Magister Chirurgiae Dentium (MChD) / A review of current root canal obturating materials and obturation techniques was undertaken. This was prompted by the wide variety of the materials and techniques currently being used in the Western Cape. A questionnaire was circulated to 320 members of the Cape (Western) Branch of the D.A.S.A. A viable return of 54,43% was received and this data was studied to determine the pattern of usage of the different materials and techniques in the sample area. Gutta- percha proved to be the mo~t popular obturating material (64,4X) and the gutta-percha lateral condensation technique was indicated by 32,7% of the respondents as being used by them. The cement sealer employed by most respondents was Endométhasone .(38,2%), followed by Riebler's paste (17,3%) and zinc oxide-eugenol (12,5%). This is contrary to the current teaching at the Dental Faculty of the University of Stellenbosch. An extensive review of the literature on obturating mater ials and techniques was undertaken with consideration to the composition and the physical, chemical and sealing properties of the materials being gi ven. Adverse tissue reacti ons caused by the different materials were reviewed as were any peculiarities of the root canal obturation technique. The expected success or failure rates of relevant techniques were considered as well as their advantages and disadvantages. In conclusion certain recommendations as to viable changes to the present endodontic curriculum of the Dental Faculty, University of Stellenbosch are made, based on information revealed by this study.

Colloidal dispersions such as oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions have found widespread use in the food industry. Oil-in-water emulsions consist of three principal components i.e. oil dispersed in the form of droplets, water surrounding the droplets as the continuous phase, and emulsifiers comprising the interface. Because of the complicated interaction among components, it is often difficult to predict the physicochemical properties and final functionalities of emulsions. Nevertheless, the structural and functional features of emulsions allow scientists to create many unique emulsions that may serve as suitable carriers for lipophilic functional compounds. These functional compounds may include antioxidants, flavors, colors and antimicrobials, the latter which is the principal topic of this thesis. Incorporation of food antimicrobials in emulsions could create value-added emulsions that may improve the safety and quality of a variety of foods, but to date, few systematic studies on their formulation have been reported. The objective of this thesis was therefore to formulate food emulsions that are physicochemically stable and able to deliver antimicrobial compounds to microbial target sites. Two antimicrobial agents, N-α-lauroyl-L-arginine ethyl ester monohydrochloride, (LAE) and eugenol were used as model compound to be incorporated into the colloidal food dispersion. The two antimicrobials were selected because they are either amphiphilic (LAE) or predominantly lipophilic (eugenol). When emulsions were formulated with eugenol, an essential oil component, it was found that O/W emulsions were only stable when emulsions were formulated with other lipids (hexadecane, dodecane, tetradecane, and corn oil). Above a critical loading of the carrier lipid with eugenol, Ostwald’s ripening led to rapid destabilization while above this critical loading concentration, the ripening rate was greatly reduced and depended on type of carrier lipid and concentration of eugenol. Alternatively, when emulsions were formulated with LAE as emulsifier, results indicated that emulsions were not stable to aggregation and coalescence. Consequently, LAE had to be combined with a nonionic surfactant (Tween 20) to improve the emulsion stability. Higher Tween20 composition led to more stable emulsions droplets. Both systems (emulsions with either eugenol or LAE) had high antimicrobial efficacies and were able to completely inhibit microbial growth at concentrations that depended on the type of microorganisms and formulation of the emulsions. Generally, eugenol were able to more effectively inhibit the growth of E.coli O157:H7 while LAE containing emulsions were more effective against L.monocytogenes. Finally, a food emulsion was formulated that contained both antimicrobial agents; eugenol in the lipid phase and LAE in the droplet interface. Interestingly, stability of these emulsions depended both on the LAE and eugenol loading. The antimicrobial activity in this double antimicrobial emulsion was high but was principally influenced by the interfacial formulation that is the ratio of LAE to Tween 20. The combined emulsion similar to the LAE stabilized emulsion more effectively inhibited growth of L.monocytogenes.

