La contamination en éléments traces métalliques (ETM) des sols constitue un problème environnemental majeur qui réside principalement dans le risque de leur transfert vers les eaux superficielles et souterraines et/ou vers la chaîne alimentaire. L’objectif principal de ce travail était de comprendre le comportement des ETM dans des sols impactés par une usine de recyclage de batteries au plomb localisée dans les Ardennes. Sur une zone de 17 ha environnant l’usine, la répartition spatiale des teneurs en ETM étudiée par fluorescence X portable a révélé que les sols étaient majoritairement impactés par Pb et dans une moindre mesure par Cd, Cu, Ni, Sb, Sn et Zn. Une méthode géostatistique a permis d’identifier l’origine industrielle ou lithogénique de la plupart des ETM précédemment cités. A partir de cette cartographie, de la nature des sols et du mode d’occupation, le comportement des ETM a été étudié le long de six profils pédologiques. Le calcul des coefficients de distribution a permis de mettre en évidence une mobilité importante des ETM liée au caractère acide des sols (pH 4-5). Quel que soit le profil étudié, Cd présentait la mobilité la plus élevée, suivi de Zn, Ni, Pb et Cu. Le couplage de méthode expérimentale (soil-column Donnan membrane technique) et de modélisation géochimique a permis de préciser que Cd, Ni et Zn étaient totalement sous forme libre, Pb majoritairement sous forme libre mais également associé aux acides fulviques et Cu principalement associé aux acides fulviques dans la solution du sol. La répartition de Pb dans la phase solide des horizons de surface a également été déterminée en combinant des méthodes chimiques (extractions séquentielles), des méthodes physiques (MEB-EDS, microspectrométrie Raman) et de la modélisation. Le plomb était majoritairement associé à la matière organique et, dans une moindre mesure, aux oxydes de manganèse. Aucune des phases cristallines riches en plomb potentiellement émises par ce type d’industrie n’a été identifiée, ce qui suggère que Pb a été redistribué dans les sols à partir de ces phases. Ce travail insiste sur l’importance de l’étude conjointe des sols et de leur solution pour mieux comprendre le comportement des ETM, évaluer les risques et proposer d’éventuelles solutions de remédiation. / The soil contamination by trace elements (TE) is a major environmental issue which mainly lies in their potential transfers from soils to surface and ground waters and/or to food chain.The main objective of this study was to understand the behaviour of TE in impacted soils located in the vicinity of a lead-acid battery recycling plant (Ardennes, France). In a 17 ha surrounding area, the spatial distribution of TE was performed using portable X-ray fluorescence. It indicated that the soils were mainly contaminated by Pb and, to a lesser degree, by Cd, Cu, Ni, Sb, Sn and Zn. A geostatistical approach enabled to discriminate the natural or anthropogenic sources of most of these TE.Based on the TE mapping, the soil type and the land cover, the behaviour of the TE was studied along six soil profiles. The calculated partition coefficients highlighted a high mobility of the TE which is related to the acidic soil conditions (pH 4-5). Regardless of the studied soil profile, Cd exhibited the highest mobility, followed by Zn, Ni, Pb and Cu. A combined experimental (soil-column Donnan membrane technique) and modelling approach helped to specify that Cd, Ni and Zn occurred as free ions, Pb mainly occurred as free ion and associated to fulvic acids and Cu was mainly associated to fulvic acids in the soil solutions. The distribution of Pb among the soil components of upper soil horizons was also determined using chemical methods (sequential extraction), physical methods (SEM-EDS, Raman microspectroscopy) and modelling. Lead was mainly associated with soil organic matter and to a lesser extent with manganese oxides. None of the Pb-bearing phases potentially emitted by the recycling plant were identified, suggesting a remobilization of Pb in the studied soils after smelter particles deposition. This work emphasizes the importance of studying the soil and its solution to better understand the behaviour of TE, to assess the environmental risks and to suggest remediation strategies.

This study shows the results of testing previous research that used remote sensing techniques to determine chlorophyll-a concentrations in turbid surface waters, and developing similar methods and models for Utah Lake using Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite imagery and field measured concentrations of chlorophyll-a. The data for the study included images acquired on June 22 and July 8, 2009. The field data included ground measurements taken on June 22 and July 6, 2009 from seven water quality sampling locations. The 48 hour time difference between the Landsat image acquisition (July 8) and the field measurement (July 6), and the small sample size for the data analysis were potential sources of error. The log transformation of red/near-infrared reflectance (i.e. ln[Band3/Band4]) had a high correlation with the field measured chlorophyll-a concentrations (R^2 = 0.9337). With this relationship, a model and 19 contour maps showing the spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a concentrations over Utah Lake was developed for the spring, summer, and fall seasons of 2003 to 2010. Generally about 90% of the Lake area had chlorophyll-a concentrations lower than 20µg/L. High concentrations of Chlorophyll-a (355µg/L and over) were observed mostly at the Provo Bay and Goshen Bay areas of the Lake. Occasionally, elevated levels of chlorophyll-a were observed at the northeastern, middle, and western sections of the lake. Utah Lake's average chlorophyll-a concentration is declining over time. In spring, the Lake average chlorophyll-a concentration reduced from 30.51µg/L in 2004 to 7.08µg/L in 2010. In summer, this average reduced from 132.13µg/L in 2003 to 36.58µg/L in 2010. Finally, in fall, the Lake average chlorophyll-a concentration reduced from 273.40µg/L in 2006 to 33.59µg/L in 2010. Field measured concentrations of phosphorus and model estimates for chlorophyll-a concentrations were highly correlated (R^2 = 0.9046). This suggests that the elevated levels of chlorophyll-a might be a result of the point and non-point discharge of phosphorus-laden wastewater from treatment plants, municipal storm drains, and agricultural activities.

