Магистерская диссертация посвящена изучению гармонизации речевого общения. При возникновении сложностей в речевом общении, когда взаимодействие адресата и адресанта переходит в зону конфликтной коммуникации, функцию гармонизации речи нередко выполняет метаязыковая рефлексия. Цель диссертации – выявление метаязыковых операторов, гармонизирующих общение, указывающих на единицы, которые способствуют либо смягчению, либо огрублению информации. / Master thesis is devoted to the study of harmonization of verbal communication. If you experience difficulties in speech communication, when the interaction of the addressee and the addresser transferred to the zone of conflict communication, the function of harmonization of speech often performs metalinguistic reflection. The purpose of the thesis is to identify metalinguistic statements that harmonize the communication and indicate units, which contribute to either mitigation, or hard information.

The topic of this paper is analysis of euphemization and dysphemization in political discourse. Euphemia and dysphemia are quite a specific language phenomenon. The uniqueness of these phenomena lies in their ability to reflect social, cultural and moral values, peculiarities of worldview not only of individuals, but also of modern society as a whole. Euphemisms and dysphemisms depend entirely on the assessments in society of a certain phenomenon, on the definition of what is acceptable and what is not. Hence the need to systematical study of these phenomena in relation to cultural and social changes. The relevance of the work is due to the increasing interest of philologists in the functional side of the language. Modern researchers pay attention to those linguistic phenomena that reflect the changes in the consciousness of the current society. In the context of teaching methodology and intercultural communication, these phenomena are also very significant, they make it possible to understand the realities of another country. / Темой данной работы является анализ феноменов эвфемизации и дисфемизации на базе политического дискурса. Эвфемия и дисфемия представляют собой довольно специфический языковой феномен. Уникальность данных явлений заключается в их способности отражать социальные, культурные и нравственные ценности, особенности мировоззрения и мышления не только отдельных личностей, но и современного общества в целом, так как эвфемизмы и дисфемизмы полностью зависят от принятых в социуме оценок тех или иных явлений, от определения того, что является приличным, допустимым, а что нет. Отсюда следует необходимость их систематического изучения в связи с культурными и социальными изменениями, приводящими к развитию и отмиранию различных форм табу. Актуальность работы обуславливается возрастающим интересом филологов к функциональной стороне языка. Современные исследователи обращают внимания на те языковедческие изменения, которые отражают перемены, происходящие в сознании нынешнего общества, все больше внимания уделяется изучению лингвистических тенденций, к которым стремится социум. В контексте методики преподавания и межкультурной коммуникации данные феномены являются также очень значительными, они позволяют понять реалии другой страны, которым безусловно необходимо обучать изучающих язык.

Диссертация посвящена идентификации стратегий эвфемизации/дисфемизации при освещении конфликта в Нагорном Карабахе англоязычными СМИ. Показано, что обе стратегии в равной степени связаны с цитированием участников Второй Карабахской войны (Азербайджана и Армении). Осуществлена попытка идентифицировать «медийное поведение» конфликтующих сторон, не желающих брать на себя ответственность за эскалацию конфликта, но готовых отстаивать свои права на спорную территорию. / The paper is devoted to the identification of euphemization/dysphemization strategies in Nagorno-Karabakh conflict as covered by the English-language media. It is shown that both strategies are equally related to quoting the participants of the Second Karabakh War (Azerbaijan and Armenia). An attempt was made to identify the «media behavior» of the conflicting parties, who do not want to take responsibility for the escalation of the conflict, but are ready to defend their territorial rights.