In recent years, there have been a number of studies looking at inhibition of microorganisms by spices, herbs or their extracts.  Many of these products have been shown to have antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens.  The purpose of this research was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of three essential oil (EO) compounds (thymol, eugenol, and trans-cinnamaldehyde) alone and in combination with three naturally-occurring apple aroma (AA) compounds (hexanal, trans-2-hexenal and 1-hexanol) to identify the minimum inhibitory concentrations necessary to inhibit E. coli O157:H7.  Three commercial apple juice flavoring mixtures (natural apple cinnamon, natural apple spice and natural red apple) were additionally tested alone for antimicrobial activity against E. coli O157:H7. The standard agar dilution method (SAD) and checkerboard assay were used to evaluate the efficacy of the nine compounds, alone and in combination against E. coli O157:H7.  In general, the EO compounds were significantly more effective against E. coli O157:H7 than the AA compounds (P<0.05).  Cinnamaldehye, with an MIC of 0.2 mg/mL, exhibited the highest degree of activity, followed by thymol, eugenol and trans-2-hexenal, which each had individual MIC values of 1.6 mg/mL.  No synergism was found in the combinations of EO compounds with AA compounds. / Master of Science in Life Sciences

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:13:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SeveroP.pdf: 317890 bytes, checksum: b308c1b0abe5acf0e146092bb45e65ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-08-17 / There are strong interests in the evaluation of the biological effects of natural and synthetic products. Blood constituents labeled with technetium-99m (99mTc) are used in nuclear medicine. The aim of this work was to study the effects of Clove (Caryophyllus aromaticas L.) and OZE (preparation used in the Health Sciences) on the labeling blood constituents with 99mTc and on the morphologic red blood cells (RBC) and the action of an extract of tomato (TO) on the labeling of blood constituents Blood samples were incubated with clove or OZE or TO, stannous chloride and 99mTc. Plasma (P), blood cells (BC), insoluble fractions (IF) of plasma and blood cells were separated. The radioactivity was counted and percentage of radioactivity (%ATI) to each blood fraction was calculated. The shape and morphometric parameter (perimeter/area ratio) were evaluated in the studies with clove and OZE. Clove extract and OZE altered significantly (p<0.05) the %ATI of blood constituents and the shape of red blood cells. However, clove extract not altered the red blood cells perimeter/area ratio. The tomato extract used at the highest concentrations reduced significantly (p<0.05) the %ATI in IF-P, although this extract did not modify the radiolabeling on BC, neither the radioactivity fixation on IFBC. The results indicate that these chemical compounds would have oxidative/chelating actions / Existe um grande interesse na avalia??o dos efeitos biol?gicos de produtos naturais e sint?ticos. Constituintes sang??neos marcados com tecn?cio-99m (99mTc) s?o usados em medicina nuclear. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar os efeitos do Cravo da ?ndia (Caryophyllus aromaticus L.) e do ?xido de Zinco Eugenol (OZE) (prepara??o usada em Ci?ncias da Sa?de) na marca??o de constituintes sang??neos com 99mTc e na morfologia de c?lulas vermelhas do sangue (CVS) e a a??o de um extrato de tomate (Solanum lycopersicum) (TO) na marca??o de constituintes sang??neos. Amostras de sangue foram incubadas com cravo da ?ndia ou OZE ou TO, cloreto estanoso e 99mTc. Plasma (P), c?lulas sangu?neas (CS), fra??es insol?veis (IFP) do plasma e das c?lulas sang??neas (IFC) foram separadas. A radioatividade foi contada e o percentual de radioatividade (%ATI) para cada fra??o sang??nea foi calculada. A forma e o par?metro morfom?trico (rela??o per?metro/?rea) foram avaliados nos estudos com o cravo da ?ndia e OZE. Os extratos de cravo da ?ndia e OZE alteraram significativamente (p<0,05) a %ATI dos constituintes sang??neos e a forma das CVS. Entretanto, o cravo da ?ndia n?o foi capaz de modificar a rela??o per?metro/?rea das CVS. O extrato do tomate usado na sua maior concentra??o reduziu significativamente (p<0,05) a %ATI na IF-P, embora esse extrato n?o tenha modificado a radiomarca??o na CS, nem a fixa??o de radioatividade na IF-CS. Os resultados indicam que esses compostos qu?micos poderiam ter a??es oxidativa e/ou quelante. O estudo tem car?ter multidisciplinar com a participa??o das seguintes ?reas do conhecimento: Radiobiologia, Bot?nica,Fitoterapia e Hematologia

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:56:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALDEMIR DA GUIA SCHALCHER PEREIRA.pdf: 1311452 bytes, checksum: 0fd0611a7b0994a9b9fdde98431599f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-15 / In the search for alternative chemical control against Aedes aegypti L., various studies are developed and encouraged in order to find new substances insecticidal plant and in this context essential oils have been shown to be very promising. Extracted from the essential oils of species Lindl Pimenta dioica (leaves) and Aniba duckei Kostermans (stems) by means of hydrodistillation using a Clevenger system and promoted its mixture of equal parts. In this study, the larvicidal effect of the mixture of essential oils extracted from leaves of Pimenta dioica species Lindl and branches of Aniba duckei Kostermans were evaluated against the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1792). The blend of essential oils obtained were carried out analysis of constant physical and chemical density (0.904 g mL-1), refractive index (ND 25 = 1.379), solubility in 70% ethanol (1:2), color (yellow) and appearance (clear). Its components were identified by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). We