The impacts of training data sample size and sampling method on the accuracy of forest/nonforest classifications of three mosaicked Landsat ETM+ images with the nearest neighbor decision rule were explored. Large training data pools of single pixels were used in simulations to create samples with three sampling methods (random, stratified random, and systematic) and eight sample sizes (25, 50, 75, 100, 200, 300, 400, and 500). Two forest area estimation techniques were used to estimate the proportion of forest in each image and to calculate forest area precision estimates. Training data editing was explored to remove problem pixels from the training data pools. All possible band combinations of the six non-thermal ETM+ bands were evaluated for every sample draw. Comparisons were made between classification accuracies to determine if all six bands were needed. The utility of separability indices, minimum and average Euclidian distances, and cross-validation accuracies for the selection of band combinations, prediction of classification accuracies, and assessment of sample quality were determined. Larger training data sample sizes produced classifications with higher average accuracies and lower variability. All three sampling methods had similar performance. Training data editing improved the average classification accuracies by a minimum of 5.45%, 5.31%, and 3.47%, respectively, for the three images. Band combinations with fewer than all six bands almost always produced the maximum classification accuracy for a single sample draw. The number of bands and combination of bands, which maximized classification accuracy, was dependent on the characteristics of the individual training data sample draw, the image, sample size, and, to a lesser extent, the sampling method. All three band selection measures were unable to select band combinations that produced higher accuracies on average than all six bands. Cross-validation accuracies with sample size 500 had high correlations with classification accuracies, and provided an indication of sample quality. Collection of a high quality training data sample is key to the performance of the nearest neighbor classifier. Larger samples are necessary to guarantee classifier performance and the utility of cross-validation accuracies. Further research is needed to identify the characteristics of "good" training data samples. / Ph. D.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-12-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:06:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 chaves_r_dr_rcla.pdf: 4450489 bytes, checksum: 5b01117c004393f9739519688d967670 (MD5) / Este texto foca as relações de poder-saber e os dispositivos advindos de tais relações que se põem diante do desenvolvimento de práticas educativas constituídas a partir de cenários investigativos, com o propósito de intervir em problemas socioambientais locais. Tais práticas são apresentadas, a partir de um viés libertário, como forma de afrontamento e desestabilização aos dispositivos de controle do ensino tradicional de matemática, que serve à pedagogia panóptica e à ideologia do capital, defensora de uma educação voltada para o consumo. Os objetivos destas práticas são: estrategicamente, subverter o que está posto pelo modelo panóptico de educação; taticamente, pensando globalmente e agindo localmente, intervindo em problemas locais para minimizar os impactos socioambientais que degradam o planeta e nos submetem a valores, preconceitos e discursos de submissão e não-liberdade. Mais do que um grito em prol da liberdade, as práticas propostas visam romper com valores que nos atrelam ao instinto de rebanho comprometendo-se com a construção de conhecimentos em prol da liberdade enquanto fim. O respeito à vida, ao indivíduo e, conseqüentemente, ao meio ambiente são princípios balizadores deste trabalho, da mesma forma que o afrontamento ao autoritarismo. / This thesis focuses on power-knowledge relations and the control mechanisms that are in place in those relations, relations that oppose the development of educational practices built within investigative landscapes, proposed with the aim of intervening on socio and environmental local problems. Such practices are presented from a libertarian perspective, as a way to confront and destabilize the control mechanisms of traditional mathematics teaching, which serves a panoptical pedagogy and the ideology of the Capital. The objectives of those practices are: strategically, to subvert what is pushed by the panoptical educational model; tactically, to think globally and to act locally, intervening on local problems, aiming at minimizing the social and environmental impact of situations that degrade life in the planet and subject us to values, prejudices and discourses of submission and non-freedom. More than a cry for freedom, the proposed practices want to break links that attach us to the instinct of herd, committing themselves with the production of knowledge in favor of freedom taken as an end. Respect for life, the individual and, consequently, the environment, are the principles guiding this work, as well as confronting authoritarianism.

