Cette étude qualitative descriptive de type exploratoire avait pour but l’exploration de la perception des adolescents et des experts en sécurité routière sur les campagnes de sensibilisation actuelles et les programmes de prévention en sécurité routière s’adressant aux adolescents, afin de proposer de nouvelles pistes d’action en prévention des accidents de la route. Le modèle de planification Precede/Proceed de Green et Kreuter (2005) a été utilisé comme cadre de référence. Un groupe de discussion a été réalisé auprès de huit adolescents et des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été réalisées auprès de trois experts en sécurité routière. Les résultats montrent que peu de similitudes existent entre les propos des adolescents et ceux des experts en sécurité routière. Par contre, les similitudes portent sur des aspects importants en sécurité routière comme la prise du risque à l’adolescence, l’implication des parents et l’implication du milieu scolaire. Les résultats de cette étude fourniront aux décideurs de programmes de prévention ou aux personnes agissant de près ou de loin auprès de cette clientèle des pistes de recherches et d’actions pour de futures interventions prometteuses en prévention des accidents de la route chez les adolescents afin de réduire le nombre d’accidents chez les jeunes conducteurs. / The goal of this qualitative, descriptive, exploratory study is to explore road safety experts and adolescents perceptions of current public awareness campaigns and road safety prevention programs aimed at adolescents, in order to find ways to prevent car accidents. Green & Kreuter’s Precede/Proceed Planning Model (2005) is the frame of reference used. A focus discussion group composed of eight adolescents and semi-directed interviews with three road safety experts were conducted. The results show very few similarities between the perceptions of adolescents and those of road safety experts. However, both agree on vital aspects of road safety, such as risk-taking during adolescence, and the involvement of parents and school environments. Also, the road safety experts comments were very similar to each other. The results of this study are important for people responsible of prevention campaigns and people working with this clientele. It provides research avenues and action plans focused on the prevention of car accidents in order to decrease the number of car accidents involving young drivers.

Résumé indisponible. / Résumé indisponible.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-09-24T15:31:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Letícia Saltiél Webber_.pdf: 2312766 bytes, checksum: fce9a826a78e0df02fc42136d807f22f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-24T15:31:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Letícia Saltiél Webber_.pdf: 2312766 bytes, checksum: fce9a826a78e0df02fc42136d807f22f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-07 / Nenhuma / O desenvolvimento municipal depende de fatores que afetam a capacidade de gerar emprego e renda, de aumentar suas receitas e de realizar investimentos. Esse problema envolve várias forças sociais como o governo, as entidades que promovem o conhecimento, os empresários e a sociedade. Com a intenção de modificar o ambiente no qual se vive e auxiliar o município de Osório/RS a encontrar alternativas para amenizar os problemas locais, idealizou-se a implementação de um parque tecnológico na cidade. O município carece de um norteamento para a implantação do parque tecnológico, dessa forma, para a efetivação dessa iniciativa, apresenta-se o objetivo dessa dissertação, que é propor um roteiro indicando quais as diretrizes necessárias para a criação de um parque tecnológico para o município de Osório e a forma de sensibilização dos atores da tríplice hélice e da sociedade. A proposta contempla um roteiro de procedimentos que devem ser executadas para viabilizar a implementação do parque, inspirado no modelo de governança da tríplice hélice. O cumprimento dos objetivos foi possível através da pesquisa documental com abordagem exploratória qualitativa, que permitiu o acesso e análises de dados; da pesquisa-ação, que promoveu a interação dos atores envolvidos; e teve o direcionamento dos passos para a criação do roteiro conforme a Design Science Research com as sugestões dos Experts. Essa movimentação pôde ser registrada num Caderno de Campo. Com a pesquisa, foi possível observar que o município apresenta um desenvolvimento regular motivado principalmente pela falta de investimentos e que necessita aumentar o emprego e a renda, que diminuíram em função da diminuição da capacidade produtiva e do envelhecimento da população. Ainda que, a implantação do parque tecnológico estruturante voltado para tecnologia, com governança nos moldes da tríplice hélice, auxiliaria no desenvolvimento local, consoante as sugestões dos Experts. Assim, o roteiro proposto para a criação do parque tecnológico já logrou êxito visto que várias etapas propostas já foram realizadas. / The municipal development depends on factors that affect the ability to generate jobs and income, to increase their revenue and undertake investments. This problem involves various social forces as the Government, entities that promote knowledge, entrepreneurs and the society. With the intent to modify the environment in which one lives and assist the municipality of Osório/RS to find alternatives to alleviate local problems, idealized implementation of a technological park in the city. The city lacks a providing guidance for the implementation of the technology park, in this way, for the implementation of this initiative, the goal of this dissertation is to propose a roadmap indicating what the guidelines required for the creation of a park technology for the city of Osório and the form of awareness of the triple helix and actors of society. The proposal includes a script for procedures that must be performed to enable implementation of the Park, inspired by the model of governance of the triple helix. The achievement of the goals was possible through documentary research with exploratory qualitative approach, which allowed the access and analysis of data; the action research, which promoted the interaction of actors involved; and had the direction of the steps to the creation of the script as a Design Science Research with suggestions from Experts. This movement could be recorded in a field Notebook. With the survey, it was possible to observe that the municipality presents a regular development motivated principally by lack of investment and that it needs to increase employment and income, which decreased due to the decrease in production capacity and the aging of the population. Although the deployment of structuring technology-oriented technology park, with governance along the lines of the triple helix, would assist in local development, according to the suggestions of Experts. Thus, the proposed roadmap for the creation of the technological park has already achieved success since several steps have already been made proposals.