identified and quantified by the method of standard components, myrcene (2.36%), limonene (1.00%), linalool (63.04%), myrcenol (1.13%), alilfenol (1, 40%) and eugenol (31.07%). The blend of essential oils and patterns of eugenol and linalool were tested in five concentrations: 20, 50, 70, 90 and 100 μg mL-1. The LC50 of the mixture of essential oils and the limits of confidence at 95% probability were calculated by the methods of Reed-Muench and Pizzi, respectively. The larvicidal activity was observed based on the percentage of dead larvae, the action was assessed 24h after treatment. The blend of essential oils had larvicidal activity with LC50 of 113,95 (±2.11) μg mL-1 and the patterns of eugenol 90,86 (±0,03) μg mL-1 and linalool 305,42 (±0,03) μg mL-1. The results indicate that the mixture of essential oils evaluated, is composed of substances that together with the major components eugenol and linalool provided greater larvicidal effect against the mosquito Aedes aegypti L. / Na procura pelo controle químico alternativo contra Aedes aegypti L., diversas pesquisas são desenvolvidas e estimuladas no intuito de se descobrirem novas substâncias inseticidas de origem vegetal e neste contexto os óleos essenciais têm se mostrado bastantes promissores. Extraiu-se os óleos essenciais das espécies Pimenta dioica Lindl (folhas) e da Aniba duckei Kostermans (galhos), pelo método de hidrodestilação, utilizando um sistema Clevenger e promoveu-se sua mistura em partes iguais. Neste trabalho, o efeito larvicida da mistura dos óleos essenciais extraídos das folhas da espécie Pimenta dioica Lindl e dos galhos de Aniba duckei Kostermans foram avaliados frente ao mosquito Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1792). Da mistura de óleos essenciais obtida foram realizadas análises das constantes físico-químicas de densidade (0,904 g mL-1), índice de refração (ND 25º = 1,379), solubilidade em etanol a 70% (1:2), cor (amarela) e aparência (límpido). Os seus componentes foram identificados por Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massa (CG-EM). Identificou-se e quantificou-se pelo método da normalização os componentes, mirceno (2,36%), limoneno (1,00%), linalol (63,04%), mircenol (1,13%), alilfenol (1,40%) e eugenol (31,07%). A mistura dos óleos essenciais e os padrões de eugenol e linalol foram testados em cinco concentrações: 50, 70, 100, 130 e 150 μg mL-1. A CL50 da mistura de óleos essenciais e os limites de confiança a 95% de probabilidade foram calculados pelos métodos de Reed-Muench e Pizzi, respectivamente. A atividade larvicida foi verificada baseada na percentagem de larvas mortas; a ação foi avaliada 24h após o tratamento. A mistura de óleos essenciais tiveram atividade larvicida, com CL50 de 113,95 (±2,11) μg mL-1 e os padrões de eugenol 90,86 (±0,03) μg mL-1 e linalol 305,42 (±0,03) μg mL-1. Os resultados indicam que a mistura dos óleos essenciais avaliada é composta por substâncias que juntamente com os componentes majoritários eugenol e linalol propiciaram maior efeito larvicida frente ao mosquito Aedes aegypti L.

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-05-15T11:38:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_UtilizacaoEugenolAnestesico.pdf: 900733 bytes, checksum: 0ac0a48dc454331d5a4dbd02b57bf900 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-05-16T19:16:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_UtilizacaoEugenolAnestesico.pdf: 900733 bytes, checksum: 0ac0a48dc454331d5a4dbd02b57bf900 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-16T19:16:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_UtilizacaoEugenolAnestesico.pdf: 900733 bytes, checksum: 0ac0a48dc454331d5a4dbd02b57bf900 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-20 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Foram realizados dois diferentes trabalhos, utilizando o eugenol como anestésico para o acará severo Heros severus. Ambos realizados no Laboratório de Peixes Ornamentais da Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus de Bragança. No primeiro trabalho, objetivou-se analisar a eficiência do eugenol como anestésico para duas classes de tamanho, alevinos e adultos do acará severo e verificar qual a dose mais eficiente no tempo de indução e recuperação à anestesia. Foram utilizados 120 indivíduos de H. severus, alevinos (n=60) e adultos (n=60). Os alevinos foram selecionados em tamanhos homogêneos e transferidos aleatoriamente para seis aquários de 60 L, da mesma forma os adultos para seis aquários de 200L, ambos em densidade de estocagem de 10 exemplares por aquário. Realizou-se os experimentos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos, concentrações de eugenol (50; 75; 100; 125; 150 e 175 Mg L-1 ) e 10 repetições, sendo o peixe a unidade experimental. Com base nos resultados encontrados, recomenda-se para os alevinos a concentração de 50 mg L-1, para realização de manejos de curta e de longa duração. Para os adultos, recomenda-se a concentração de 50 mg L-1 para procedimentos de curta duração e 75 Mg L-1 para procedimentos de longa duração. Com o segundo trabalho objetivou-se avaliar as respostas fisiológicas de adultos de acará severo anestesiados com a concentração ideal do eugenol encontrada no experimento anterior. Para realização do ensaio foi utilizado um total de 60 adultos de acará severo. Os peixes foram dispostos de maneira individual em 60 aquários de 60L contendo 45L de água. Utilizou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 4, com cinco repetições, sendo o peixe a unidade experimental. Para verificar a ocorrência da influência do eugenol sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos e hematológicos do acará severo, coletou-se sangue dos peixes submetidos a três diferentes protocolos de procedimentos: anestesiado (peixes expostos a 75 mgL-1 de eugenol durante 133s); anestesia simulada (peixes submetidos a uma simulação do banho anestésico, também por 133 s, sem adição