This work was written as a cumulative doctoral thesis based on reviewed publications. Climate projections are mainly based on the results of numeric simulations from global or regional climate models. Up to now processes between atmosphere and land surface are only rudimentarily known. This causes one of the major uncertainties in existing models. In order to reduce parameterisation uncertainties and to find a reasonable description of sub grid heterogeneities, the determination and evaluation of parameterisation schemes for modelling require as many datasets from different spatial scales as possible. This work contributes to this topic by implying different datasets from different platforms. Its objective was to analyse the spatial heterogeneity of land surface parameters and energy flux densities obtained from both satellite observations with different spatial and temporal resolutions and in-situ measurements. The investigations were carried out for two target areas in Germany. First, satellite data for the years 2002 and 2003 were analysed and validated from the LITFASS-area (Lindenberg Inhomogeneous Terrain - Fluxes between Atmosphere and Surface: a longterm Study). Second, the data from the experimental field sites of the FLUXNET cluster around Tharandt from the years 2006 and 2007 were used to determine the NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index for identifying vegetated areas and their "condition"). The core of the study was the determination of land surface characteristics and hence radiant and energy flux densities (net radiation, soil heat flux, sensible and latent heat flux) using the three optical satellite sensors ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper), MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spektroradiometer) and AVHRR 3 (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) with different spatial (30 m – 1 km) and temporal (1 day – 16 days) resolution. Different sensor characteristics and different data sets for land use classifications can both lead to deviations of the resultant energy fluxes between the sensors. Thus, sensor differences were quantified, sensor adaptation methods were implemented and a quality analysis for land use classifications was performed. The result is then a single parameterisation scheme that allows for the determination of the energy fluxes from all three different sensors. The main focus was the derivation of the latent heat flux (L.E) using the Penman-Monteith (P-M) approach. Satellite data provide measurements of spectral reflectance and surface temperatures. The P-M approach requires further surface parameters not offered by satellite data. These parameters include the NDVI, Leaf Area Index (LAI), wind speed, relative humidity, vegetation height and roughness length, for example. They were derived indirectly from the given satellite- or in-situ measurements. If no data were available so called default values from literature were taken. The quality of these parameters strongly influenced the exactness of the radiant- and energy fluxes. Sensitivity studies showed that NDVI is one of the most important parameters for determination of evaporation. In contrast it could be shown, that the parameters as vegetation height and measurement height have only minor influence on L.E, which justifies the use of default values for these parameters. Due to the key role of NDVI a field study was carried out investigating the spatial variability and sensitivity of NDVI above five different land use types (winter wheat, corn, grass, beech and spruce). Methods to determine this parameter not only from space (spectral), but also from in-situ tower measurements (broadband) and spectrometer data (spectral) were compared. The best agreement between the methods was found for winter wheat and grass measurements in 2006. For these land use types the results differed by less than 10 % and 15 %, respectively. Larger differences were obtained for the forest measurements. The correlation between the daily MODIS-NDVI data and the in-situ NDVI inferred from the spectrometer and the broadband measurements were r=0.67 and r=0.51, respectively. Subsequently, spatial variability of land surface parameters and fluxes were analysed. The several spatial resolutions of the satellite sensors can be used to describe subscale heterogeneity from one scale to the other and to study the effects of spatial averaging. Therefore land use dependent parameters and fluxes were investigated to find typical distribution patterns of land surface properties and energy fluxes. Implying the distribution patterns found here for albedo and NDVI from ETM+ data in models has high potential to calculate representative energy flux distributions on a coarser scale. The distribution patterns were expressed as probability density functions (PDFs). First results of applying PDFs of albedo, NDVI, relative humidity, and wind speed to the L.E computation are encouraging, and they show the high potential of this method. Summing up, the method of satellite based surface parameter- and energy flux determination has been shown to work reliably on different temporal and spatial scales. The data are useful for detailed analyses of spatial variability of a landscape and for the description of sub grid heterogeneity, as it is needed in model applications. Their usability as input parameters for modelling on different scales is the second important result of this work. The derived vegetation parameters, e.g. LAI and plant cover, possess realistic values and were used as model input for the Lokalmodell of the German Weather Service. This significantly improved the model results for L.E. Additionally, thermal parameter fields, e.g. surface temperature from ETM+ with 30 m spatial resolution, were used as input for SVAT-modelling (Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer scheme). Thus, more realistic L.E results were obtained, providing highly resolved areal information. / Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde auf der Grundlage begutachteter Publikationen als kumulative Dissertation verfasst. Klimaprognosen basieren im Allgemeinen auf den Ergebnissen numerischer Simulationen mit globalen oder regionalen Klimamodellen. Eine der entscheidenden Unsicherheiten bestehender Modelle liegt in dem noch unzureichenden Verständnis von Wechselwirkungsprozessen zwischen der Atmosphäre und Landoberflächen und dem daraus folgenden Fehlen entsprechender Parametrisierungen. Um das Problem einer unsicheren