Eine gezielte bewegungstherapeutische Intervention verbessert den Glukosestoffwechsel, reduziert den Grad der Adipositas und belegt einen antiinflammatorischen Effekt. Ungeklärt ist dabei, in welchem Zeitintervall sich die jeweiligen Risikoparameter Adipositas, Glukosestoffwechsel und chronische Entzündungsreaktionen, in einer 12-monatigen Kontroll-Interventionsstudie bei Patienten mit gestörter Glukosetoleranz (IGT) im Vergleich zu einer Rosiglitazontherapie und einer unbehandelten Kontrollgruppe adaptieren. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurden 60 Patienten aus einer Population von 500 Probanden mittels 2-Stunden oralem Glukose Toleranztest (2h-oGTT) als Patienten mit gestörter Glukosetoleranz identifiziert und randomisiert den zwei Therapiearmen, Rosiglitazon- und Bewegungstherapie, sowie einer Kontrollgruppe zugeführt. Es werden dabei die Effekte einer 3-mal wöchentlichen Bewegungstherapie auf den Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Hip Ratio (WHR), Fasting Plasma Insulin (FPI), Fasting Plasma Glukose (FPG), HbA1c, 2h-oGTT, maximale Sauerstoffaufnahme (VO2max) sowie Interleukin 6 (IL6) und C-reaktives Protein (CrP) nach 1, 6 und 12 Monaten untersucht. Die Bewegungstherapie erzielt nach 1 Monat eine signifikante Verbesserung der Adipositas und des Glukosestoffwechsels. Eine Reduzierung der chronischen Entzündungsreaktion via IL6 konnte nach 12 Monaten erreicht werden. Im vergleichbaren Zeitraum zeigt die Kontrollgruppe keine statistischen Änderungen des BMI, des WHR und der inflammatorischen Parameter. Die Insulinsensitivität verminderte sich in der Kontrollgruppe signifikant innerhalb von 12 Monaten. Unter Applikation von täglich 4 mg Rosiglitazon verbessert sich der Glukosestoffwechsel nach 6 Monaten. Änderungen des Grades der Adipositas und der chronischen Entzündungsreaktion konnten nicht erzielt werden. Die Untersuchungen belegen den hohen Stellenwert der Bewegungstherapie in der Behandlung von IGT-Patienten als Standardtherapieoption. Die Bewegungstherapie sollte mindestens 3-mal wöchentlich als kombiniertes Kraft- und Ausdauertraining bei einer Intensität von 70 - 85 % VO2max und 70 - 85 % 1RM erfolgen.:1 Hintergrund und Ziel der Arbeit 2 Studiendesign und Methoden 3 Ergebnisse 3.1 Einfluss der Bewegungstherapie auf den Gewichtsverlust 3.2 Einfluss der Bewegungstherapie auf den Glukosestoffwechsel 3.3 Einfluss der Bewegungstherapie auf chronische Entzündungsreaktionen 3.4 Einfluss des IL6-Polymorphismus IL6-SNP -174G/C 4 Schlussfolgerung 5 Literaturverzeichnis 6 Publikation Long-term exercise training decreases interleukin-6 (IL6) Serum levels in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: effect of the -174G/C variant in IL6 gene 7 Zusammenfassung 8 Anhang Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit Lebenslauf und wissenschaftlicher Werdegang Danksagung

Physical activity is a well-known protective factor against poorer mental health outcomes. Feelings of depression, social isolation, and stress have increased since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Public health measures implemented to mitigate the spread of the virus have had some unintended consequences on older adults’ physical and mental health. Researchers and government officials recommend physical activity to minimize the negative psychological and physiological impacts of COVID-19. However, older adults have generally shown less moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and positive behavioural adaptations during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting a need for physical activity programs and strategies targeted for older adults. Filling this gap, the current study developed and implemented a remote exercise training program for older adults. Employing a measurement burst design with repeated ecological momentary assessments, the current longitudinal randomized control study examined the dynamic relationships of physical activity, depressive symptoms, social isolation, and COVID-19 related stress in older adults. The results from multilevel model analyses showed: (1) the exercise training program was effective in increasing physical activity; (2) sex, age, and group assignment were significant predictors of physical activity; (3) physical activity did not reduce depressive symptoms over time; (4) social isolation is directly associated with depressive symptoms; and (5) COVID-19 stress is inversely associated with depressive symptoms. At-home physical activity programming could be an effective way to increase physical activity among older adults; thus, more research into at-home physical activity programs is needed. / Graduate

No description available.

