Thesis (M.A.)--University of Oslo, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [291]-304) and index.

Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In the past, development projects were not successful, because development was guided by top-down strategy that excluded the main beneficiaries from the process of development. The creative initiative, local knowledge, and inputs of communities were not considered as a development resource. Hence, development programmes were not participatory, and could not solve social problems, rather they contributed to poverty and dependency. This condition gave rise to new thinking that unless communities participate in development efforts, no social transformation can be achieved. Moreover, the scarcity of resources in developing countries called for the mobilization of all stakeholders' resources in the cause of development action. As a result, community participation emerged as a new paradigm of development. Development has become a humanizing process; projects are people-driven; and communities are the subjects of development projects. Nevertheless, in order for community participation to meet the challenges of development, this has to be a multidimensional approach that integrates the building blocks of development. Against this background, in the context of water supply, the experience of developing countries indicates that the effectiveness of water supply projects is improved when communities participate in all phases of water supply projects. Moreover, community owned and managed water supply projects are better constructed, cost effective, and successful than government subsidized projects. Nevertheless, the role of government in enabling and supporting is essential. The study is an evaluation research, which aims to assess whether community participation is in place, and whether the delivery of water supply is enhanced as a result of community participation. The study area is in Galanefhi, a sub-region in Eritrea. At eleven villages in the sub-region, water supply projects that were constructed in the past twelve years are assessed to evaluate if community participation is in place and its effect on the water supply system. During the course of this study, interviews were conducted with 221 respondents of both sexes from the age of 28 years using open and closed-ended questionnaires. In addition, discussions were conducted with community representatives and government officials on issues of community participation and safe water delivery. Findings of the study indicate that the level of community participation differs within the villages and from one phase of the project to another. There is more community participation in implementation and less in planning. Decision-making is dominated by the water committees and local officials. The major missing ingredient is the level of capacity building. Communities' capacity to manage and operate the water supply system is limited. The institutional and administrative frameworks of the villages regarding water supply is weak. The regional and sub-region authorities' capacity that implements and oversees water supply projects is not strong. Communication between the grassroots and central authorities is not good. This is aggravated by natural conditions like climate and environment, and by the lack of skilled human resources, financial drawbacks, and lack of coordination. Nevertheless, overall assessment shows that water supply projects that enjoy more community participation are more successful and sustainable and more capable of meeting communities' expectations. Therefore, sustainable clean and adequate water delivery can be achieved through community participation in collaboration with all stakeholders. The recommendations which are provided give some insights on how to implement community participation as a strategy on the ground. