This essay deals with translation issues arising when translating a German source text dealing with the field of riding history into Swedish. More specifically, the analysis focuses on translation problems and solutions in regard to figures of speech, namely metaphors, metonymies and similies. The metaphors in the source text were divided into three categories depending on their origin, whether they were lexical, conventional or private metaphors. Also the translations of the figures of speech were divided into three categories depending on how the translations were made. The first is called sensu stricto, because the image in the source and the target language correspond here. The second category is called substitution because the image in the source language is shown with another image in the target language. The last category is called paraphrase because the image in the source language is translated with a non figurative expression.

<p>The aim of this study was to find out if there are any differences in the use of metaphors and similes in children’s literature translated from Swedish into English. With two books selected by the same Swedish author, three groups of metaphors were studied -- structural, orientational and ontological metaphors -- as well as two groups of similes -- same image and similar image similes. The result showed that the Swedish versions of the two books contained more metaphors than the English versions, whereas the similes occurred to the same extent in both languages. </p>

The aim of this study was to find out if there are any differences in the use of metaphors and similes in children’s literature translated from Swedish into English. With two books selected by the same Swedish author, three groups of metaphors were studied -- structural, orientational and ontological metaphors -- as well as two groups of similes -- same image and similar image similes. The result showed that the Swedish versions of the two books contained more metaphors than the English versions, whereas the similes occurred to the same extent in both languages.

The present dissertation investigates similes and their importance in Eichendorff’s narrative work. The sources of the investigation consist of seven of Eichendorff’s narratives. Their 734 similes make up the corpus, which is presented in its entirety in the appendix. The context of the similes is partly included as well. Initially, I define the concept of “simile” more precisely, partly distancing myself from the definitions found in classical dictionaries of literary terms. After this, I describe my procedure for analysis in detail. This turned out to be necessary, since there was no similar study to be found on this topic in the extensive literature on Eichendorff. The search for models of types of similes brought me back to antique rhetoric as well as to Middle High German epic poems. In the first analysis, the types of similes occurring in the corpus are presented. The syntactic structures of image receivers and image givers are used as criteria. Four structures of similes occurred: a) classical similes and b) similes with image givers, which represent adverbial clauses and c) as / as if – clauses or are d) subject-related. The frequency and the development of frequency of types of similes are presented as well. In the second step of the thesis, I investigate whether similes tend to depict conditions/qualities or procedures/actions. It turned out that similes reflecting conditions/qualities, i.e. epic similes, dominated strongly. The high number of similes could possibly be explained by the functions carried out by epic similes in narrative texts. In the third part, I concern myself with the question whether the similes of the corpus are imaginative representations only and what kind of sensorial perceptions they express. Admittedly, the dominating percentage of the similes proved to be images, but more than fifteen per cent consist of sounds and other sensorial perceptions. Furthermore, imaginative similes, but also sounding similes express motion, so that they illustrate pictures in motion and sounding motion respectively. These come close to synaesthesia, whereas only five similes illustrate „pure“ synaesthesia. In contrast, subject-related similes are perceptions of different sensations and feelings, illustrating the inner life of a character not shared by any other character. Finally, the semantic content of the similes is investigated in order to determine the metamorphosis, i.e. the trope transfer from proprium to improprium. It turned out that only the classical simile originating in antique rhetoric is suitable for a semantic analysis. Above all, there is great variation in the trope transfer. The metamorphosis human being → nature dominates strongly, which makes the narrative text appear as a palimpsest, in which yet another world glimmer in front of the human being behind every character. However, the many trope transfers that convey reality → unreality could be interpreted as transitions and as a “magical code” of Eichendorff. Furthermore, the semantic analysis uncovers content and motives of classical similes. It becomes clear that pre-constructed – and only pre-constructed - content is imitated here. Consequently, it can be asserted that Eichendorff’s great number of similes constitute or at least contribute to the formulaic manner (according to Kohlschmidt) and the intertextuality (according to Nienhaus) in Eichendorff’s narrative work. Above all, the subject-related simile type turns out to be a typical representative of Romanticism because of its subjectivism. Together with its preformed semantic content, it constitutes the “romantic formula” of Eichendorff’s work.

