Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-17T16:17:53Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Regis Vinicius Souza Santos.pdf: 929113 bytes, checksum: beba8735782c77bc69b5b5649c207373 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-17T16:17:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Regis Vinicius Souza Santos.pdf: 929113 bytes, checksum: beba8735782c77bc69b5b5649c207373 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work was developed in the estuary of the Vaza-Barris River, Sergipe, Brazil, and established nine sampling stations in the hope to ensure maximum representation of the study area. In order to characterize the environment and community ichthyoplankton, we tried to recognize trends and distribution of these organisms to evaluate the role of the estuary as an environment conducive to growth in the early stages of local ichthyofauna. The campaigns were carried out every three months, from April 2010 to January 2011, on two consecutive days during the tide quadrature. For sampling it was used network-cylindrical conical type (500 μm), operated in the flow of ebb tide day and night, with two types of hauls in the surface and one meter deep. The parameters water temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, inorganic phosphate, chlorophyll "a", phaeophytin, nitrate and turbidity were obtained in surface of all sampling stations. We collected 38,781 eggs and 3,526 fish larvae. Eggs and larvae were present in all months and all sampling stations. We identified 42 different taxa, distributed in 21 families. The distribution and composition of ichthyoplankton in the estuary of the Vaza-Barris River were strongly influenced by environmental conditions, mainly by the penetration of marine waters through the tidal currents. Some families, like Engraulidae, Gobiidae (Bathygobius soporator, Ctenogobius spp., Gobionellus oceanicus, Gobiosoma nudum and Microgobius meeki), Sciaenidae (Bairdiella ronchus, Cynoscion leiarchus, Macrodon ancylodon, Micropogonias furnieri, Stellifer rastrifer and S. stellifer) and Achiridae (Achirus sp. and Trinectes sp.), occurred throughout the period studied in higher densities, while other rare, as Ostraciidae (Acanthostracion sp.) and Microdesmidae (Microdesmus longipinnis), were recorded for the first time in the region. The fact that families, which are economically and ecologically important, use the estuary during the development of its life cycle, emphasizes the importance of the area in the maintenance of estuarine fish species and the adjacent coastal zone. / O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no estuário do rio Vaza-Barris, Sergipe, Brasil, sendo estabelecidas nove estações de amostragem na expectativa de garantir a máxima representatividade da área de estudo. Com o objetivo de caracterizar o ambiente e a comunidade ictioplanctônica, procurou-se reconhecer as tendências de distribuição desses organismos e avaliar o papel do estuário como ambiente propício ao desenvolvimento das fases iniciais da ictiofauna local. As campanhas foram realizadas a cada três meses, de abril de 2010 a janeiro de 2011, em dois dias consecutivos durante a maré de quadratura. Para a amostragem foi utilizada rede do tipo cônico-cilíndrica (500 μm), operada nos períodos vazante-diurno e vazante-noturno, em arrastos na superfície e a um metro de profundidade. Os parâmetros temperatura da água, oxigênio dissolvido, salinidade, fosfato inorgânico, clorofila “a”, feofitina, nitrato e turbidez foram obtidos na superfície de todas as estações de amostragem. Foram coletados 38.781 ovos e 3.526 larvas de peixes. Os ovos e as larvas estiveram presentes em todos os meses de amostragem e em todas as estações de coleta . Foram identificados 42 taxa distintos, distribuídos em 21 famílias. A distribuição e composição do ictioplâncton do estuário do rio Vaza-Barris foram fortemente influenciadas pelas condições ambientais, principalmente pela penetração de águas marinhas através das correntes de maré. Algumas famílias, como Engraulidae, Gobiidae (Bathygobius soporator, Ctenogobius spp., Gobionellus oceanicus, Gobiosoma nudum e Microgobius meeki), Sciaenidae (Bairdiella ronchus, Cynoscion leiarchus, Macrodon ancylodon, Micropogonias furnieri, Stellifer rastrifer e S. stellifer) e Achiridae (Achirus sp. e Trinectes sp.), ocorreram durante todo o período estudado em maiores densidades, enquanto outras raras, como Ostraciidae (Acanthostracion sp.) e Microdesmidae (Microdesmus longipinnis), foram registradas pela primeira vez na região. O fato de famílias econômica e ecologicamente importantes utilizarem o estuário durante o desenvolvimento do seu ciclo de vida, enfatiza a importância da área na manutenção da ictiofauna estuarina e da zona costeira adjacente.