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die verlede was ontwikkelingsprojekte dikwels onsuksesvolomdat ontwikkeling oorheers is deur die bo-na-onder ("top-down") strategie wat die hoof voordeeltrekkers uitgesluit het uit die proses van ontwikkeling. Die skeppende inisiatief, plaaslike kennis en die insette van die gemeenskappe is nie as 'n hulpbron beskou nie. Dus was die ontwikkelingsprogramme nie deelhebbend van aard nie en kon hulle nie sosiale probleme oplos nie. Dit het eerder bygedra tot armoede en afhanklikheid. Hierdie toestand het gelei tot 'n nuwe denkrigting, naamlik dat, tensy gemeenskappe deelneem aan ontwikkelingspogings, geen sosiale transformasie sal plaasvind nie. Weens die skaarsheid van hulpbronne in ontwikkelende lande is die mobilisasaie van al die deelhebbers se hulpbronne nodig vir ontwikkelingsaksie. Gevolglik het gemeenskapsdeelname te vore getree as die nuwe paradigma van ontwikkeling. Ontwikkeling is meer op die mens gerig; projekte word deur die mens gedryf; en gemeenskappe IS die onderwerp van die ontwikkelingsprojekte. Nietemin, as gemeenskapsdeelname die uitdagings van ontwikkeling te bowe wil kom, moet daar 'n multidimensionele benadering wees wat die boustene van ontwikkeling integreer. Teen hierdie agtergrond, en in die konteks van watervoorsiening, het die ondervindings in ontwikkelende lande aangedui dat die effektiwiteit van watervoorsieningsprojekte verbeter as die gemeenskap deelneem aan al die fases van die projek. Ook is watervoorsieningsprojekte wat deur die gemeenskap besit en bestuur word, beter gebou, meer koste-effektief, en meer suksesvol as projekte wat deur die regering subsideer is. Nietemin is die rol van die regering onontbeerlik waar dit die projekte moontlik maak en ondersteun. Hierdie studie is evaluasie-navorsing wat ten doel het om vas te stel tot watter mate gemeenskapdeelname bestaan en of die voorsiening van water verbeter het as gevolg van die deelname. Die studiegebied is in Galanefhi, 'n substeek van Eritrea. Daar is by elf dorpies in hierdie streek tydens die laaste twaalf jaar watervoorsieningspunte opgerig. Hierdie projekte is evalueer om vas te stel hoeveel gemeenskapdeelname daar was en die effek daarvan op die watervoorsiening. Tydens die studie is onderhoude gevoer met 221 respondente, mans en vrouens, bo 28. Daar is gebruik gemaak van vraelyste. Ook is daar besprekings gevoer met verteenwoordigers van gemeenskappe en regeringsamptenare oor kwessies soos gemeenskapsdeelname en die voorsiening van veilige drinkwater. Daar is gevind dat die vlak van deelname verskil van dorpie tot dorpie en van een fase van die projek tot die volgende. Daar is meer gemeenskapsdeelname in implementasie en minder in beplanning. Besluitneming word oorheers deur waterkomitees en plaaslike amptenare. Daar is me 'n hoë vlak van vermoë-bou me. Die vermoë van die gemeenskap om die watervoorsieningsisteem te bestuur is beperk en die administratiewe raamwerk van die dorpies betreffende watervoorsiening is swak. Die vermoë van die owerhede op streek- en substreekvlak, asook die kommunikasie tussen die sentrale owerhede en die gewone inwoners is nie na wense nie. Hierdie toestande word vererger deur die klimaat en die omgewingsfaktore, die gebrek aan geskoolde werkers, finansiële probleme en die gebrek aan koërdinasie, Nietemin is daar in die algemeen vasgestel dat die watervoorsieningsprojekte waar daar meer gemeenskapsdeelname was, meer suksesvol is, en beter aan die gemeenskap se verwagtinge voldoen. Die waterpunte word ook langer in 'n goeie werkende toestand gehou. Dus kan die voorsiening van genoeg skoon water bereik word deur die deelname van die gemeenskap en die samewerking van al diegene wat belang het by die projek. Aan die einde van die studie word daar aanbeveel hoe om gemeenskapsdeelname op grondvlak te implementeer.

Food insecurity in Africa is a threat to future generations because many countries rely on potentially unsustainable food policies. Eritrea's indigenous food sustainability policy has not been explored or analyzed in a scholarly manner. This qualitative case study analyzed the effectiveness of the current policy of food sustainability without relying on foreign food aid in Eritrea. The main research question addressed relates to how Eritrean irrigation farmers understand and implement the Eritrean government's food sustainability policy. The theoretical framework for this study, Kingdon's policy stream, set the agenda for a policy of sustainable indigenous Eritrean agricultural development without food aid. I have collected data by conducting semistructured interviews with 15 farmers who each have at least 7 years' experience providing food for their own families. Data from the interviews was audio recorded, transcribed, reviewed by the interviewees for increased credibility and reliability, translated in to English, and emergently coded and categorized for theme and pattern analysis. This study`s findings contain important lessons relative to advancing food self-sufficiency in Eritrea. The implications for social change across Africa may include informing practitioners and policymakers of the importance of applying appropriate policies to encourage food self-sufficiency.