Ce travail se situe dans le cadre de la Théorie Standard Étendue, à laquelle certaines modifications sont apportées, notamment quant à l’association d’une règle sémantique aux opérations transformationnelles. Il est montré que ce type d’approche permet d’assigner à chaque phrase une description sémantique (une forme logique) apte à représenter un phénomène crucial comme la présupposition (sémantique). L’étude empirique porte sur la périphrase verbale « venir de + infinitif » et ses équivalents dans plusieurs langues qui recourent soit à une autre périphrase (par exemple, l’espagnol « acabar de + infinitif »), soit à l’emploi d’un adverbe (latin « modo », anglais « just », etc.) accompagnant une forme de parfait ou de prétérit. On soutient qu’à ces expressions de surface très diverses correspond une forme logique sous-jacente combinant un opérateur d’accompli à un opérateur de restriction portant sur un adverbe de temps (« maintenant » / « alors », etc.). De nombreux phénomènes, tant synchroniques que diachroniques, trouvent leur explication dans un tel cadre, en particulier la concurrence entre « venir de + infinitif » et « ne faire que (de) + infinitif » dans l’histoire du français.<p><p>This research work has been carried out in the framework of a modified version of Extended Standard Theory where semantic rules are associated to transformations. It is shown that this approach allows assigning to each sentence a semantic description (i.e. a logical form) able to represent such a crucial phenomenon as (semantic) presupposition. The empirical study bears on the French verbal periphrasis « venir de + infinitive » and its equivalents in several languages where we find either another periphrasis (like, for instance, Spanish « acabar de + infinitive ») or an adverb (Latin « modo », English « just », etc.) modifying a perfect or preterite form. It is argued that such highly diverse surface forms should receive an underlying logical form that combines an « accomplished/completed » operator to a restriction operator taking a time adverb (« now » / « then », etc.) under its scope. Numerous synchronic or diachronic data can be accounted for in such a framework, in particular the competition between « venir de + infinitive » and « ne faire que (de) + infinitive » in the history of French.<p> / Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation langue et littérature / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Taboo and noa in communication. Realization of linguistic taboos in the print media. This thesis deals with issues of the taboo and noa in language and communication. The core of this thesis is to identify the essential tabooed themes in contemporary society and ways of their linguistic realization in the print media. In the theoretical part of this thesis is the first explained substance of the terms such as taboo, noa, communication and linguistic taboos with regard to the interrelations between these terms. In the empirical part are then defined tabooed themes occurring in the concrete texts of the diary Mladá fronta DNES and Blesk and of the periodical Rytmus života and ways of their linguistic grasping. The thesis focuses above all on the manifestations of speech restrictions in the lexical plan of the language.

Tout discours obéit à la règle de l’interdit, l’euphémisme représente un moyen de détournement par excellence, permettant d’éviter « les paroles de mauvais augure » pour dire « des paroles de bon augure ». Il joue le rôle d’un « déodorant du langage » comme le disent Jamet et Jobert. Bref, l’euphémisme est à l’opposé d’un langage âpre, le dysphémisme. L’intérêt de ce dernier, n’est pas la rupture avec les associations du mot tabou, mais bien au contraire, dans le fait qu’il s’efforce de les évoquer avec plus d’intensité. Pourtant, l’euphémisme et le dysphémisme, loin de se réduire à des procédés banals qui font l’objet d’une simple substitution lexicale du terme interdit, sont avant tout des phénomènes éminemment énonciatifs dont la valeur dépend du contexte. Ainsi, l’euphémisme ou le dysphémisme n’existe pas en lui-même, mais en fonction de sa situation de communication et de sa reconnaissance par le récepteur. Notre réflexion s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une analyse pragma-linguistique de l’euphémisme et du dysphémisme en langue espagnole. Notre objectif majeur est d’interroger le processus d’euphémisation et le processus dysphémique : d’un côté, selon une approche sémantico-lexicale qui se limite à une substitution du tabou par le biais des procédures linguistiques euphémiques ou dysphémiques, et de l’autre, selon une approche pragmatique, par laquelle le signe tabou acquiert sa valeur en fonction de son entourage contextuel, et dans laquelle l’euphémisme ou le dysphémisme sont considérés comme des actes de langage. Nous voulons par ce choix illustrer qu’au plan discursif l’euphémisme et le dysphémisme sont l’objet d’une visée communicative différente de celle du plan proprement linguistique ou sémantique. / Any discourse obeys the rule of prohibition; the euphemism is a means of diversion by excellence, to avoid "ominous words" to mean "auspicious words." It acts as a "deodorant language" as Jamet and Jobert say. In short, the euphemism is the opposite of a harsh language, the dysphemism. The advantage of the latter, is not breaking with the associations of the taboo word, but rather is that it strives to evoke with greater intensity. Yet the euphemism and dysphemism, far from being reduced to mundane processes that are the subject of a simple lexical substitution of the prohibited term, they are above all eminently enunciative phenomena whose value depends on the context. Thus, the euphemism or dysphemism does not exist in itself, but according to the communication situation and its recognition by the receiver. Our thinking is part of a pragma-linguistic analysis of the Spanish language of euphemism and dysphemism. Our major objective is to question the process of both euphemism and dysphemism: on one side, according to a semantic-lexical approach that is limited to a substitution of the taboo through linguistic procedures of euphemism or dysphemism, and on the other side, according to a pragmatic approach in which the taboo sign acquires its value based on its contextual surroundings, and in which the euphemism or dysphemism are considered acts of language. We want to illustrate that by this choice at the discursive plan the euphemism and the dysphemism are subject to different communicative focus than the strictly linguistic or semantic plan.