An ammonia emissions inventory discovered that 90% of the ammonia emitted from Pinellas, Hillsborough, and Polk counties, originated from the latter two counties. This finding is significant and suggests that a substantial portion of the ammonia deposited to Tampa Bay is transported with easterly air masses. Ammonia and ammonium concentrations at the coastal Gandy Bridge site were seasonally and diurnally consistent, but the rural Sydney site showed greater variability. It was determined that wind direction was the most influential parameter affecting the Gandy Bridge site, which supports the hypothesis that an advection of ammonia from the east is a major source of ammonia to the estuary. Sequential sampling of ammonium in wet deposition at the Gandy Bridge site confirmed that between 35% and 60% of the ammonium (CNH4) in rainfall is deposited to Tampa Bay during the initial 20% of precipitation (D) according to a power law CNH4=aD-b. Ammonium concentrations were predicted with an aqueous-phase accumulation model and a relationship between I, rainfall intensity in mm min-1 and (beta), scavenging rate in min-1 was shown as (beta) = 0.08I0.66. This algorithm will facilitate future modeling studies that explore the relationship between the wet deposition of ammonium and ammonia reduction strategies in Tampa Bay. The NOAA Buoy model accurately predicts sensible heat flux, and is an effective tool for estimating the offshore air/water exchange rates of ammonia over Tampa Bay. If near-shore vs. offshore meteorological measurements are used, the model under-predicts flux parameters by as much as 30% in the summer season. The model was "calibrated" to correct this deficiency. Bi-directional ammonia flux measurements during the fall and winter seasons resulted in an average flux rate of 96.2 (mu)g-NH3 m-2 d-1, indicating a net transfer from air to water. During the 2003 summer season, an average ammonia flux rate of -117.9 (mu)g-NH3 m-2 d-1 and a 32% reduction in the annual ammonia dry deposition rate to Tampa Bay was calculated. Wet deposition likely contributes to ammonia reemission from the estuary. These results indicate that volatilization of ammonia reduces the nitrogen burden available for biological synthesis in Tampa Bay.

This thesis presents analysis of the hydrodynamic and sedimentation changes of the Causeway Lake, Queensland. It was created in 1939 when a causeway and bridge construction was built across the estuary entrance. Since the construction, significant sediment retention has occurred in the lake. The sediment study presented in this thesis was undertaken based on historical data, field data measurement and numerical modelling, supported by theoretical analysis. Based on bathymetry data for the period from 1986 and 2003, an average of 2500 m3/year of sediment has settled in the estuary. To verify the sources of sedimentation, field measurements were undertaken at selected sections at two upstream boundaries (Mulambin and Shoal Creeks), and at the downstream boundary under the bridge. Four sets of field measurements with tidal elevation up to 4.5 m (0.8 m above the bridge sill) were analysed. Results showed that sediment transport in from the sea side was about 1050 m3/year and from the catchments area was in the order of 1100 m3/year (wash load was not included). Implementation of numerical modelling using RMA required calibration using field data. The predicted sediment transport was in order of 2900 m3/year. The calibrated model was used to simulate the sedimentation pattern for the next 10 years. Four scenarios were analysed, and the resulting recommendation was to dredge out about 141,000 m3 sediment from the Mulambin Creek branch area. Other solutions were also suggested: improvement of lake management and possibility to raise the sill level (water gate).