Modell-Parametrisierung aufzugreifen und zum Beispiel subskalige Heterogenität in einer Art und Weise zu beschreiben, dass sie für Modelle nutzbar wird, werden für die Bestimmung und Evaluierung von Modell-Parametrisierungsansätzen so viele Datensätze wie möglich benötigt. Die Arbeit trägt zu diesem Thema durch die Verwendung verschiedener Datensätze unterschiedlicher Plattformen bei. Ziel der Studie war es, aus Satellitendaten verschiedener räumlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung sowie aus in-situ Daten die räumliche Heterogenität von Landoberflächenparametern und Energieflussdichten zu bestimmen. Die Untersuchungen wurden für zwei Zielgebiete in Deutschland durchgeführt. Für das LITFASS-Gebiet (Lindenberg Inhomogeneous Terrain - Fluxes between Atmosphere and Surface: a longterm Study) wurden Satellitendaten der Jahre 2002 und 2003 untersucht und validiert. Zusätzlich wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine NDVI-Studie (Normalisierter Differenzen Vegetations Index: Maß zur Detektierung von Vegetationflächen, deren Vitalität und Dichte) auf den Testflächen des FLUXNET Clusters um Tharandt in den Jahren 2006 und 2007 realisiert. Die Grundlage der Arbeit bildete die Bestimmung von Landoberflächeneigenschaften und daraus resultierenden Energieflüssen, auf Basis dreier optischer Sensoren (ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper), MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) und AVHRR 3 (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)) mit unterschiedlichen räumlichen (30 m – 1 km) und zeitlichen (1 – 16 Tage) Auflösungen. Unterschiedliche Sensorcharakteristiken, sowie die Verwendung verschiedener, zum Teil ungenauer Datensätze zur Landnutzungsklassifikation führen zu Abweichungen in den Ergebnissen der einzelnen Sensoren. Durch die Quantifizierung der Sensorunterschiede, die Anpassung der Ergebnisse der Sensoren aneinander und eine Qualitätsanalyse von verschiedenen Landnutzungsklassifikationen, wurde eine Basis für eine vergleichbare Parametrisierung der Oberflächenparameter und damit auch für die daraus berechneten Energieflüsse geschaffen. Der Schwerpunkt lag dabei auf der Bestimmung des latenten Wärmestromes (L.E) mit Hilfe des Penman-Monteith Ansatzes (P-M). Satellitendaten liefern Messwerte der spektralen Reflexion und der Oberflächentemperatur. Die P-M Gleichung erfordert weitere Oberflächenparameter wie zum Beispiel den NDVI, den Blattflächenindex (LAI), die Windgeschwindigkeit, die relative Luftfeuchte, die Vegetationshöhe oder die Rauhigkeitslänge, die jedoch aus den Satellitendaten nicht bestimmt werden können. Sie müssen indirekt aus den oben genannten Messgrößen der Satelliten oder aus in-situ Messungen abgeleitet werden. Stehen auch aus diesen Quellen keine Daten zur Verfügung, können sogenannte Standard- (Default-) Werte aus der Literatur verwendet werden. Die Qualität dieser Parameter hat einen großen Einfluss auf die Bestimmung der Strahlungs- und Energieflüsse. Sensitivitätsstudien im Rahmen der Arbeit zeigen die Bedeutung des NDVI als einen der wichtigsten Parameter in der Verdunstungsbestimmung nach P-M. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde deutlich, dass z. B. die Vegetationshöhe und die Messhöhe einen relativ kleinen Einfluss auf L.E haben, so dass für diese Parameter die Verwendung von Standardwerten gerechtfertigt ist. Aufgrund der Schlüsselrolle, welche der NDVI in der Bestimmung der Verdunstung einnimmt, wurden im Rahmen einer Feldstudie Untersuchungen des NDVI über fünf verschiedenen Landnutzungstypen (Winterweizen, Mais, Gras, Buche und Fichte) hinsichtlich seiner räumlichen Variabilität und Sensitivität, unternommen. Dabei wurden verschiedene Bestimmungsmethoden getestet, in welchen der NDVI nicht nur aus Satellitendaten (spektral), sondern auch aus in-situ Turmmessungen (breitbandig) und Spekrometermessungen (spektral) ermittelt wird. Die besten Übereinstimmungen der Ergebnisse wurden dabei für Winterweizen und Gras für das Jahr 2006 gefunden. Für diese Landnutzungstypen betrugen die Maximaldifferenzen aus den drei Methoden jeweils 10 beziehungsweise 15 %. Deutlichere Differenzen ließen sich für die Forstflächen verzeichnen. Die Korrelation zwischen Satelliten- und Spektrometermessung betrug r=0.67. Für Satelliten- und Turmmessungen ergab sich ein Wert von r=0.5. Basierend auf den beschriebenen Vorarbeiten wurde die räumliche Variabilität von Landoberflächenparametern und Flüssen untersucht. Die unterschiedlichen räumlichen Auflösungen der Satelliten können genutzt werden, um zum einen die subskalige Heterogenität zu beschreiben, aber auch, um den Effekt räumlicher Mittelungsverfahren zu testen. Dafür wurden Parameter und Energieflüsse in Abhängigkeit der Landnutzungsklasse untersucht, um typische Verteilungsmuster dieser Größen zu finden. Die Verwendung der Verteilungsmuster (in Form von Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichteverteilungen – PDFs), die für die Albedo und den NDVI aus ETM+ Daten gefunden wurden, bietet ein hohes Potential als Modellinput, um repräsentative PDFs der Energieflüsse auf gröberen Skalen zu erhalten. Die ersten Ergebnisse in der Verwendung der PDFs von Albedo, NDVI, relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit und Windgeschwindigkeit für die Bestimmung von L.E waren sehr ermutigend und zeigten das hohe Potential der Methode. Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass die Methode der Ableitung von Oberflächenparametern und Energieflüssen aus Satellitendaten zuverlässige Daten auf verschiedenen zeitlichen und räumlichen Skalen liefert. Die Daten sind für eine detaillierte Analyse der räumlichen Variabilität der Landschaft und für die Beschreibung der subskaligen Heterogenität, wie sie oft in Modellanwendungen benötigt wird, geeignet. Ihre Nutzbarkeit als Inputparameter in Modellen auf verschiedenen Skalen ist das zweite wichtige Ergebnis der Arbeit. Aus Satellitendaten abgeleitete Vegetationsparameter wie der LAI oder die Pflanzenbedeckung liefern realistische Ergebnisse, die zum Beispiel als Modellinput in das Lokalmodell des Deutschen Wetterdienstes implementiert werden konnten und die Modellergebnisse von L.E signifikant verbessert haben. Aber auch thermale Parameter, wie beispielsweise die Oberflächentemperatur aus ETM+ Daten in 30 m Auflösung, wurden als Eingabeparameter eines Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer-Modells (SVAT) verwendet. Dadurch erhält man realistischere Ergebnisse für L.E, die hochaufgelöste Flächeninformationen bieten.