do anestésico); e controle (peixes mantidos no aquário sem manuseio e exposição ao anestésico). Para cada procedimento foram realizadas quatro amostragens de sangue em diferentes tempos: 0 (imediatamente após o procedimento), 6, 12 e 24h. A retirada da amostra sanguínea foi feita por punção do vaso caudal. Em seguida procedeu-se com a realização das seguintes analises: glicose, hematócrito (Ht), proteína total (Pt), hemoglobina (Hb), número de eritrócitos (Er), volume corpuscular médio (VCM), hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM), concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM), triglicerídeos (TGR) e colesterol (COL). A exposição de adultos de acará severo a anestesia com eugenol na concentração ideal de 75 mgL-1 por 133 segundos, causou alterações nos valores das variáveis, glicose, Ht, Pt, Hb, Er, VCM, HCM, CHCM, COL e TRI. Os resultados obtidos com os dois trabalhos mostram que o eugenol foi eficiente em induzir alevinos e adultos de acará severo ao estágio de anestesia e a concentração considerada ideal para anestesia dos adultos foi suficiente para causar alterações nas variáveis analisadas, desencadeando respostas fisiológicas características do estresse. / Thus, two different studies were conducted using eugenol as an anesthetic for severe discus Heros severus. Both studies were conducted in Tropical Fish Laboratory of the School of Coastal Studies Institute of Fisheries Engineering, Federal University of Pará, Campus de Bragança. In the first study aimed to analyze the efficiency of eugenol as an anesthetic for two size classes, fingerlings and adult severe discus and find what the most effective dose in time of induction and recovery of anesthesia. Were used 120 individuals of H. severus, fingerlings (n=60) and adults (n=60). The fingerlings were selected randomly in homogeneous sizes and transferred to six tanks of 60 L, as adults for six aquariums 200L, both at 10 copies per aquarium stocking density. We conducted the experiments in a completely randomized design with six treatments, eugenol concentrations (50; 75; 100; 125; 150 and 175 Mg L-1) and 10 repetitions, and the fish the experimental unit. Based on the findings is recommended for fry concentration of 50 mg L-1 to perform handlings short or long term and for adults, it is recommended that the concentration of 50mg L-1 for short procedures duration and 75 mgL-1 for long procedures. In the second study aimed to evaluate the physiological responses of acará severo adults anesthetized with the ideal concentration of eugenol found in the previous experiment. To perform the assay was used a total of 60 adult severe discus. The fish were placed individually in 60 60L aquariums containing 45L of water. We used a completely randomized design in a factorial 3 x 4 with five repetitions, and the fish the experimental unit. To verify the occurrence of eugenol influence on the physiological and hematological parameters of banded cichlid, was collected the blood of fish subjected to three diferentes protocols procedures anaesthetized (fish exposed to 75 mg L-1 of eugenol during 133 s); simulated anesthesia (fish subjected to a sumulation of anesthetic bath, also for 133 s, with only water and without adding the anesthetic); and control (fish kept in the aquarium without handing and exposure to anesthetic). For each procedure, there were four blood samplings at different times: 0 (immediately after procedure), 6, 12 and 24 h. The withdrawal of the blood sample was taken by puncture from the flow vessel with the held of needles and syringes 1 ml pre-moistened with EDTA 10%. Then were proceeded to carry out folloying analyzes: glucose, hematocrit, (Ht), total protein (Tp), hemoglobin (Hb), number of erytrocytes (Er), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), triglycerides (TGR), and cholesterol (COL). The banded cichlid adult exposure to anesthesia with eugenol in the ideal concentration of 75 mg L-1 by 133 seconds was enough to cause changes in the values of variables, glucose, Ht, Pt, Hb, Er, MCV, MCH, MCHC, COL and TRI. The results from the two studies show that eugenol was effective in inducing fry and adult severe discus to deep anesthesia stage stage in all tested concentrations and the concentration considered ideal for anesthesia of adults was enough to cause changes in the variables analyzed, triggering physiological responses characteristics of stress.

Orientador: José Roberto Cury Saad / Banca: Victor Humberto Orbegoso Flores / Banca: Luiz Alberto Plácido Penna / Banca: Leonor de Castro Monteiro Loffredo / Banca: Welingtom Dinelli / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de cimentos provisórios e de métodos de limpeza dentinária na resistência de união de restaurações indiretas em resina à dentina. Foram selecionados 21 terceiros molares recém extraídos e isentos de cárie. A parte da coroa dental correspondente ao esmalte foi removida expondo-se toda superfície dentinária. Os dentes foram divididos aleatoriamente em sete grupos experimentais de acordo com o cimento provisório e o método de limpeza dentinária utilizado: (G1-controle) não recebeu restauração provisória nem limpeza dentinária; (G2) cimentação provisória com Life e limpeza com pasta de pedra-pomes; (G3) cimentação provisória com Life (Kerr) e limpeza com jato abrasivo; (G4) nenhum procedimento de limpeza foi executado após cimentação com Life; (G5) cimentação provisória com Temp Bond e limpeza com pasta de pedra-pomes; (G6) cimentação provisória com Temp Bond (Kerr) e limpeza com jato abrasivo e (G7) nenhum procedimento de limpeza foi executado após cimentação com Temp Bond. Após uma semana de armazenamento em água, restaurações de Solidex (Shofu) foram cimentadas com adesivo Single Bond (3M ESPE) e cimento Rely X ARC (3M ESPE). Todos os produtos foram manipulados de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. Os dentes foram seccionados obtendo-se espécimes de 1,0 mm2 para realização de teste de