This thesis considers the problem of tidal and thermal propagation of water within a shallow estuary, with specific reference to the Port River Estuary in South Australia. A system of two - dimensional laterally integrated equations are obtained from the general three - dimensional equations of continuity, momentum conservation and thermodynamics by integration over the width of the estuarial channel, and this system is further integrated over depth to obtain a set of one-dimensional equations. A numerical model is developed from these equations, using explicit finite differences to approximate the tidal equations ( continuity and motion ) and implicit differences to model the temperature equation. The model is extended to include a number of interconnecting channels, and discusses boundary conditions to determine transports, elevations and temperatu along each of the channels. Verification of the numerical model is achieved by comparing results obtained from the model with analytic solutions for similar situations. These comparisons show good agreement between the two solutions. A two - dimensional numerical model is obtained by first non - dimensionalizing the laterally integrated equations with respect to the depth coordinate, and then using explicit finite differences to solve the equations of continuity, motion and temperature. Different schemes are considered in order to provide the best means of approximating the differential equations, and these are discussed with reference to stability, convergence and efficiency. The two models are applied to the Port River Estuary, where the Torrens Island Power Station pumps heated water into one of the channels within the estuary. Tidal elevations obtained from the models compare favourably with data collected at various points in the estuary. Unfortunately, no transport or temperature measurements are available to verify the models, but results obtained from both models are consistent. The temperature results tend to suggest that recirculation of heated water from the outflow region to the point where water is drawn into the Power Station does occur at most stages of a tidal cycle. This recirculation can lower the efficiency of the power station, and possible alternatives are put forward to prevent this becoming an economical problem for the Station. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Department of Applied Mathematics, 1976.

Monthly samples of nutrients, phytoplankton and zooplankton were taken in the Columbia River estuary over a period of 16 months in order to determine distribution with season and salinity, and interrelationships between plankton and nutrients. Nitrate and phosphate levels in the river water entering the estuary are high in the winter and show depletion during the summer. Silicate levels are high in the river water at all seasons. Nitrate and phosphate levels are high in the entering ocean water during summer offshore upwelling. The nutrient levels in the estuary generally show a linear relationship with salinity, resulting from the levels of nutrients in the entering river and ocean water. Superimposed upon this linear relationship is a tendency for the nutrients to be enriched in the bottom waters of the central part of the estuary. The estuary phytoplankton are primarily composed of freshwater forms, and probably represent a downstream extension of the river flora. Regression analysis of phytoplankton levels vs. light, nutrients, and river flow indicates that light probably limits phytoplankton abundance on most dates. The zooplankton of the estuary are composed of three groups, preferring fresh, oligohaline, and polyhaline waters respectively. Regression analysis indicates a strong correlation between abundance of the freshwater group and river temperature. The factors controlling the abundance of the oligohaline and polyhaline groups are less obvious. The oligohaline group, principally Eurytemora affinis, reaches the greatest population density (100,000/m³ or more). Regression analysis indicates a close correlation between Eurytemora abundance and phosphate levels. This indicates a strong potential for zooplankton regeneration of phosphate necessary for phytoplankton growth. / Graduation date: 1970

The main objectives of this study is to :¡]1¡^probe into relationship of larval fish communities and environmental water factor in Tan-sui River Estuary, and observe assemblages of larval fish within different time scale¡F¡]2¡^to compare the results of DNA barcode with mophorlogical identification in larval and juvenile¡F¡]3¡^conjecture the recruit phase & the early life cycles of DNA indentified fish groups associated estuaries in Tan-sui. It shows that recruitment family, such as Scorpaenidae, Engraulidae, Sciaenidae, Sillaginidae and Gobiidae are the main fish have significant differences between larval fish community and the four seasons in Tan-sui estuary. Besides, statistical informations show community distribution and most environmental factors have significant differences, but temperature is the most. We compare the communities of twenty years ago, spring, autumn or summer are the opportune time of recruitment, 72 and 31 families of fish larvae were collected over past five and twenty years ago respectively, it shows that Tan-sui estuarine environment have been improved. We used 96 COI sequences in DNA indetification. Comparing the results of specimens identification between DNA barcoding and different morphological resolution power, DNA barcoding could up to the lower level than the tradiontional way. And after counting, the success rate of DNA identification was higher than different morphological resolving power¡Fthe numbers of mophological type are higher than the taxa after DNA indetification, it means that many morphological characters are not constant in early developmental stage, and DNA barcoding can be a useful tool to assist in promoting the success rate of the traditional way. Comparing with references, 34 indentified by DNA Barcode can conjecture recruit phase & early life cycles, most of these specimens are categorized to¡unondependent marine fish¡v, and the others are¡udependent marine fish¡v, but in fact, some of¡utrue estuarine¡v¡B¡ufeshwater¡vand ¡udiadromous¡vspecies can be indetified by morphology, it was due to the incompletion of the sequence database or sampling error. We should be able to understand the early life history of fish and the role of local habitat for the resources conservation and managenment in the future as long as we collect more complete COI database.