As of 2012, 233,000 Canadians were reported to be living with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 2.5% of which were <18 years of age. In Ontario, the incidence of pediatric IBD is ~11.8 per 100,000 population, which is one of the highest rates in the world. Youth with IBD experience numerous health problems secondary to their diagnosis, including poor fitness and lower lean mass. The extent to which youth with IBD can respond to an exercise training program designed to improve fitness remains unknown. The aim of this thesis was to assess the safety, feasibility and physiological efficacy of an exercise training program for youth in remission from IBD. Additionally, we attempted to understand the barriers and facilitators to physical activity in this population. A total of 104 patients were approached to participate in this study, 18 demonstrated interest and 11 consented to participate. Ten youth (nine males, age: 15.4±1.2 years) with IBD completed the study. Participants trained three times per week (2d in lab, 1d at home) for 16 weeks. Training sessions lasted 30 to 60 minutes, and consisted of a customized combination of aerobic and resistance exercises. Fat mass and lean mass were measured via Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. Isometric and isokinetic torque of elbow flexion and knee extension were evaluated using an isokinetic dynamometer system. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) and peak mechanical power (Wpeak) were determined using the McMaster All-Out Continuous cycling test. Barriers and facilitators to physical activity were measured via qualitative interviews pre-training. Body composition, muscle strength and aerobic fitness variables were measured at baseline, after 8 weeks, and after 16 weeks of training. Participants completed 89.1±5.2% of lab training sessions and 55.0±26.5% of home training sessions. There were significant increases in whole body lean mass (p<0.001), isokinetic knee extension strength (p<0.05) and Wpeak (p<0.001) over the course of the training program with small, moderate and large effect sizes respectively. All participants were in remission post-training, demonstrated small deviations in features of disease activity and reported no adverse events with training. Participants described similar barriers and facilitators to physical activity, to those of the general public, such as lack of access to facilities and peer support, respectively. Additionally barriers and facilitators unique to individuals with this condition were identified including the physical burden of disease (e.g., episodic abdominal pain) and creating modifications to activities to facilitate accessibility. Our results demonstrate that exercise training in youth in remission from IBD is safe, feasible and has the capacity to counteract a broad range of secondary symptoms such as deficits in lean mass, muscle weakness and aerobic deconditioning. Youth with IBD should be encouraged to exercise on a regular basis. Results from this study will inform the design of a larger, randomized controlled trial. / Thesis / Master of Science in Kinesiology

<p>Obesity is associated with an increase in low grade systemic inflammation. Skeletal muscle of individuals with obesity undergo numerous biochemical and morphological alterations including an increase in ectopic lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle and increased macrophage infiltration. Increased intermuscular adipose tissue and macrophages contribute to skeletal muscle inflammation and insulin resistance by secreting elevated proinflammatory cytokines and lipids. This also contributes to reduction in skeletal muscle quality, increasing the susceptibility of muscle to damage and impairing the regenerative response to muscle. Exercise training can reduce inflammation and improve skeletal muscle quality. Importantly reductions in inflammation occur without change in adiposity. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor g coactivator 1-a (PGC-1a) exerts protective effects on skeletal muscle against damaging insults and may improve muscle regeneration.</p><p> The primary aim of my dissertation was to determine the mechanisms that lead to deficits in skeletal muscle integrity and regeneration in persons with obesity. In Chapter 1, an introduction to the various physiological, pathological, and clinical topics is provided. In Chapter 2, we investigated how exercise training and obesity independently alter skeletal muscle extracellular vesicle (EV) miRNA (miR) content. We found that obesity alters EV miR content indicative of altered anabolic signaling, while exercise training altered EV miR content in a manner indicative of reduced inflammation. In Chapter 3, we report that overexpression of PGC-1a reduces cardiotoxin induced damage of primary human myotubes but limits the ability of undifferentiated cells to reenter the cell cycle and produce progeny that could aid in the restoration of myotubes. In Chapter 4, we demonstrate that exposure to an obesogenic environment increases cardiotoxin induced damage of primary human myotubes from obese donors. In this study we also found that the restoration of myotube fusion index was reduced in lean and obese subjects when incubated with obesogenic media. In Chapter 5 is a review and summary of the outcomes described in Chapters 2-4, a discussion of the limitations of these experiments, and a discussion of future directions.</p>

Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) often presents as intermittent claudication, which may be caused by impaired vasodilation. Impairment of resistance vessels may contribute to the pathogenesis of PAOD, and explain the poor correlation between resting blood flow and limb function. Collateral function following arterial occlusion is not well defined, however collaterals and arterialized collateral capillaries (ACCs) in male and female animal models exhibit impaired vasodilation following arterial occlusion, which can potentially be improved with exercise training. Furthermore, resistance vessels in the ischemic tree and stem are likely involved in the pathogenesis of PAOD, however the relative importance of each is unknown. Therefore, we measured functional vasodilation in pre-existing collaterals, ACCs, the ischemic tree, and the stem region, 7 and 21-days following spinotrapezius feed artery ligation in male and female BALB/c mice, and with exercise therapy. Vasodilation in ACCs was more impaired in female mice than in males. Generally, vasodilation was impaired at day-7, likely due to impaired endothelium-dependent and smooth muscle-dependent vasodilation in maturing collaterals, and recovered by day-21. Exercise training appears to enhance collateral reactivity, more in ACCs in males than in females, suggesting that its therapeutic benefits are linked not only to structural adaptation but also to vessel functionality. Therefore, future research is required to determine the cause of sex differences in exercise therapy to treat peripheral arterial occlusive disease.