This work was written as a cumulative doctoral thesis based on reviewed publications. Climate projections are mainly based on the results of numeric simulations from global or regional climate models. Up to now processes between atmosphere and land surface are only rudimentarily known. This causes one of the major uncertainties in existing models. In order to reduce parameterisation uncertainties and to find a reasonable description of sub grid heterogeneities, the determination and evaluation of parameterisation schemes for modelling require as many datasets from different spatial scales as possible. This work contributes to this topic by implying different datasets from different platforms. Its objective was to analyse the spatial heterogeneity of land surface parameters and energy flux densities obtained from both satellite observations with different spatial and temporal resolutions and in-situ measurements. The investigations were carried out for two target areas in Germany. First, satellite data for the years 2002 and 2003 were analysed and validated from the LITFASS-area (Lindenberg Inhomogeneous Terrain - Fluxes between Atmosphere and Surface: a longterm Study). Second, the data from the experimental field sites of the FLUXNET cluster around Tharandt from the years 2006 and 2007 were used to determine the NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index for identifying vegetated areas and their "condition"). The core of the study was the determination of land surface characteristics and hence radiant and energy flux densities (net radiation, soil heat flux, sensible and latent heat flux) using the three optical satellite sensors ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper), MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spektroradiometer) and AVHRR 3 (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) with different spatial (30 m – 1 km) and temporal (1 day – 16 days) resolution. Different sensor characteristics and different data sets for land use classifications can both lead to deviations of the resultant energy fluxes between the sensors. Thus, sensor differences were quantified, sensor adaptation methods were implemented and a quality analysis for land use classifications was performed. The result is then a single parameterisation scheme that allows for the determination of the energy fluxes from all three different sensors. The main focus was the derivation of the latent heat flux (L.E) using the Penman-Monteith (P-M) approach. Satellite data provide measurements of spectral reflectance and surface temperatures. The P-M approach requires further surface parameters not offered by satellite data. These parameters include the NDVI, Leaf Area Index (LAI), wind speed, relative humidity, vegetation height and roughness length, for example. They were derived indirectly from the given satellite- or in-situ measurements. If no data were available so called default values from literature were taken. The quality of these parameters strongly influenced the exactness of the radiant- and energy fluxes. Sensitivity studies showed that NDVI is one of the most important parameters for determination of evaporation. In contrast it could be shown, that the parameters as vegetation height and measurement height have only minor influence on L.E, which justifies the use of default values for these parameters. Due to the key role of NDVI a field study was carried out investigating the spatial variability and sensitivity of NDVI above five different land use types (winter wheat, corn, grass, beech and spruce). Methods to determine this parameter not only from space (spectral), but also from in-situ tower measurements (broadband) and spectrometer data (spectral) were compared. The best agreement between the methods was found for winter wheat and grass measurements in 2006. For these land use types the results differed by less than 10 % and 15 %, respectively. Larger differences were obtained for the forest measurements. The correlation between the daily MODIS-NDVI data and the in-situ NDVI inferred from the spectrometer and the broadband measurements were r=0.67 and r=0.51, respectively. Subsequently, spatial variability of land surface parameters and fluxes were analysed. The several spatial resolutions of the satellite sensors can be used to describe subscale heterogeneity from one scale to the other and to study the effects of spatial averaging. Therefore land use dependent parameters and fluxes were investigated to find typical distribution patterns of land surface properties and energy fluxes. Implying the distribution patterns found here for albedo and NDVI from ETM+ data in models has high potential to calculate representative energy flux distributions on a coarser scale. The distribution patterns were expressed as probability density functions (PDFs). First results of applying PDFs of albedo, NDVI, relative humidity, and wind speed to the L.E computation are encouraging, and they show the high potential of this method. Summing up, the method of satellite based surface parameter- and energy flux determination has been shown to work reliably on different temporal and spatial scales. The data are useful for detailed analyses of spatial variability of a landscape and for the description of sub grid heterogeneity, as it is needed in model applications. Their usability as input parameters for modelling on different scales is the second important result of this work. The derived vegetation parameters, e.g. LAI and plant cover, possess realistic values and were used as model input for the Lokalmodell of the German Weather Service. This significantly improved the model results for L.E. Additionally, thermal parameter fields, e.g. surface temperature from ETM+ with 30 m spatial resolution, were used as input for SVAT-modelling (Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer scheme). Thus, more realistic L.E results were obtained, providing highly resolved areal information. / Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde auf der Grundlage begutachteter Publikationen als kumulative Dissertation verfasst. Klimaprognosen basieren im Allgemeinen auf den Ergebnissen numerischer Simulationen mit globalen oder regionalen Klimamodellen. Eine der entscheidenden Unsicherheiten bestehender Modelle liegt in dem noch unzureichenden Verständnis von Wechselwirkungsprozessen zwischen der Atmosphäre und Landoberflächen und dem daraus folgenden Fehlen entsprechender Parametrisierungen. Um das Problem einer unsicheren