by contamination. White sandy beaches, protective bays and lagoons, provide excellent conditions for diving, snorkeling, sailing wind surfing and other sport activities. (Travel Trade Manual of Eritrea, 2000) / Dissertation (MPhil (Tourism Management))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Tourism Management / MPhil / unrestricted

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / This study deals with the evaluation research conducted to evaluate the Accounting curriculum of Asmara Commercial College (ACC), Eritrea. The purpose of the Accounting programme in this college is to train middle level skilled manpower to satisfy the dire shortages of Accounting personnel in the country. Accounting education in Eritrea seems to lag behind the rest of the world, particularly in curriculum administration and development aspects of the discipline.

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / This study deals with the evaluation research conducted to evaluate the Accounting curriculum of Asmara Commercial College (ACC), Eritrea. The purpose of the Accounting programme in this college is to train middle level skilled manpower to satisfy the dire shortages of Accounting personnel in the country. Accounting education in Eritrea seems to lag behind the rest of the world, particularly in curriculum administration and development aspects of the discipline. The target group of the above programme was directed to the 11th grade candidates who have passed the matriculation exam. The primary goal of this training was to achieve qualified students and help them to prepare for the world of work at the end of the programme. A second goal was to assist them in their professional development as future accountants. The study therefore evaluated how successfully the Accounting curriculum helped the students to develop themselves academically and professionally. It was also aimed at providing some suggestions and recommendations to the curriculum developers and teachers of the college in particular and other interested parties to assist them in identifying different aspects of the object of evaluation questions to be addressed. The researcher used both a literature review and empirical data to achieve the desired aim. Based on the literature, the Accounting education concepts, the concepts of change and evaluation as well as the role of evaluation in relation to the Accounting curriculum had been reviewed in order to support the study with its theoretical background. In the empirical part of the study, it investigated the perceptions of the respondents concerning the current Accounting practice at ACC and its relationship with the world of work. The necessary empirical data were mainly collected by 1) interviews and 2)-document analysis. The respondents were seven: 1) the director of ACC, 2) two Accounting instructors from ACC, 3) two employers, and 4) two graduates students. A normal flow of text had been used to analyze each response given to the interview items by respondents and observation of documents.

Eritrea is experiencing difficulties as a result of its low rate of electricity, together with its expanding population and the significance of green energy in today's world. Due to poor infrastructure and capacity, Asmara's electricity grid is well known for being unreliable, with frequent power outages and load shedding. Due to its location in an area with high solar irradiance, Asmara has a lot of potential for PV. Using a reference hotel building that is based on a case study of a current construction project in the capital Asmara, this thesis has chosen to analyze if implementing PV systems with storage can produce sustainable electricity for residential homes in Asmara. Through a study visit to the current construction project, a load profile is designed. The reference hotel building's 96 apartments had an average daily energy consumption of 1828 kWh and a peak power demand of 207 kW based on the designed load profile. The PV system results showed that none of the PV systems was feasible or economical to implement on the reference hotel building. The PV-hydrogen system required less inverter capacity than the PV-battery system, however the PV-battery system was less expensive and needed less installed PV capacity. The COE for the PV-battery and PV-hydrogen systems was 580 respectively 226 times bigger than Eritrea's existing COE, which is not feasible from an economic standpoint. Additionally, both systems' installed PV capacities were greater than the maximum possible capacity on the reference hotel building.

No description available.