microtração. Os valores obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Tukey. Os resultados indicaram que o grupo contaminado com hidróxido de cálcio sem realização da limpeza dentinária apresentou os menores valores de resistência e foi estatisticamente diferente do grupo onde não houve contaminação. Qualquer dos cimentos e métodos de limpeza utilizados obteve as maiores médias de resistência, porém sem diferenças significativas entre elas. / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of provisional cements and dentin cleaning methods on the adhesion of resin bonded indirect restorations. Flat dentin surfaces were produced cutting extracted human molars. The teeth were divided randomly in seven experimental groups according with the provisional cement and the used dentin cleaning method: (G1- control) no provisional restoration and no dentin cleaning; (G2) pumice-water slurry cleaning after cementation with Life (Kerr); (G3) aluminum oxide sandblasting after cementation with Life; (G4) no cleaning procedure after Life cementation; (G5) pumice-water slurry cleaning after cementation with Temp Bond (Kerr); (G6) aluminum oxide sandblasting after cementation with Temp Bond and (G7) no cleaning procedure after Temp Bond cementation. After one week of storing in water, Solidex indirect restorations (Shofu) were cemented with Single Bond adhesive system (3M ESPE) and Rely X ARC cement (3M ESPE). All products were handled according with manufacturer's instructions. The teeth were sectioned resulting in adhesion area of 1,0 mm2 specimens for microtencile tests. The resulted values were submitted to variance analysis and Tukey's test. These values indicated the group which was contaminated with calcium hydroxide cement and had no dentin cleaning presented the lowest bond strength and was statistically different from the group with no contamination. Any of the used cements and cleaning methods got the highest means of bond strength, but with no relevant differences among them. With these results can be concluded that, after the treatment with provisional cements, the absence of dentin cleaning implies in lower bond strength values. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-09-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:01:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 crisci_fs_dr_arafo.pdf: 2406575 bytes, checksum: 7ed8c4c8f95948faa1e0430e502e380a (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente estudo avaliou o efeito do laser de baixa intensidade diodo semicondutor de arseneto de gálio e alumínio em exposições pulpares induzidas e nos tecidos apicais e periapicais após tratamento endodôntico em dentes de macacos. Nas exposições pulpares, foi avaliado efeito do laser infra-vermelho associado ao hidróxido de cálcio, variando o tempo de aplicação, onde utilizou-se quatro macacos, totalizando 24 dentes, distribuídos em quatro grupos experimentais: Grupo I: Laser 2,5 segundos (dentes incisivos), Grupo II: Laser 40 segundos (dentes incisivos), Grupo III: Laser 40 segundos (dentes prémolares) e Grupo IV: Controle sem Laser (dentes pré-molares), por um período de 55 dias. Quanto ao efeito do laser sobre a agressividade tecidual do cimento endodôntico óxido de zinco e eugenol (OZE), após tratamento endodôntico nos tecidos apicais e periapicais, foi comparando o laser vermelho com o infravermelho, utilizando quatro macacos, totalizando 24 dentes, distribuídos em três grupos experimentais: Grupo I (Laser Vermelho), Grupo II (laser Infra-Vermelho) e Grupo III (Controle: Sem Laser), por um período de 22 dias. Decorrido os períodos experimentais de cada estudo, os animais foram mortos, os dentes ou peças removidas e preparadas para análise histológica. De acordo com a proposta e as condições específicas deste trabalho, os resultados nos permitem concluir que nas exposições pulpares, a irradiação com laser infra-vermelho (40 segundos) diminuiu a reação inflamatória e induziu a organização tecidual, bem como na formação da barreira mineralizada, apresentando diferenças estatísticas significantes entre os grupos (p<0,05), tendo como melhor resultado a irradiação com laser infra-vermelho (40 segundos), já nos tecidos apicais e periapicais a irradiação... / The present study evaluated the effect of the laser of low intensity diode semiconductor of gallium aluminum arsenide in exposed pulp induced in apical and periapical tissues after endodontic treatment in teeth of monkeys. In the exposed pulp, the effect of the laser infra-red associated to the hydroxide of calcium was evaluated varying the time of application, being used 04 monkeys, totaling 24 teeth, distributed in four experimental groups: Group I: Laser 2,5 seconds (incisive teeth), Group II: Laser 40 seconds (incisive teeth), Group III: Laser 40 seconds (premolar teeth) and Group IV: Control without Laser (premolar teeth), for a period of 55 days. As for the effect of the laser on the tissue aggressiveness of the endodontic zinco oxide and eugenol (OZE) sealer, after endodontic treatment o in the apical and Periapical tissues, the red laser was compared with the laser infra-red, using 04 monkeys, totaling 24 teeth, distributed in 03 experimental groups: Group I (Red Laser), Group II (Infra-red laser) and Group III (it Controls: Without Laser), for a period of 22 days. After the experimental periods of each study, the animals were killed, the teeth or pieces were removed and prepared for histological analysis. In agreement with the proposal and the specific conditions of this study work, the results allow to conclude us that in exposed pulp infra-red laser irradiation (40 seconds.) reduced the inflammatory reaction and induced the tissue organization, as well as the mineralized barrier formation and in apical and periapical tissues infra-red laser irradiation stimulated the cells of the periodontal tissue inducing periapical repair.