No description available.

No description available.

Introduction: Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide, and the risk increases as age increases. Additionally, chronic inflammation is highly prevalent in older adults, and is associated with cancer. In this respect, physical activity (PA) seems to act as a preventive tool of both cancer, and chronic inflammation, by exerting anti-inflammatory properties. However, current knowledge on links between physical activity and inflammatory biomarkers in older adults remains limited. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the association between objectively assessed time in different physical activity intensities and pro-, and anti-inflammatory intermediated biomarkers of cancer risk in older European adults. Material and Methods: Men and women older adults (aged 65-79 years; N = 888) were recruited from four European centers. Accelerometer-based assessment of daily time spent sedentary (SED), in light (LPA), and in moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) PA was conducted. The inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, tumor growth factor-β1, leptin, interleukin-10 and adiponectin were assessed in blood samples using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and standardized procedures were used to define indicators of the metabolic syndrome. Linear regression analysis based on isotemporal substitution modelling with 30-minutes periods of different physical activity intensities was used and the analysis was stratified by biological sex. Results: Replacing 30 minutes of either SED or LPA with a corresponding time in MVPA was associated to reduced CRP levels in older men and women (P &lt; 0.05). In older women, reduced leptin levels were associated with reallocation of time spent in SED with both LPA and MVPA, and with reallocation of time spent in LPA with MVPA (P &lt; 0.05). In older men, replacing time in SED with either LPA or MVPA (P &lt; 0.01) resulted in significantly reduced leptin levels. Finally, reallocation of 30 minutes in either SED or LPA with MVPA was associated with elevated adiponectin levels in older women only (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: This study suggests that different important cancer-related biomarkers of chronic inflammation in older adults are affected by different intensity thresholds of physical activity and that the impact of physical activity is independent of several important confounding factors, including smoking, disease risk and medication.

African Americans have the highest prevalence of hypertension in the world which may emanate from their predisposition to heightened endothelial inflammation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vivo influence of aerobic exercise training (AEXT) on the anti-inflammatory biomarker interleukin-10 (IL-10), the inflammatory biomarkers interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), the endothelial activation marker CD62E+ endothelial microparticle (EMP), and the vasodilatory biomarker nitric oxide (NO) in an African American cohort. A secondary purpose was to conduct a complementary in vitro study on the influence of IL-10 and laminar shear stress (LSS) on African American endothelial cells. In Vivo Methods: The subjects were sedentary, putatively healthy, 45-71 y/o African American men and women. A pre-post study design was employed with baseline and post-intervention evaluations of office blood pressure, fasting blood sampling, and graded exercise testing. Subjects engaged in AEXT three times per week for six months at an intensity equivalent to 65% of their VO2max. Plasma concentrations of IL-10 and IL-6 were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Levels of nitric oxide metabolites (NOx) were determined using a modified Griess assay. Plasma samples for CRP were sent to Quest Diagnostics Inc. for analysis. Circulating CD62E+ EMPs were quantified using a flow cytometer. In Vitro Methods: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) from an African American donor were cultured and exposed to four experimental conditions: Static, Static with IL-10 Incubation, LSS at 20 dynes/cm2, and LSS at 20 dynes/cm2 with IL-10 Incubation. Western blotting experiments were conducted to measure endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression and its phosphorylated form (p-eNOS) at Serine 1177 in the cells in all four conditions. A modified Griess assay was used to measure NOx in the cell culture supernatant. In Vivo Results: There was a significant increase in NO (n=24; p=0.002), a significant decrease in IL-6 (n=32; p=0.04), a significant decrease in CRP (n=37; p=0.01), and a significant decrease in CD62E+ EMPs (n=28; pIn Vitro Results: Protein expression levels of both eNOS and p-eNOS were significantly increased in the LSS at 20 dynes/cm2 and LSS at 20 dynes/cm2 with IL-10 Incubation experimental conditions when compared to the Static experimental condition. NO concentration levels were significantly increased in the LSS at 20 dynes/cm2 and LSS at 20 dynes/cm2 with IL-10 Incubation experimental conditions when compared to the Static experimental condition. Conclusion: Based on these results, AEXT may be a viable, non-pharmacologic method to improve vascular inflammation status and vasodilation, and thereby contribute to reduced hypertension and cardiovascular disease risk in African Americans. / Kinesiology