Onions are widely produced within the tropics, but little scientific research has been done specifically on the Eritrean cultivars, like Hagaz Red 1 and 2 (HR I, and HR 2). Many onion cultivars are limited in their range of adaptation due to the combined effects of photoperiod and temperature. A priority for research on the crop was to elucidate the local crop's growth response to environmental conditions, particularly temperature and daylength. The Eritrean cultivars HR I and 2 and an American (Louisiana) cultivar Red Creole (RC) grown in South Africa were grown in growth rooms under all combinations of three daylengths (11.5h, 12h, 12.5h) and three day/night temperatures (25/12°C, 30/15°C and 35/18°C). Growth responses were determined at 108 days and by using a growing degree day (GDD) base. A broken-stick regression model was used to determine the points of inflection, indicating the initiation of bulbing. Based on leaf area and plant height data, mathematical differentiation equations and coefficient of determination (R2) were applied to determine the base temperature (6.4°C) for these particular cultivars. All three cultivars needed at least 12 h daylength for bulb initiation when assessed by a bulbing ratio >=2.0. A bulbing ratio >=2.0 characterizes the onset of bulbing. Under a 11.5 h daylength, a temperature higher than 25/12°C decreased vegetative growth. Temperature in this region may be a supra-optimal condition for the growth of these cultivars at this daylength. However, the 25/12°C and 30/15°C temperatures were found to be ideal for onion bulb production under 12 hand 12.5 h daylengths. The three cultivars (HR I, HR 2 and RC) showed very similar growth response to the daylength and temperature interactions. The thermal presentation of plant growth indicated that there were relationships between bulb initiation and rate of leaf area growth under inductive conditions (12 hand 12.5 h). Under the 12 h daylength, cultivars needed 343, 482, and 597 GDD units before bulb initiation and 405, 432, and 431 GDD to increase the rate of leaf area development at 25/12°C, 30/15°C, and 35/18°C, respectively. Under a 12.5 h daylength, these cultivars needed 344, 423, and 432.2 GDDs to initiate bulbing and 140, 411, and 579 GDDs to increase leaf growth rates at 25/12°C, 30/15°C, and 35/18°C, respectively. In the 12 h daylength, bulbing was initiated and followed by an increased rate of growth of leaf area. However, the reverse happened for the 12.5 h daylength. Overall, where plant response to temperature can be expressed as the rate of progress towards a morphogenetic change, GDD values can be used to predict a plant developmental stage at a particular temperature. It must be concluded that temperatures induced significant variations in growth components (leaf number, plant height, leaf area), and affected bulbing response. The findings in this study confirmed that the cultivars require only a certain fixed amount of thermal time for their development at a particular temperature, and that, if anything, the slow growth rate at the higher temperature must be due to supra-optimal temperatures. They also require a minimum 12 h photoperiod for bulb formation. / Thesis (M.Sc.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2005.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Oslo, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (p. [291]-304) and index.

Through an older study auspices, awakened an interest to study how the statesmen manage the world order. The answer has its starting point in diplomacy. This paper will focus on the most criticized and controversial branch of diplomacy: the quiet diplomacy. The quiet diplomacy is a deemed confidential and flexible method that is adopted for particularly sensitive conflict resolutions, which takes place at an intergovernmental level. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the diplomatic process in three journalistic cases. Although, these cases are different in one significant standing, one resemblance may be noticed. All cases encompass a quiet diplomacy. Have the quiet diplomacy developed opportunities or obstacles in the various mediation activities? Theories in the form of analysis dimensions serve as the framework in this paper and are tasked to derive the concept through the respective cases.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of a screening test of cognitive ability, the Paper and Pencil Games Level 2 (PPG Level 2), for Tigrignaspeaking schoolchildren in Eritrea. This study represents one of the first attempts to measure cognitive ability in Eritrea. The PPG was developed in South Africa (Claassen, 1996) as a group test of general cognitive ability for children in Grade 2 and 3 (PPG Level 2), and Grade 4 and 5 (PPG Level 3). The PPG provides Total, Verbal and Nonverbal ability scores. The Verbal Scale consists of two subtests, namely (a) Verbal and Quantitative Reasoning and (b) Comprehension. The Non-verbal Scale consists of three subtests, namely (a) Figure Classification, (b) Figure Series, and (c) Pattern Completion. Although the PPG has the appearance of a standardized intelligence test, Claassen emphasized that it is best used as a screen for academic difficulties or failures. Participants were 577 Tigrigria-speaking Grade 3 children. The children were selected from schools in the capital, Asmara, from small towns, and villages. Eleven schools participated. The participants can be considered representative of the Grade 3 Tigrignaspeaking population in Eritrea. The PPG Level 2 was completed under supervision of the researcher. Classical and Rasch item analyses were conducted on the Verbal and Non-verbal Scales, respectively. The internal consistency of the Non-verbal scale can be considered satisfactory for a screening instrument (Cronbach's a = .85). Furthermore, the non-verbal items showed satisfactory fit to the Rasch model (INFIT values and OUTFIT values < 1.3 for all items), suggesting