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-02-02T13:27:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 2209770 bytes, checksum: f1ff3ca285ff26a080821defd683aad9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-02T13:27:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 2209770 bytes, checksum: f1ff3ca285ff26a080821defd683aad9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-14 / Eugenol's ability to reduce nociception and act in the inflammatory process has gained great prominence in the scientific community, emerging interest in researching the ortho-eugenol also has these same activities. Researching ortho-eugenol’s antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activity, and its possible mechanisms of action is therefore of interest. The administration of vehicle, ortho-eugenol (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg i.p), morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p) or dexamethasone (2 mg/kg, s.c) occurred thirty minutes before the completion of pharmacological tests. The experiments started with psychopharmacological screening and determination of the LD50. The effect of ortho-eugenol on motor coordination in mice was investigated in the rota-rod test. The antinociceptive activity was assessed using chemical tests (test of writhing induced by acetic acid, formalin, test and glutamate) and thermal (hot plate test). To study the role of the adrenergic system, was administered α2-adrenergic antagonist, yohimbine, fifteen minutes before the ortho-eugenol injection the test of writhing induced by acetic acid. The test vascular permeability induced by acetic acid and peritonitis test were used to assess the anti-inflammatory effects of ortho-eugenol in mice. In the test of peritonitis, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and phosphorylated forms of NF-kB and p38 were analyzed in peritoneal fluid. In the behavioral pharmacological screening, the different doses tested ortho-eugenol (200, 225, 250, 300 e 400 mg/kg, i.p.)psicodepressoras showed behavioral changes such as decreased ambulation, and especially analgesia. The LD50 was 307.5 mg / kg, with a confidence interval between 212.1 and 446.0 mg / kg body weight for male and female mice. Pretreatment with ortho-eugenol did not change Rota-rod test coordination test results, but reduced the number of writhes and licking times in the glutamate assay. The reaction time from thermal stimulus was significantly increased in the hot plate test after administration of ortho-eugenol. Treatment with yohimbine reversed the antinociceptive effect of ortho-eugenol, suggesting involvement of the adrenergic system. In anti-inflammatory tests, ortho-eugenol inhibited acetic acid induced vascular permeability and leukocyte migration, reducing TNF-α and IL-1β by virtue of its suppression of NF-kB and p38 phosphorylated forms in the peritonitis test. From these results, ortho-eugenol antinociceptive effects mediated by the adrenergic system and anti-inflammatory activity through regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and phosphorylation of NF-kB and p38 become evident for the first time. / A capacidade do eugenol em reduzir a nocicepção e agir no processo inflamatório tem ganhado grande destaque na comunidade cientifica, surgindo o interesse em pesquisar se o orto-eugenol também possui essas mesmas atividades. Diante disso, surgiu interesse em pesquisar a atividade antinociceptiva e anti-inflamatória do orto-eugenol e seus possíveis mecanismos de ação. A administração do veículo (Tween 80 mais água destilada), orto-eugenol (50, 75 e 100 mg/kg, i.p.), morfina (10 mg/kg, i.p.) ou dexametasona (2 mg/kg, s.c.) aconteceram trinta minutos antes da realização dos testes farmacológicos. Os experimentos iniciaram com a triagem psicofarmacológica e determinação da DL50. O efeito do orto-eugenol sobre a coordenação motora de camundongos foi investigada no teste do Rota-rod. A atividade antinociceptiva foi avaliada utilizando testes químicos (teste das contorções abdominais induzidas pelo ácido acético, teste da formalina e teste do glutamato) e térmico (teste da placa quente). Para estudar a participação do sistema adrenérgico, administrou-se o antagonista adrenérgico α2, ioimbina, quinze minutos antes da injeção do orto-eugenol no teste das contorções induzidas pelo ácido acético. O teste da permeabilidade vascular induzida pelo ácido acético e o teste da peritonite foram utilizados para avaliar o efeito anti-inflamatório do orto-eugenol em camundongos. No teste da peritonite, os níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e as formas fosforiladas de NF-κB e de p38 foram analisados no líquido peritoneal. Na triagem farmacológica comportamental, as diferentes doses testadas do orto-eugenol (200, 225, 250, 300 e 400 mg/kg, i.p.) apresentaram alterações comportamentais psicodepressoras, tais como ambulação diminuída e, principalmente, analgesia. A DL50 foi de 307,5 mg/kg, com intervalo de confiança entre 212,1 e 446,0 mg/kg de peso corporal para camundongos machos e fêmeas. O pré-tratamento com o orto-eugenol não alterou a coordenação motora no teste do Rota-rod, mas reduziu o número de contorções abdominais, o tempo de lambida no teste do glutamato e ambas as fases do teste da formalina. O tempo de reação ao estímulo térmico foi significativamente aumentando no teste da placa quente, após a administração do orto-eugenol. O tratamento com a ioimbina reverteu o efeito antinociceptivo do orto-eugenol, sugerindo ativação do sistema adrenérgico. Nos testes anti-inflamatórios, o orto-eugenol inibiu o aumento da permeabilidade vascular induzida por ácido acético e a migração de leucócitos via redução dos níveis de TNF-α e IL-1β em virtude da supressão das formas fosforiladas de NF-κB e p38 no teste da peritonite. Diante desses resultados, torna-se evidente, pela primeira vez o efeito antinociceptivo mediado pelo receptor adrenérgico α2 e atividade anti-inflamatória por meio da regulação de citocinas pró-inflamatórias e fosforilação de NF-κB e p38.