Water samples were collected along salinity gradients during different seasons from three estuaries (Tseng-Wen, Gao-Ping, Er-Ren) and coasts in/off southwestern Taiwan. In order to assess the partitioning of trace metals between solution and particle, the concentrations of dissolve and particulate trace metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb) along with their chemical affinity fractions, were determined. This study investigated the variations in distribution and partitioning of the different metals in estuarine waters, and examined the effects of oxides and particulate organic matter on the partitioning of trace metals in waters from different estuaries. Fractionation of dissolved trace metal species was based on ion exchange (Chelex-100 and AG MP-1 resins) separation techniques. The fractions obtained were operationally defined as labile (Chelex), organic (AG MP-1) and inert. Particles were extracted to three phases (surface adsorbed phases, Fe¡VMn oxide/organic phases and refractory phases) using sequential extraction techniques. Seasonally variable distributions of dissolved trace metals were found in the Tseng-Wen estuary. The behavior of trace metals was mainly influenced by anthropogenic input during the dry season in the upper Tseng-Wen estuary, while mixing processes controlled the distribution of trace metals during the wet season. The dilution effect was a major factor in the metal distribution in the Gao-Ping estuary due to high river discharge. The higher concentration of metals in the Er-Ren estuary, in contrast to other estuaries indicated that the Er-Ren estuary has serious pollution concerns. According to the results of particulate metal fractions obtained, Cd and Pb existed predominantly in the surface adsorbed phase. The speciation and spatial distribution of Cd were similar to those of Mn, indicating that the formation of authigenic Mn oxides affected the distribution of Cd in estuaries. The percentage of oxide /organic phase for Cu accounted for 25% of total particulate Cu, but dose not correlate well with particulate organic carbon, implying that organic carbon is not the only factor controlling particulate Cu distribution. Ni was present mainly in lattice phase, except in the Er-Ren estuary where anthropogenic Ni loading was high. In the Tseng-Wen and Gao-Ping estuaries, the percentages of lattice phase of all metals determined in this study during the wet season were higher than those during the dry season. These seasonal variations are probably resulted from different flushing times in dry/wet seasons, which control the extent of geochemical processes for trace elements.

Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas and the major factor leading to the global climate change problem. In previous studies, the ocean is considered to be the major storage of anthropogenic carbon dioxide. However, evaluation of the global CO2 flux seldom includes the estuarine and coastal regions. It should be noted that the current estimate is based on a very limited data set. In particular, data from subtropical and tropical river estuaries are scarce. Many researches point out that the estuary is a CO2 source to the atmosphere, but the data is insufficient so one couldn¡¦t obtain the total CO2 flux accurately. In this study, our team sampled 25 estuaries based on field surveys covering four seasons in Taiwan, aiming to better quantify the estimation of CO2 flux in the coastal regions. The dissociation constants of carbonic acid are unavailable to calculate the fCO2 in the low salinity (S<1). Therefore, the difference (%) between measured and calculated is very large but will be reduced with increasing salinity. Furthermore, in the process of measuring total alkalinity and pH, accuracy may reduce because of humic acid and variations of ionic strength. No matter in the western or eastern estuaries, most of fCO2 values is higher than the atmosphere. And they decrease downstream with increasing salinity. The fCO2 is higher in the west than in the east, because of human activities. Neither group of estuaries shows obvious seasonal variability. The fCO2 in the estuaries has a relationship with salinity, because of mixing with sea water. Because fCO2 is controlled by biological activity, it also has a relationship with AOU, pH and nutrients (NO3- and PO43-). In the east, the fCO2 has no correlation with many parameters. It is probably that the slope is steeper and the river length is shorter in the east than in the west resulting in short resident time. So that many reactions are not complete before the water exports to the sea. The average water-to-air CO2 flux is 24.6¡Ó19.2 (mol C m-2 y-1), which is 3.5 times the value of Pearl River (6.9 mol C m-2 y-1) but similar to the world average (23.7¡Ó33.1 mol C m-2 y-1). The CO2 flux is the highest in spring (81.7¡Ó15.8 mmol C m-2 d-1) and the lowest in winter (54.1¡Ó132 mmol C m-2 d-1). Upper/mid/lower estuaries are operationally defined as those areas of estuaries with salinities below 2, between 2 and 25, and above 25, respectively. The trends of fCO2 have good relationships with AOU and PO43- in the upper estuaries. The reason is probably caused by human activities and biological respiration. The phenomenon is more complex in the mid than in the upper estuaries. Consequently, the fCO2 has a good correlation with pH and DIC in the mid estuaries as a result of organic matter decomposition. However, in the lower estuaries, the variation of fCO2 is subjected to biological respiration and mixing with sea water. The fCO2 is the highest in the upper estuaries (2228¡Ó92.0 uatm)¡Athe average water-air CO2 flux is 42.3¡Ó1.54 (mol C m-2 y-1). Measured fCO2 in the mid estuaries is 1302¡Ó353 (uatm) and the average CO2 flux is 25.8¡Ó1.26 (mol C m-2 y-1). The lowest fCO2 (559¡Ó14.9 uatm) is found in the lower estuaries and the CO2 flux is 7.38¡Ó7.45 (mol C m-2 y-1). The 106 estuaries of the globe are divided into three parts by salinity. The fCO2 is 3033¡Ó1078, 2277¡Ó626 and 692¡Ó178 uatm in the upper, mid and lower estuaries, respectively. The average CO2 flux is 68.5¡Ó25.6¡B37.4¡Ó16.5 and 9.92¡Ó15.2 mol C m-2 y-1, respectively. Geographically estuaries in all three latitude bands (¡Õ23.5o, 23.5-50o and ¡Ö50o) are generally sources of CO2. Interestingly, water-to-air fluxes do not significantly, and all fall around 24 mol C m-2 y-1 although the flux is slightly lower at high latitude. The water in estuaries release CO2 in all seasons although the flux seems to be highest in autumn (73.2¡Ó 93.4 mmol C m-2 d-1) and lowest (53.4¡Ó65.1 mmol C m-2 d-1) in winter. The average CO2 flux is 23.9¡Ó33.1 mol C m-2 y-1, and the total CO2 flux is 0.26 Pg C y-1. Next, we estimate the tropical rivers¡¦ carbon fluxes using carbon parameters concerning 175 rivers globally between 30oN and 30oS. The specific DIC yield (flux/area) are 0.63, 3.33, 9.79 and 3.38 g C m-2 y-1 in tropical Africa, the Americas, Asia and Oceania, respectively. The DIC flux in Asia is the highest among the four regions, mainly because the percentage of carbonate rock is highest there and the second highest water discharge there. The PIC fluxes are 7.40¡Ñ1012 g C y-1 in Africa, 2.82¡Ñ1013 g C y-1 in the Americas, 1.53¡Ñ1013 g C y-1 in Asia and 2.49¡Ñ1011 g C y-1 in Oceania. The DOC fluxes are 2.80¡Ñ1013, 5.82¡Ñ1013, 4.50¡Ñ1013 and 4.48¡Ñ1012 g C y-1 in tropical Africa, the Americas, Asia and Oceania, respectively, for a total DOC flux of 0.136 Pg C y-1. Tropical rivers provide 0.53 Pg C y-1 of carbon to the oceans, of which 39.8¢H is DIC, 25.7¢H is DOC, 9.7¢H is PIC and 24.8¢H is POC.