that they measure a unidimensional construct. In addition, the item difficulty estimates corresponded well with the serial order of the items, with easy items being presented earlier than more difficult items. The internal consistency of the Verbal scale was lower (Cronbach's a = .72), which can probably be attributed to the relative easiness of the items for the particular group of participants. The verbal items also showed satisfactory fit to the Rasch model. The Rasch analysis, which expresses person ability and item difficulty on the same scale, clearly showed that the Verbal items were too easy for the majority of the children. However, it should be kept in mind that the PPG is intended to discriminate among children with low ability. Hence, the observed mismatch between the abilities and item difficulties was not unexpected. It should also be noted that the serial order of the items did not correspond well with item difficulty, with some difficult items being presented early and some easy items presented late in the scale. The five subtests of the PPG were subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis. Two models were specified and compared. Model 1 specified a single general factor; this provided a more parsimonious description of the data and showed a satisfactory fit with the data, though a bit weaker than that of Model 2. Model 2 specified two correlated factors, namely a Verbal and a Non-verbal factor. Model 2 also fitted the data well, but a high correlation between the factors was observed (r = .77; r2 = .59), suggesting the presence of a general factor. The results provide support for two levels of interpretation, namely on the Total score level and the Verbal and Non-verbal level. The validity of the PPG Level 2 was further investigated by examining the correlations between the PPG scores and teacher ratings of academic achievement. Because different schools had different raters, the correlations within each of the schools were pooled to obtain an estimate of the correlations between the PPG scales and academic achievement for the total group. The pooled correlation for the PPG Total score with academic achievement was .56, for the Non-Verbal score .53, and for the Verbal score .41. The correlations for the Total and Non-verbal scores are similar to those typically reported in the educational psychology literature and provide support for the validity of these scales as a screen for academic difficulties. The results show that the PPG, which was developed in South Africa, may be fruitfully exported to Eritrea. It is recommended, however, that before the PPG Level 2 is routinely used for screening purposes with Tigrigna-speaking children, the functioning of the Verbal Scale should be re-examined and possibly some of the Verbal items should be rewritten. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van die onderhawige studie was om die psigometriese eienskappe van 'n siftingstoets van kognitiewe vermoë, naamlik die Paper and Pencil Games Level 2 (PPG Level 2), vir Tigrigna-sprekende kinders in Ertirea te bestudeer. Hierdie studie verteenwoordig een van die eerste pogings om kognitiewe vermoë in Eritrea te meet. Die PPG is in Suid-Afrika ontwikkel (Claassen, 1996) as 'n groeptoets van kognitiewe vermoë vir kinders in Grade 2 en 3 (PPG Level 2), en Grade 4 en 5 (PPG Level 3). Die PPG lewer tellings van kognitiewe vermoë op drie vlakke, naamlik Totaal, Verbaal en Nie-Verbaal. Die Verbale skaal bestaan uit twee subskale: (a) Verbale en Kwantitatiewe redenering en (b) Begrip. Die Nie-Verbale skaal bestaan uit drie subskale, naamlik (a) Figuur Klassifisering, (b) Figuurreekse en (c) Patroonvoltooiing. Alhoewel die PPG op die oog af soos 'n konvensionele intelligensietoets lyk, beklemtoon Claassen dat dit te beste geskik is as 'n siftingsinstrument vir akademiese probleme of mislukkings. Die deelnemers was 577 Tigrigna-sprekende kinders in Graad 3. Die kinders is uit skole van die hoofstad, Asmara, klein dorpe en geselekteer. Elf skole het aan die studie deelgeneem. Daar kan aanvaar word dat die deelnemers verteenwoordigend is van die Graad 3 Tigrigna-sprekende populasie in Eritrea. Die PPG Level 2 is onder supervisie van die navorser voltooi. Klassieke en Rasch item-ontledings is op die Verbale en Nie- Verbale skale, onderskeidelik, uitgevoer. Die interne konsekwentheid van die Nie- Verbale skaal kan as bevredigend vir 'n siftingsinstrument beskou word (Cronbach se a = .85). Hierbenewens het die Nie-Verbale items 'n bevredigende passing met die Rasch model getoon (INFIT gemiddelde kwadrate en OUTFIT gemiddelde kwadrate < 1.3 vir alle items), wat daarop dui dat die items 'n essensiëel eendimensionele konstruk meet. Die moeilikheidswaardes van die Nie- Verbale items het ook sterk ooreengestem met die volgorde waarin die items in die skaal aangebied word - die maklike items is eerste aangebied en daarna die moeilike items. Die interne konsekwentheid van die Verbale skaal was laer (Cronbach se a = .72). Die laer koëffisiënt kan waarskynlik aan die relatiewe lae moeilikheidsgraad van die Verbale items toegeskryf word. Die Verbale items het egter ook 'n bevredigende passing met die Rasch model getoon. Die Rasch ontleding, wat vermoë en item moeilikheid op dieselfde skaal uitdruk, het duidelik getoon dat die Verbale items te maklik vir die meeste kinders was. Daar dien egter op gelet te word dat die PPG ontwerp is om te diskrimineer tussen kinders met relatiewe lae vermoëns. In hierdie lig gesien is die swak passing tussen vermoë en item moeilikhede nie te onverwags nie. Die volgorde waarin die items in die skaal aangebied word het ook nie goed ooreengestem met die item moeilikheidswaardes nie - sommige moeilike items is vroeg in die skaal aangebied en sommige maklike items laat in die skaal. Die vyf subtoetse van die PPG is aan 'n bevestigende faktorontleding onderwerp. Twee modelle is gespesifiseer en vergelyk. Model 1 het 'n enkele algemene faktor gespesifisieer.