En la presente Tesis Doctoral se han usado diferentes estrategias para incorporar compuestos activos no volátiles y volátiles en películas biodegradables a base de almidón (S) procedente de diferentes fuentes, quitosano (CH) y mezclas CH:S. Se evaluaron las propiedades funcionales de las películas y las cinéticas de liberación del compuesto activo debido a la incorporación de los polifenoles del tomillo (TE) y del ácido tánico (TA). Además, las propiedades funcionales y cinéticas de liberación de películas de almidón obtenidos por casting o por termoconformado también fueron evaluados en función de la adición de eugenol (E) en forma libre o previamente encapsulado con diferentes materiales (proteína de suero de leche (WP) o lecitinas (LE) junto con maltodextrinas como agente coadyuvante). Los productos microencapsulados en polvo fueron obtenidos por atomización. El efecto de la incorporación de ácido oleico (OA) en los encapsulados, como soporte para el E, y CH, como estabilizador potencial de las capsulas también fue estudiado. Las diferentes formulaciones fueron caracterizadas antes y después del secado en términos de eficiencia de encapsulación (EE), estabilidad térmica, cinéticas de liberación y capacidad antioxidante y antimicrobiana. Los resultados mostraron que TE confirió a las películas de S y CH actividad antioxidante. Los polifenoles (TE y TA) interaccionaron con las cadenas de CH y actuaron como agentes de entrecruzamiento, mejorando el comportamiento mecánico de las películas y reduciendo la velocidad de liberación y la cantidad de polifenol liberado de las películas en agua y en disoluciones acuosas de etanol. El efecto opuesto fue observado cuando el TE fue incorporado en la matriz de S pura. Todas las películas con TE fueron más oscuras, más rojizas y menos transparentes, especialmente las matrices de S:TE, lo que sugiere que los compuestos de TE fueron escasamente encapsulados. Éstas películas mostraron la liberación más rápida y la mayor proporción de TE liberado. Se observó una buena EE en los polvos sin CH (87-98%). Sin embargo, el empleo de CH provocó una disminución de la EE en los polvos formulados con WP y con LE (22% y 46%, respectivamente). Las formulaciones mostraron un comportamiento similar en cuanto a la liberación de E en simulantes alimentarios de diferente polaridad, donde prácticamente el contenido de E fue liberado a una velocidad similar. El efecto antibacteriano de polvos sin CH contra E. coli fue coherente con su contenido de eugenol. Un efecto adicional positivo de OA se detectó en la actividad antilisteria de este polvo. El proceso de moldeo por termocompresión de las películas provocó importantes pérdidas de E (80-65%), minimizadas cuando se utilizó OA en las microcápsulas. En las películas con E no encapsulado, se promovió la retención de E debido a la formación de complejos S-E. La presencia de E microencapsulado aumentó las discontinuidades en la matriz polimérica, produciendo películas menos resistentes y elásticas. Las propiedades barrera se mejoraron al agregar microencapsulados a las películas, a excepción de las microcápsulas con OA. La liberación de E de las películas se vio afectada por la microcápsula, su composición y el simulante alimentario. En la película de S obtenida por casting, la adición de polvo E microencapsulado en las dispersiones formadoras de película modificó la microestructura de las películas, que fueron menos resistentes y menos elásticas con un contenido reducido de humedad, y una menor transparencia y permeabilidad al oxígeno en comparación con las películas formuladas con E no encapsulado. La adición de E microencapsulado con OA promovió la actividad antioxidante de las películas, especialmente en los simulantes alimenticios menos polares. Las películas S-EOA-LE fueron efectivas para prevenir la oxidación del aceite de girasol durante 53 días de almacenamiento a 30°C. / In the present Doctoral Thesis, different strategies have been used to incorporate non-volatile (polyphenols from thyme extract) and a volatile active compound (eugenol) into biodegradable films prepared with starch (S) of different sources or chitosan (CH) or with mixtures of CH:S. The functional properties and release kinetics of casted films prepared with pea starch or CH or CH:S blends were evaluated as affected by the incorporation of polyphenols from an aqueous thyme extract (TE) and tannic acid (TA), a polyphenol which was used as a cross-linking agent. Moreover, the functional properties and release kinetics of corn starch films, obtained by casting or by thermo-compression moulding, were evaluated as a function of the addition of eugenol (E) in free form or pre-encapsulated with different wall materials. In order to encapsulate E, whey protein isolate (WP) or soy lecithin (LE), as wall material, and maltodextrin (MD), as drying coadjuvant, were selected. Microencapsulate powders were obtained by spray-drying. The effect of the addition of oleic acid (OA), as eugenol carrier, and CH, as a potential capsule stabilizer, was also analysed. The different formulations were characterized before and after drying, in terms of encapsulation efficiency, thermal stability, release kinetics and antioxidant capacity and antimicrobial activity. Results showed that TE provided pea starch and chitosan films with antioxidant activity. Polyphenols (TE and TA) interacted with CH chains and acted as cross-linkers, thus improving the tensile behaviour of films and reducing the release rate and the amount of polyphenol released from the films in water and ethanol aqueous solutions. The opposite effect was observed when TE was incorporated into the pure S matrix. All the films became darker, more reddish and less transparent when TE was incorporated, and this effect was more marked in pure S matrices, which suggests that the TE compounds were poorly encapsulated. Thus, S:TE films showed the fastest delivery rate and the highest delivery ratio of TE. A