Modell-Parametrisierung aufzugreifen und zum Beispiel subskalige Heterogenität in einer Art und Weise zu beschreiben, dass sie für Modelle nutzbar wird, werden für die Bestimmung und Evaluierung von Modell-Parametrisierungsansätzen so viele Datensätze wie möglich benötigt. Die Arbeit trägt zu diesem Thema durch die Verwendung verschiedener Datensätze unterschiedlicher Plattformen bei. Ziel der Studie war es, aus Satellitendaten verschiedener räumlicher und zeitlicher Auflösung sowie aus in-situ Daten die räumliche Heterogenität von Landoberflächenparametern und Energieflussdichten zu bestimmen. Die Untersuchungen wurden für zwei Zielgebiete in Deutschland durchgeführt. Für das LITFASS-Gebiet (Lindenberg Inhomogeneous Terrain - Fluxes between Atmosphere and Surface: a longterm Study) wurden Satellitendaten der Jahre 2002 und 2003 untersucht und validiert. Zusätzlich wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit eine NDVI-Studie (Normalisierter Differenzen Vegetations Index: Maß zur Detektierung von Vegetationflächen, deren Vitalität und Dichte) auf den Testflächen des FLUXNET Clusters um Tharandt in den Jahren 2006 und 2007 realisiert. Die Grundlage der Arbeit bildete die Bestimmung von Landoberflächeneigenschaften und daraus resultierenden Energieflüssen, auf Basis dreier optischer Sensoren (ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper), MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) und AVHRR 3 (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer)) mit unterschiedlichen räumlichen (30 m – 1 km) und zeitlichen (1 – 16 Tage) Auflösungen. Unterschiedliche Sensorcharakteristiken, sowie die Verwendung verschiedener, zum Teil ungenauer Datensätze zur Landnutzungsklassifikation führen zu Abweichungen in den Ergebnissen der einzelnen Sensoren. Durch die Quantifizierung der Sensorunterschiede, die Anpassung der Ergebnisse der Sensoren aneinander und eine Qualitätsanalyse von verschiedenen Landnutzungsklassifikationen, wurde eine Basis für eine vergleichbare Parametrisierung der Oberflächenparameter und damit auch für die daraus berechneten Energieflüsse geschaffen. Der Schwerpunkt lag dabei auf der Bestimmung des latenten Wärmestromes (L.E) mit Hilfe des Penman-Monteith Ansatzes (P-M). Satellitendaten liefern Messwerte der spektralen Reflexion und der Oberflächentemperatur. Die P-M Gleichung erfordert weitere Oberflächenparameter wie zum Beispiel den NDVI, den Blattflächenindex (LAI), die Windgeschwindigkeit, die relative Luftfeuchte, die Vegetationshöhe oder die Rauhigkeitslänge, die jedoch aus den Satellitendaten nicht bestimmt werden können. Sie müssen indirekt aus den oben genannten Messgrößen der Satelliten oder aus in-situ Messungen abgeleitet werden. Stehen auch aus diesen Quellen keine Daten zur Verfügung, können sogenannte Standard- (Default-) Werte aus der Literatur verwendet werden. Die Qualität dieser Parameter hat einen großen Einfluss auf die Bestimmung der Strahlungs- und Energieflüsse. Sensitivitätsstudien im Rahmen der Arbeit zeigen die Bedeutung des NDVI als einen der wichtigsten Parameter in der Verdunstungsbestimmung nach P-M. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde deutlich, dass z. B. die Vegetationshöhe und die Messhöhe einen relativ kleinen Einfluss auf L.E haben, so dass für diese Parameter die Verwendung von Standardwerten gerechtfertigt ist. Aufgrund der Schlüsselrolle, welche der NDVI in der Bestimmung der Verdunstung einnimmt, wurden im Rahmen einer Feldstudie Untersuchungen des NDVI über fünf verschiedenen Landnutzungstypen (Winterweizen, Mais, Gras, Buche und Fichte) hinsichtlich seiner räumlichen Variabilität und Sensitivität, unternommen. Dabei wurden verschiedene Bestimmungsmethoden getestet, in welchen der NDVI nicht nur aus Satellitendaten (spektral), sondern auch aus in-situ Turmmessungen (breitbandig) und Spekrometermessungen (spektral) ermittelt wird. Die besten Übereinstimmungen der Ergebnisse wurden dabei für Winterweizen und Gras für das Jahr 2006 gefunden. Für diese Landnutzungstypen betrugen die Maximaldifferenzen aus den drei Methoden jeweils 10 beziehungsweise 15 %. Deutlichere Differenzen ließen sich für die Forstflächen verzeichnen. Die Korrelation zwischen Satelliten- und Spektrometermessung betrug r=0.67. Für Satelliten- und Turmmessungen ergab sich ein Wert von r=0.5. Basierend auf den beschriebenen Vorarbeiten wurde die räumliche Variabilität von Landoberflächenparametern und Flüssen untersucht. Die unterschiedlichen räumlichen Auflösungen der Satelliten können genutzt werden, um zum einen die subskalige Heterogenität zu beschreiben, aber auch, um den Effekt räumlicher Mittelungsverfahren zu testen. Dafür wurden Parameter und Energieflüsse in Abhängigkeit der Landnutzungsklasse untersucht, um typische Verteilungsmuster dieser Größen zu finden. Die Verwendung der Verteilungsmuster (in Form von Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichteverteilungen – PDFs), die für die Albedo und den NDVI aus ETM+ Daten gefunden wurden, bietet ein hohes Potential als Modellinput, um repräsentative PDFs der Energieflüsse auf gröberen Skalen zu erhalten. Die ersten Ergebnisse in der Verwendung der PDFs von Albedo, NDVI, relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit und Windgeschwindigkeit für die Bestimmung von L.E waren sehr ermutigend und zeigten das hohe Potential der Methode. Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen, dass die Methode der Ableitung von Oberflächenparametern und Energieflüssen aus Satellitendaten zuverlässige Daten auf verschiedenen zeitlichen und räumlichen Skalen liefert. Die Daten sind für eine detaillierte Analyse der räumlichen Variabilität der Landschaft und für die Beschreibung der subskaligen Heterogenität, wie sie oft in Modellanwendungen benötigt wird, geeignet. Ihre Nutzbarkeit als Inputparameter in Modellen auf verschiedenen Skalen ist das zweite wichtige Ergebnis der Arbeit. Aus Satellitendaten abgeleitete Vegetationsparameter wie der LAI oder die Pflanzenbedeckung liefern realistische Ergebnisse, die zum Beispiel als Modellinput in das Lokalmodell des Deutschen Wetterdienstes implementiert werden konnten und die Modellergebnisse von L.E signifikant verbessert haben. Aber auch thermale Parameter, wie beispielsweise die Oberflächentemperatur aus ETM+ Daten in 30 m Auflösung, wurden als Eingabeparameter eines Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere-Transfer-Modells (SVAT) verwendet. Dadurch erhält man realistischere Ergebnisse für L.E, die hochaufgelöste Flächeninformationen bieten.