Thesis (MPA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This paper that is composed of six chapters discusses the basic issues of modem tax administration and the extent to which Eritrean tax administration adheres to the requirements contained in these issues. The first chapter includes a general introduction, brief historical background of Eritrea, premise, problem definition, objective, design and methods, scope and limitation of the study. The second chapter deals with the literature review on the theoretical perspective of tax system and administration. There are detailed discussions about the types, characteristics, and functions, ethics of taxes and efficiency and effectiveness of tax administration. This theoretical aspect discusses the basic issues of modem tax administration trends and their development and reforms. The reforms are mainly concerned with prevention of tax evasion, avoidance, corruption and measures taken for making tax administration more efficient and reducing the complexity of taxation laws. Chapter three explores international success stories in dealing with major tax issues, thereby using the solutions as benchmarks. Experiences in Singapore, Bolivia, Croatia, Jamaica, Guatemala and Spain are used as standards to examine the level of efficiency and effectiveness of tax administration in Eritrea. This chapter also shows that modem tax administrations are concerned with a stronger focus on taxpayers, employees and their development, usage of technology, financial independence and privatisation of those areas that could be better performed by the private sector. To accomplish the above mentioned goals, the abovementioned countries have set in motion to reform tax administrations with the aim of solving key problems such as low salaries and the connected problems of attracting and retaining high quality personnel and curbing corruption. The fourth chapter presents the actual situation of tax administration in Eritrea. It deals with missions, objectives, functions, human resource condition, facilities, the level of application of modem technology and the weaknesses and strength of the Inland Revenue Department (lRD). It also describes the measures, which have been taken by IRD administration to motivate its employees and to enhance the voluntary compliance of taxpayers. The fifth chapter provides a consolidated assessment of the present situation of tax administration in Eritrea based on international experiences of tax administration and on theoretical aspects of taxation. This chapter also scrutinizes the amendments of Proclamation No. 62/1994 and 64/1994 and their effect on tax administration, saving, consumption and investment in Eritrea. The sixth chapter provides a conclusion and recommendations that could be used by tax authorities in Eritrea to implement the best practices of tax administration used in the abovementioned countries. This study provides an overview on IRD's present situation and how it could successfully manage organisational transformation to achieve significantly increased customer satisfaction, enhanced organisational flexibility, employee motivation and increase in tax collection by following the recommendations based on theory and the experiences of other countries. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie wat bestaan uit ses hoofstukke, word die basiese kwessies om moderne belasting administrasie bespreek en die mate waartoe die belasting administrasie van Eritrië daaraan voldoen. Die eerste hoofstuk sluit die volgende in: 'n algemene inleiding, 'n kort historiese agtergrond oor Eritrië, 'n voorafgaande stelling, 'n probleem definisie, asook die doelwitte, metodes, omvang en delimitasies van die studie. Die tweede hoofstuk bevat 'n literatuur oorsig oor die teoretiese perspektief op belastingsisteme en administrasie. Daar is gedetailleerde besprekings van die tipes, kenmerke en funksies van belasting asook die etiek daarvan en die doeltreffendheid en effektiwiteit van die belasting administrasie. Hierdie hoofstuk bespreek die basiese kwessies i.v.m. die tendense in belasting administrasie, hoe hulle ontwikkel en hoe hulle hervorm kan word. Die hervormings het meestal betrekking op die voorkoming van belasting ontduiking en vermyding, korrupsie, en metodes om die belasting administrasie meer effektief te maak en om die wette minder ingewikkeld te maak. Hoofstuk