good encapsulation efficiency (EE) of E was observed in the CH-free powders (87-98%). However, the use of CH provoked a marked EE decrease in both WP and LE powders (22% and 46%, respectively). The formulations exhibited similar E release behaviour in food simulants of different polarity, where practically the total E content was delivered at a similar rate. The antibacterial effect of CH-free powders against E. coli was also coherent with their eugenol content. An additional positive effect of OA was detected in terms of the antilisterial action of this powder. The process of thermo-compression moulding of the films led to important E losses (80-65%), which were minimised when using OA in the microcapsules (EOA-WP or EOA-LE). In the films containing non-encapsulated E, the retention of E was promoted due to the formation of E-starch complexes. The presence of microencapsulated eugenol increased the presence of discontinuities in the polymeric matrix, thus yielding films that were mechanically less resistant and stretchable, except for E-LE-S films, which became more resistant to break. The barrier properties were improved when adding microencapsulates to the films, except for OA-based microcapsules. Eugenol release from the films was affected by microcapsule, their composition and the food simulant. In starch film obtained by casting, the addition of microencapsulated eugenol powder in starch film-forming dispersions modified film microstructure, yielding less resistant and less elastic films with reduced moisture content, transparency and oxygen permeability as compared to casted films formulated with non-encapsulated eugenol. The addition of eugenol microencapsulated with OA promoted the preservation of the antioxidant activity of the films, especially in less polar food simulants. S-EOA-LE films were effective in preventing sunflower oil oxidation during 53 days of storage at 30¿C. / En la present Tesi Doctoral s'han usat diferents estratègies per a incorporar compostos actius no volàtils i volàtils en pel·lícules biodegradables a base de midó (S) procedent de diferents fonts, quitosano (CH) i mescles CH:S. Es van avaluar les propietats funcionals de les pel·lícules i les cinètiques d'alliberament del compost actiu a causa de la incorporació dels polifenoles del timó (TE) i de l'àcid tànnic (TA). A més, les propietats funcionals i cinètiques d'alliberament de pel·lícules de midó obtinguts per càsting o per termoconformat també van ser avaluats en funció de l'addició d'eugenol (E) en forma lliure o prèviament encapsulat amb diversos materials (proteïna de sèrum de llet (WP) o lecitines (LE) junt amb maltodextrines com a agent coadjuvant). Els productes microencapsulats en pols van ser obtinguts per atomització. L'efecte de la incorporació d'àcid oleic (OA) en els encapsulats, com a suport per al E, i CH, com estabilitzador potencial de les càpsules també va ser estudiat. Les diferents formulacions van ser caracteritzades abans i després de l'assecat en termes d'eficiència d'encapsulació (EE), estabilitat tèrmica, cinètiques d'alliberament i capacitat antioxidant i antimicrobiana. Els resultats van mostrar que es va conferir a les pel·lícules de S i CH activitat antioxidant. Els polifenols (TE i TA) van interaccionar amb les cadenes de CH i van actuar com a agents d'entrecreuament, millorant el comportament mecànic de les pel·lícules i reduint la velocitat d'alliberament i la quantitat de polifenol alliberat de les pel·lícules en aigua i en dissolucions aquoses d'etanol. L'efecte oposat va ser observat quan el TE va ser incorporat en la matriu de S pura. Totes les pel·lícules amb TE van ser més fosques, més rogenques i menys transparents, especialment les matrius de S:TE, la qual cosa suggerix que els compostos de TE van ser escassament encapsulats. Estes pel·lícules van mostrar l'alliberament més ràpid i la major proporció de TE alliberat. Es va observar una bona EE en les pols sense CH (87-98%). No obstant, la incorporació de CH va provocar una disminució de l'EE en les pols formulats amb WP i amb LE (22% i 46%, respectivament). Les formulacions van mostrar un comportament semblant quant a l'alliberament de E en simulants alimentaris de diferent polaritat, on pràcticament el contingut de E va ser alliberat a una velocitat semblant. L'efecte antibacterià de pols sense CH contra E. coli va ser coherent amb el seu contingut d'eugenol. Un efecte addicional positiu d'OA es va detectar en l'activitat antilisteria d'esta pols. El procés de modelat per termocompresió de les pel·lícules va provocar importants pèrdues de E (80-65%) , minimitzades quan es va utilitzar OA en les microcàpsules. En les pel·lícules amb E no encapsulat, es va promoure la retenció de E a causa de la formació de complexos S-E. La presència de E microencapsulat va augmentar les discontinuïtats en la matriu polimérica, produint pel·lícules menys resistents i elàstiques. Les propietats barrera es van millorar a l'agregar microencapsulats a les pel·lícules, a excepció de les microcàpsules amb OA. L'alliberament de E de les pel·lícules es va veure afectada per la microcàpsula, la seua composició i el simulant alimentari. En la pel·lícula de S obtinguda per càsting, l'addició de pols E microencapsulat en les dispersions formadores de pel·lícula va modificar la microestructura de les pel·lícules, que van ser menys resistents i menys elàstiques amb un contingut reduït d'humitat, i una menor transparència i permeabilitat a l'oxigen en comparació amb les pel·lícules formulades amb E no encapsulat. L'addició de E microencapsulat amb OA va promoure l'activitat antioxidant de les pel·lícules, especialment en els simulants alimentaris menys polars. Les pel·lícules S-EOA-LE van ser efectives per a previndre l'oxidació de l'oli de gira-sol durant 53 dies d'em / Talón Argente, E. (2018). INCORPORATION OF ACTIVE COMPONENTS IN BIOPOLYMER-BASED FILMS FOR FOOD USE [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/101283 / TESIS