Submitted by Vannessa Ribeiro da Silva (vannessa.rsilva@gmail.com) on 2018-11-30T21:20:54Z No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação final - Vannessa Ribeiro.pdf: 5701193 bytes, checksum: 1119e337a0eb2ebf22b5700fe9193104 (MD5) 01.pdf: 292633 bytes, checksum: eeecebbe7e27ff8899d9fa69f6edef6e (MD5) SKM_654e18110715041.pdf: 622237 bytes, checksum: 9de2192bb93849bd8ed71583863fb337 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2018-12-03T12:28:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação final - Vannessa Ribeiro.pdf: 5701193 bytes, checksum: 1119e337a0eb2ebf22b5700fe9193104 (MD5) 01.pdf: 292633 bytes, checksum: eeecebbe7e27ff8899d9fa69f6edef6e (MD5) SKM_654e18110715041.pdf: 622237 bytes, checksum: 9de2192bb93849bd8ed71583863fb337 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-03T12:28:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Dissertação final - Vannessa Ribeiro.pdf: 5701193 bytes, checksum: 1119e337a0eb2ebf22b5700fe9193104 (MD5) 01.pdf: 292633 bytes, checksum: eeecebbe7e27ff8899d9fa69f6edef6e (MD5) SKM_654e18110715041.pdf: 622237 bytes, checksum: 9de2192bb93849bd8ed71583863fb337 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-01 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / This work aims to analyze the spaces occupied by the woman and the dynamics in front of her activities performed in vocational education at the Technical School of Manaus (ETM) and the Federal Technical School of Amazonas (ETFAM) in the period from 1937 to 1971. The temporal cut was due to the need to start with the year 1937, period of the new State (1937-1945), according to the same time that occurred the creation of the Technical School of Manaus (ETM); And until the decade of 1971 when the Federal Technical School of Amazonas (ETFAM) deliberations, on January 8 of the respective year, the authorization of the enrollment of women in the courses offered. The research is relevant when visibilizing the woman, showing that her activities go beyond the private space, and that when facing a patriarchal society, seeks for equal rights, and becomes subject in history. In the decade of 60 to 70 Brazil underwent political, cultural transformations, and women, during this period, claimed better conditions in the public space, were already working in factories, joined the universities and were influenced by the movements Feminists in the United States and Europe. Thus, the specific objectives that guided the research were: 1) contextualize The history of women and their insertion and visibility in the world of work and education; 2) To examine the indications about women in vocational education in Manaus in the ETM and ETFAM in the face of educational policy in the period 1937 to 1971; and 3) Describe the women in the occupied spaces, as well as their functions, dynamics and activities at the Technical School of Manaus (ETM) and the Federal Technical School of Amazonas (ETFAM). The method we elected was history based on the Social and Cultural perspective. This conception was concerned with the studies about the forgotten and marginalized individuals, including the woman, and consequently gives us epistemological and theoretical bases for the development of the historical narrative. This is a documentary research, in which the primary sources were collected in the general archives, the archives of the coordination of Academic Control (CCA) and the Museu Moacir Andrade, all located in the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Amazonas ( IFAM). These documents were inside file boxes and the record was through photographs. The collection of documents was also carried out in public and private collections, libraries, newspapers, and complemented with normative documents, decrees and laws, according to the period researched. Through the sources found and problematized, the women who occupied these positions and the spaces, went through little discrimination, some had higher education, and influential parents and husbands in the Manauara society. Before the transition from the schools of apprentices to industrial and technical schools in the government of Getúlio Vargas, in 1942, the Capanema reform was implemented by the Minister of Education Gustavo Capanema with the organic laws of education, and that Regulated secondary, industrial and commercial education and the creation of the National Industrial Learning Service (SENAI). It was with the changes of the Organic Law of Industrial Education that the organization of education and vocational training gained more visibility. With LDB No. 4.024/61 There was a reformulation in the structure of vocational education and changed the teaching in the country again. Thus, the research highlights in 3 chapters the woman in history, female work and occupied spaces in the ETM and ETFAM. / Este trabalho objetiva analisar os espaços ocupados pela mulher e as dinâmicas frente as suas atividades exercidas no ensino profissional na Escola Técnica de Manaus (ETM) e Escola Técnica Federal do Amazonas (ETFAM) no período de 1937 a 1971. O recorte temporal foi devido à necessidade de iniciar com o ano de 1937, período do Estado Novo (1937-1945), conforme a mesma época que ocorreu a criação da Escola Técnica de Manaus (ETM); e até a década de 1971 quando a Escola Técnica Federal do Amazonas (ETFAM) delibera, em 8 de janeiro do respectivo ano, a autorização da matrícula de mulheres nos cursos oferecidos. A pesquisa é relevante ao visibilizar a mulher, mostrar que as suas atividades vão além do espaço privado, e que ao enfrentar uma sociedade patriarcal, busca pela igualdade de direitos, e torna-se sujeito na história. Na década de 60 a 70 o Brasil passou por transformações políticas, culturais, e as mulheres, nesse período, reivindicavam melhores condições no espaço público, já trabalhavam em fábricas, ingressavam nas universidades e eram influenciadas pelos movimentos feministas ocorridos nos Estados Unidos e Europa. Assim, os objetivos específicos que nortearam a pesquisa foram: 1) Contextualizar a história da mulher e sua inserção e visibilidade no mundo do trabalho e na educação; 2) Examinar os indícios sobre as mulheres no ensino profissional em Manaus na ETM e ETFAM frente à política educacional no período de 1937 a 1971; e 3) Descrever as mulheres nos espaços ocupados, assim como as suas funções, dinâmicas e atividades na Escola Técnica de Manaus (ETM) e Escola Técnica Federal do Amazonas (ETFAM). O método que elegemos foi o Histórico com base na perspectiva Social e Cultural. Essa concepção se preocupou com os estudos sobre os indivíduos esquecidos e marginalizados incluindo a mulher, e consequentemente nos dá bases epistemológicas e teóricas para o desenvolvimento da narrativa histórica. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, em que as fontes primárias foram coletadas no Arquivo Geral, Arquivo da Coordenação de Controle Acadêmico (CCA) e no Museu Moacir Andrade, todos localizados no Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazonas (IFAM). Esses documentos estavam dentro de caixas-arquivo e o registro foi através de fotografias. A coleta dos documentos também foi realizada em acervos públicos e privados, bibliotecas, jornais, e complementados com os documentos normativos, Decretos e Leis, de acordo com o período pesquisado. Por meio das fontes encontradas e problematizadas, as mulheres que ocupavam esses cargos e os espaços, passavam por pouca discriminação, algumas tinham formação superior, e pais e maridos influentes na sociedade Manauara. Antes de ocorrer a transição das Escolas de Aprendizes Artífices para as Escolas Industriais e Técnicas no governo de Getúlio Vargas, em 1942, foi implementada a Reforma Capanema pelo Ministro da Educação Gustavo Capanema com as Leis Orgânicas do Ensino, e que regulamentaram o Ensino Secundário, Industrial, Comercial e a criação do Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial (SENAI). Foram com as mudanças da Lei Orgânica do Ensino Industrial que a organização do ensino e da formação profissional ganhou mais visibilidade. Com a LDB nº 4.024/61 ocorreu uma reformulação na estrutura do ensino profissional e modificou novamente o ensino no país. Desse modo, a pesquisa destaca em 3 capítulos a mulher na história, no trabalho feminino e nos espaços ocupados na ETM e ETFAM.

This study shows that remote sensing and GIS are powerful tools in identifying geologically induced lineaments from digitally enhanced ETM+ satellite imageries and the digital elevation model (DEM) in remote areas such as the Makran accretionary prism, southeast Iran. The presence of the conjugate shear fractures in the eastern part, along with the extensional, and the presence of reidal sets associated with the subsidiary fractures of the Minab-Zendal fault system in the western part, suggests that the structural pattern changes from pure shear to simple shear from east to the west across the prism. Moreover, the gradual increase in the value of the angle between the two conjugate shear fractures, from south (coastal Makran) to north across the prism, and the presence of high-angle north-dipping reverse faults, with few south-dipping normal faults, suggest that deformation changes from brittle, in the south, to ductile in the northern part of the prism.

Ce travail de thèse a concerné l’évaluation des impacts écotoxicologiques de rejetsindustriels complexes issus de la filière du traitement de surface et de solutionssynthétiques mono- et polycontaminées sur la laitue Lactuca sativa L. Il est ainsimontré que les résultats des tests écotoxicologiques de germination des semences delaitue reflètent la variabilité de la composition chimique des rejets et de leuramélioration après traitement d’abattement de la charge métallique et/ou organique.Ces tests ont également permis de classer selon leur toxicité croissante certains ETM(Fe, Cr, Co, Cu, B, Al, F, Ni, Cd, Ag, Zn, Sn) et quelques molécules organiques (4NP,NAP, DBP, NP9). En revanche, quelle que soit la qualité chimique du rejet testé, lestaux de germination des semences et les élongations des plantules (principalement leslongueurs racinaires) dépendent de la variété de laitue choisie pour le test. Cetteobservation s’applique aussi aux solutions synthétiques métalliques monocontaminées.Ainsi, pour un même rejet, la Batavia dorée de printemps apparait plus résistante auxpolluants que la Kinemontepas et la Grosse Blonde Paresseuse, et que l’Appia (CE50estimées respectivement à ~99, 59, 43 et 25 %). Ces différences intraspécifiquess’observent également pour la composition interne et les tendances d’enrichissement encertains nutriments et ETM, malgré la présence de Cd dans le péricarpe de semences“vierges”. / This thesis has explored the surface treatment DW and mono- and polycontaminatedsynthetic solution ecotoxicological impact assessment on lettuce Lactuca sativa L.Ecotoxicological seed germination bioassays reflect the DW chemical variability, theirchemical improvement after metallic and/or organic abatement, and also permit toclassify MTE (Fe, Cr, Co, Cu, B, Al, F, Ni, Cd, Ag, Zn, Sn) and POP (4NP, NAP,DBP, NP9) according to their increasing ecotoxicity. However, whatever the DWchemical quality, seeds germination rates and plantlets elongations (mainly rootelongations) depend on lettuce variety’s choice. It is also true for monometallicsolutions. Thus for the same DW sample, the Batavia dorée de printemps varietyappears to be more resistant to pollutant than the Kinemontepas and the GrosseBlonde Paresseuse varieties, and than the Appia variety (estimated EC50 respectively99, 59, 43 and 25 %). Despite the presence of Cd in virgin pericarp seeds, intraspecificdifferences occured as well when analyzing the inner plantlet compositions and thenutrients and MTE uptake patterns.