drie gaan in op internasionale suksesverhale i.v.m. belasting en die oplossings word as bakens gebruik. Die effektiwiteit van Eritrië se belastingstelsel word gemeet aan wat gebeur het in ander lande soos Singapore, Boliwië, Kroatië, Jamaika, Guatemala en Spanje. Hierdie hoofstuk toon ook dat moderne belasting administrasie meer fokus op belastingbetalers, werknemers, die gebruik van tegnologie, finansiële onafhanklikheid en die privatisering van areas wat beter deur die privaatsektor bedryf kan word. Om die bostaande te bereik, het die genoemde lande maatreëls ingestelom die belasting administrasie te hervorm en om die volgende sleutelprobleme op te los: lae salarisse, die lok en behou van hoë kwaliteit personeel en die voorkoming van korrupsie. In die vierde hoofstuk word die eintlike werklikheid van belasting administrasie in Eritrië bespreek. Dit behandel die doelwitte en funksies van die belasting department (IRD) asook die sterktes en swakhede daarvan en tot hoe 'n mate moderne tegnologie gebruik word. Dit beskryf ook wat die belasting departement gedoen het om sy wernemers te motiveer en om die samewerking van belasting betalers te verseker. Die vyfde hoofstuk is 'n waardebepaling van die eintlike huidige situasie van belasting administrasie in Eritrië gemeet teen internasionale ondervindings en die teoretiese aspekte van belasting. In hierdie hoofstuk word ook gekyk na die amendemente tot Proklamasie No 62/1994 en 64/1994 en hulle uitwerking op belasting administrasie, spaar, verbruik en belegging 10 Eritrië. In die sesde hoofstuk is daar gevolgtrekkings en aanbevelings wat die outoriteite in Eritrië kan gebruik. Hulle kan die praktyke wat die beste in ander lande gewerk het, implementeer. Hierdie studie verskaf 'n oorsig oor die huidige situasie in die Binnelandse Inkomste Departement in Eritrië en oor hoe organisatoriese hervorming kan plaasvind wat sal lei tot beter belasting betalers tevredenheid, meer organisatoriese vlugheid, werknemers motivering en 'n dramatiese vermeerdering in belasting invordering. Hierdie hervorming moet gegrond wees op die aanbevelings soos geformuleer uit die ondervindings van ander lande.

<p>Many people have not even heard about Eritrea and even less about the free zones that is establishing there. The purpose of this thesis is to increase the understanding about the free zones that exits in Eritrea today. The port of Massawa is the one that the focus is upon in our thesis. The reason for the implementation of the free zones is the re-<em>construction</em> of the economy. The country is restoring the economy due to the fact that they had been in war with Ethiopia. Free zones are an established concept that already exists in other country’s for example Djibouti, Dubai, Sudan and so on. The free zones in Eritrea will have to show its forefeet to be competitive.</p><p>We want to increase the understanding of the free zones in Eritrea and even increase the understanding for how the strategy and the project are being handled. We will use models and theories to explain how the implementation is being done in the Eritrean free zones. The models that we are going to use, will illustrate how the management can be done. The methodological chapter will describe the approached used during the entire thesis. By collecting various kinds of data, the understanding has increased. We have analyzed all data, concluded the report and offered further recommendations.</p>

This thesis examines how different persons origin from Eritrea express their diasporic belonging in Sweden and how this appears in their stories about their former homeland. This has been done by five qualitative interviews that has been processed using a narrative analysis. The diasporic belonging is operationalized to the three diaspora indicators; Dispersion, Homeland Orientation and Boundary-Maintenance. These indicators help us to understand the persons dispersions in the transnational social field and different levels of long-distance nationalism in their homeland orientated positions. The result shows that the diasporic belonging differs depending on self-perceived events and stories among people of the Eritrean diaspora in Sweden. The narratives in the study discern different beliefs about religion and political participation in the direction to Eritrea, which indicates that the Eritrean diaspora in Sweden is dynamic and multifaceted.