Text in Afrikaans / An account of certain functional aspects of Afrikaans exocentric compounds is presented in this dissertation. This study builds on the preliminary survey presented in the dissertation 'n Korpusanalise van Afrikaanse eksosentriese komposita (Van Niekerk, 2001). Exemplary material is obtained from an extensive corpus, consisting of lexicographical and academic matter, as well as colloquial spoken language. Language is man's primary means of communication, used to convey knowledge and information. Lexical items are used to name and refer to all kinds of concepts, aspects, objects, persons and other references. Of particular importance to this study, however, is the expressive functionality of language, whereby it is used as an instrument to voice affect, judgement, opinion, perception and other emotional aspects. Exocentric compounds are singled out as lexemes of particular importance, utilized by Afrikaans speakers/writers to express themselves referentially and emotionally. In this study the researcher has endeavored to describe and explain certain aspects of exocentric compounds in terms of the cognitive process of conceptual blending, as explained in The way we think by Fauconnier and Turner (2003). Exocentric compounding is highly functional with regard to etnobiological naming of botanic and zoological references, especially as bahuvrihi compounds. More prominent, however, is the use of compounds to voice a wide variety of expressive values and connotations, both positive and negative. Humor is constantly referred to as probably the most important function of exocentric compounds. Other expressive functional aspects of exocentric compounds are discussed, such as insult, scorn and ridicule in nicknames and slurs, the softening effect of euphemism in contrast to the intensifying effect of dysphemism, idiomaticity, irony, et cetera, some of these aspects overlapping significantly. Exocentric compounds are creatively used as highly descriptive expressions in the informal register of colloquial Afrikaans, as well as in different dialects and sociolinguistic varieties. Based on observations in connection with the diverse use and optimal functionality of exocentric compounds in domains of every possible kind, the conclusion is reached that exocentric compounds is an essential part of the Afrikaans lexicon. / Afrikaans & Theory of Literature / D.Litt. et Phil.(Afrikaans)

Text in English / This study examines and discovers the translation strategies as employed in the Sesotho sa Leboa translation of Mandela's Long Walk to Freedom. Mandela's Long Walk to Freedom was published in 1995 and was translated into Sesotho sa Leboa by S M Serudu in 2001. The Sesotho sa Leboa translation of the life history of Mandela, Leetotelele go ya Tokologong (Long Walk to Freedom) is one of the four completed translations to date that form part of the assignment to translate the original text into the official languages of South Africa. The aim of this study is to investigate the translation strategies used to transfer linguistic and cultural items in the translation of Mandela's autobiography. The study is mainly qualitative and examines the strategies employed by Serudu. For data collection, the source and target texts of Mandela's Long Walk to Freedom as well as the semi-structured face-to-face interviews with four translators into Sesotho sa Leboa, isiZulu, isiXhosa and Afrikaans were used. The study is based on the Descriptive Translation Studies Theory, Bassnett and Lefevere's "cultural turn" as well as the domestication and foreignization strategies. In this case, it investigates if Serudu has domesticated and/or foreignized his translation. The findings revealed that Serudu domesticated his translation by using metaphors, similes, personification, euphemism, hyperbole, proverbs, idioms and the use of descriptive words. Foreignization was also found when the translator dealt with the borrowing and loaning of words where most of the concepts were transferred, Sotholised, retained and transferred, as they were, especially culture specific items. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)

Text in Afrikaans / An account of certain functional aspects of Afrikaans exocentric compounds is presented in this dissertation. This study builds on the preliminary survey presented in the dissertation 'n Korpusanalise van Afrikaanse eksosentriese komposita (Van Niekerk, 2001). Exemplary material is obtained from an extensive corpus, consisting of lexicographical and academic matter, as well as colloquial spoken language. Language is man's primary means of communication, used to convey knowledge and information. Lexical items are used to name and refer to all kinds of concepts, aspects, objects, persons and other references. Of particular importance to this study, however, is the expressive functionality of language, whereby it is used as an instrument to voice affect, judgement, opinion, perception and other emotional aspects. Exocentric compounds are singled out as lexemes of particular importance, utilized by Afrikaans speakers/writers to express themselves referentially and emotionally. In this study the researcher has endeavored to describe and explain certain aspects of exocentric compounds in terms of the cognitive process of conceptual blending, as explained in The way we think by Fauconnier and Turner (2003). Exocentric compounding is highly functional with regard to etnobiological naming of botanic and zoological references, especially as bahuvrihi compounds. More prominent, however, is the use of compounds to voice a wide variety of expressive values and connotations, both positive and negative. Humor is constantly referred to as probably the most important function of exocentric compounds. Other expressive functional aspects of exocentric compounds are discussed, such as insult, scorn and ridicule in nicknames and slurs, the softening effect of euphemism in contrast to the intensifying effect of dysphemism, idiomaticity, irony, et cetera, some of these aspects overlapping significantly. Exocentric compounds are creatively used as highly descriptive expressions in the informal register of colloquial Afrikaans, as well as in different dialects and sociolinguistic varieties. Based on observations in connection with the diverse use and optimal functionality of exocentric compounds in domains of every possible kind, the conclusion is reached that exocentric compounds is an essential part of the Afrikaans lexicon. / Afrikaans and Theory of Literature / D.Litt. et Phil.(Afrikaans)