The thesis is about Serbian phraseology, specifically about a survey of knowledge and usage frequency of selected Serbian similes. It provides short summary of phraseographic history and development of phraseology and idiomatics on the territory of Czech Republic, Serbia and Croatia. It also gives theoretical description of phraseology and idiomatics and it focuses in great detail on similes. It deals with survey of knowledge and usage frequency of some Serbian similes based on questionnaires. It dedicates to an external factors that influence knowledge and usage of selected group of similes. A small Serbian-Czech dictionary with phrasemes from the questionnaire is included. Keywords: phraseology - similes - Serbian language - questionnaire

Orientador: João Yabu-Uti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-19T23:38:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Khalifa_ElhadiAhmed._M.pdf: 6289563 bytes, checksum: 8017c80fd3e193bfd33082abf5e1d780 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1994 / Resumo: Não informado / Abstract: Not informed. / Mestrado / Eletronica e Comunicações / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Similes are present in all kinds of verbal communication as they can exemplify difficult concepts by comparing them to more familiar ones, create unique imagery by combining two unexpected topics or help a person express their thoughts more accurately. However, they can be problematic to translate, especially in subtitles, where both time and space are limited. This study reveals what kinds of strategies Swedish and Finnish translators use when they translate various types of similes in the subtitles of the American sitcom How I Met your Mother and compares the preferences between the two target languages. The results show the most frequent approach is to translate word-for-word, while a wide range of alternative translations also exists in spite of the differences between the two target texts. / <p>Författarens ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9999-9210</p>

Unga personer som lider av den kroniska sjukdomen fibromyalgi upplever att jämnåriga anhöriga ofta har svårt att förstå vad sjukdomen innebär och hur den påverkar vardagen för den som har det. I detta examensarbete i Informationsdesign undersöks hur berättartekniska och retoriska grepp kan användas i text och bild för att öka förståelsen för hur det är att leva med fibromyalgi. Denna studie består av en teoretisk del och en praktisk del. I den teoretiska delen presenteras teorier kopplade till retorik, berättarteknik och multimodalitet samt tidigare forskning inom berättarteknik. Här används även tre metoder: kvalitativa intervjuer, enkätundersökning och användartest på målgruppen. Den teoretiska delen lägger grunden för den praktiska delen där ett gestaltningsförslag av ett informationsmaterial presenteras. Denna studie har genom teorier och metoder kommit fram till att vissa retoriska stilfigurer och troper samt berättartekniska grepp i text och bild bör vara effektiva för att informera om fibromyalgi så att unga anhöriga förstår. Dessa är främst metaforer, liknelser, anaforen, direkt anföring och en talspråklig stil som förstärker känslan av personlighet. Detta utesluter dock inte att det finns fler troper, figurer och grepp som kan fungera väl i detta syfte, men dessa har inte undersökts i denna studie. / Young people suffering from the chronic illness fibromyalgia experience that peers in their proximity have a hard time understanding what the illness means, feels, and how it affects the everyday life. This thesis in Information Design explores how the use of narrative and rhetorical devices in text and pictures can raise the understanding of life with fibromyalgia. This thesis consists of one theoretical and one practical part. The theoretical part addresses theories concerning rhetoric, narrative and multimodality. Three methods are used in this part: qualitative interviews, a survey, and a user experience test performed on the target audience. The theoretical part works as a foundation for the practical part in which a design proposal of an informative material is presented. This thesis has concluded that narrative and some rhetorical devices are effective when informing young people about living with fibromyalgia. These rhetorical devices are metaphors, similes, anaphora. First and second person perspective, and a colloquial writing style that emphasizes the personality in a text are also shown to be effective. This does not exclude the effectiveness of other tropes, figures and devices, but they have not been part of this study.