Copano Bay is a shallow (< 2-3 m), microtidal estuary in south central Texas. In an effort to both determine the distribution as well as investigate the controls on the distribution of oyster reefs, a geophysical survey of Copano Bay was conducted in June and July 2007. Surficial sediment analysis confirms that the recent sedimentation in Copano Bay is comprised of mostly estuarine mud with little sand or shell, large extents of oyster reefs and smaller areas of sand. Seismic stratigraphy analyses verify that the first oyster reefs in Copano Bay formed atop topographic highs in the Pleistocene surface. About 6 ka, sea level rise slowed to near its present rate and sediment supply decreased tremendously to Copano Bay decreasing the amount of suspended sediment. The first oyster reefs began forming around this time using these fluvial terraces as suitable substrate. Once the initial reefs were established, additional reefs began forming atop these initial reefs, or on the eroded shell hash material from the initial reefs. During this time of slow sea level rise and low sediment input to the bay, oyster reefs thrived and reef and shell hash material covered a majority of the bay surface. Once climate change increased sediment input to the bay, the reefs began to decrease in size due to siltation. The reefs have continued to decrease in size causing a 64 percent reduction in oyster reef and shell hash area from approximately 4.8 ka to today.

Abstract Sciaenids are a kind of economic oceanic fish with the most dynamic vocal activity. It is important to find out what type of sound a soniferous fish can make. Therefore, I used this acoustic character as a tool to study the distribution of sciaenids in order to manage their fisheries. In the previous researches, scientist found that there were eight types of sounds (A~H type) appearing on the coastal areas of Yunlin, and the frequency range of the H-type sound could reach to 8000Hz. This sound was suspected to be made by Otolithes ruber. Connaughton (1994) and Sprague (2000) mentioned that the differences of length, weight, and tension of the sonic muscle and the amount of protein and glycogen affect the types of sounds emitted. To reveal the producer of high-frequency sound, this research analyzed and compared the length, width, thickness and somatic of sonic muscle and the amount of protein and glycogen in seven sciaenid species occuring on the west coast of Taiwan (Johnius tingi, Johnius sina, Johnius amblycephalus, Johnius amblycephalus, Pennahia argentata, Chrysochir aureus, and Otolithes ruber), then to find if the differences of physic parameter and energy supplication are the major factors making O. ruber produce high frequency of sound. In this research, I found that the length of O. ruber¡¦s sonic muscle was shorter than that other of sciaenids. However the weight of sonic muscle did not significantly differ although it was still the lightest one (2.33¡Ó1.00g). The amount of protein (20.37¡Ó0.67¢M) and glycogen (0.33¡Ó0.11¢M) in O. ruber was higher than that of other species and the cross section of sonic muscle fiber was smaller. These characteristics are suitable for O. ruber to make a high-frequency sound. Because of the sound is believed to be made by rubber, so passive sonar was applied to investigate the distribution of this sound type on the estuaries along the west coast of Taiwan (Tam-Shui River, Tou-Chien River, Ta-Chia River, Cho-sui River, Zeng-Wen River, and Kao-Ping River) to represent distribution of O. ruber and its seasonal change of vocal activity. Acoustic activity reached it peak in spring then decreased through summer, autumn, and winter. More sounds were found in the estuaries south of the Cho-sui River (including Cho-sui, Zeng-Wen, and Kao-Ping River) than those north of this river (including Ta-Chia, Tou-Chien, and Tam-Shui River).