Cette thèse aborde le problème de la détection automatique des comparaisons figuratives dans des textes littéraires en prose écrits en français ou en anglais et propose un canevas pour décrire ces comparaisons d’un point de vue stylistique. Une comparaison figurative correspond ici à toute structure syntaxique qui met en parallèle au moins deux entités, déroge au principe de compositionnalité et crée une image mentale dans l’esprit de ceux à qui elle est destinée.Trois éléments principaux distinguent notre approche des travaux précédents : son ancrage dans les théories linguistiques et cognitives sur les comparaisons littérales et figuratives, sa capacité à gérer des marqueurs appartenant à différentes catégories grammaticales et sa flexibilité qui lui permet d’envisager différents scénarios syntaxiques. De fait, nous proposons une méthode comprenant trois modules complémentaires : - un module syntaxique qui utilise des dépendances syntaxiques et des règles manuelles pour identifier les comparaisons potentielles ainsi que leurs composantes ;- un module sémantique qui mesure la saillance des motifs détectés et la similarité sémantique des termes comparés en se basant sur une base de données préétablie ;- et un module d’annotation qui fournit entre autres des informations sur le type de comparaison (idiomatique, sensorielle…) et sur les catégories sémantiques employées.Pour finir, au vu des données recueillies au cours des deux campagnes d’annotation que nous avons menées, il paraît clair que la détection automatique des comparaisons figuratives doit tenir compte de plusieurs facteurs parmi lesquels la saillance, la catégorisation et la syntaxe de la phrase. / This thesis tackles the problem of the automatic recognition of similes in literary texts written in English or in French and proposes a framework to describe them from a stylistic perspective. For the purpose of this study, a simile has been defined as a syntactic structure that draws a parallel between at least two entities, lacks compositionality and is able to create an image in the receiver’s mind.Three main points differentiate the proposed approach from existing ones: it is strongly influenced by cognitive and linguistic theories on similes and comparisons, it takes into consideration a wide range of markers and it can adapt to diverse syntactic scenarios. Concretely speaking, it relies on three interconnected modules: - a syntactic module, which extracts potential simile candidates and identifies their components using grammatical roles and a set of handcrafted rules, - a semantic module which separates creative similes from both idiomatic similes and literal comparisons based on the salience of the ground and semantic similarity computed from data automatically retrieved from machine-readable dictionaries;- and an annotation module which makes use of the XML format and gives among others information on the type of comparisons (idiomatic, perceptual…) and on the semantic categories used.Finally, the two annotation tasks we designed show that the automatic detection of figuration in similes must take into consideration.Finally, the two annotation tasks we designed show that the automatic detection of figuration in similes must take into consideration a series of features among which salience, categorisation and the sentence syntax.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o último livro de poesia de Mário de Andrade, Lira Paulistana, com especial atenção para o longo poema A meditação sobre o Tietê, cujo aspecto mais importante é a figuração do estado de derrelição da voz poética, manifestado num permanente efeito de pungência em todo o poema. A derrelição é fruto da percepção de uma impossibilidade experimentada como contradição insolúvel de encontrar a alteridade autêntica e, por meio dela,o sentido da própria identidade. A raiz desse conflito é social. Pela análise do poema, procura-se demonstrar que a contradição insolúvel encontra sua formalização literária no limiar da morte. / The objective of this paper is to analyze the last poetry book from Brazilian author Mário de Andrade, Lira Paulistana, giving special attention to the long poem \"A meditação sobre o Tietê\". The most important aspect of this poem is the portraying of the state of dereliction of the poetic voice. This state is manifested by a permanent effect of poignancy throughout the poem. The dereliction is born from the perception of an impossibility ? experienced as an insoluble contradiction ? of finding genuine otherness and, through it, the sense of the own identity. This conflict has a social source. The analysis of the poem tries to demonstrate that the insoluble contradiction finds its literary formalization in the threshold of death.