A travers une enquête prosopographique sur les 480 experts officiels (periti) du concile Vatican II, cette thèse interroge à nouveaux frais l’histoire des idées et des réseaux à l’intérieur du catholicisme au cours du second vingtième siècle. En s’intéressant aux acteurs et à leurs points de vue subjectifs, à leurs trajectoires mais également aux médiations institutionnelles et aux sociabilités dans lesquelles ils sont pris, on s’attache à inscrire cet « événement » et ses suites dans les conditions historiques et sociales de sa production. Structuré entre un pôle institutionnel (le gouvernement de l’Église, diocésain ou romain, mais aussi l’enseignement) et un pôle prophétique (les pionniers dans les mouvements d’Église et les chercheurs), le champ religieux, étudié au prisme du groupe des periti, apparaît comme un espace où les prises de position renvoient largement aux positions occupées. Or le concile, s’il ne transforme pas le champ étudié, perturbe un temps les mécanismes ordinaires de légitimation des discours de vérité, et modifie, pour certains experts, les positions dans ce champ. Les carrières postérieures de nombre d’entre eux confirment un réajustement relatif de leurs propres prises de position, comme de celles de l’institution, tout en consacrant les positions de pouvoir d’une nouvelle génération. Répercutés dans, et modifiés par la logique conciliaire, ces débats situent le concile dans une histoire plus longue du catholicisme. A son tour, la cartographie dynamique de l’espace théologique qui se dessine aide à placer la théologie dans une histoire internationale des circulations intellectuelles, celles des idées comme celles des hommes. / Based on a prosopographic investigation of the 480 official experts (periti) at the Second Vatican Council, this thesis revisits the history of ideas and networks of twentieth century Catholicism. By focusing on individual protagonists, their points of view, their trajectories as well as the interpersonal relationships and institutional mediations they are involved in, this research aims to reposition this event and its aftermath in the life history of the Church as determined by its historical and social conditions of production. The Catholic field is structured by a tense relation between an institutional center (comprising the government of the Church, be it local – diocesan, or global – Roman, and the teaching institutions) and a prophetic pole (the Church movements’ pioneers and the researchers). Studying the periti group, it appears that intellectual or theological stances often relate to positions held in the field. Although it does not ultimately transform the field itself, the council temporarily disrupts the ordinary process through which truth speeches are legitimized inside the institution, and alters some of the experts’ position in the field. Research into the later careers of a few of them confirm the relative readjustment of their own stands, as well as of those of the whole institution, while consolidating the positions of power of a new generation in the Church administration. As they are echoed and modified by the conciliar logic, these debates place the council in a longer Catholic history. In return, this dynamic cartography of Catholic ideas contributes to a better understanding of the place of theology in a global history of the intellectual networks, involving ideas and people.

L'émergence du Web 2.0 a changé la façon avec laquelle les gens recherchent et obtiennent des informations sur internet. Entre sites communautaires spécialisés, réseaux sociaux, l'utilisateur doit faire face à une grande quantité d'informations. Les sites communautaires de questions réponses représentent un moyen facile et rapide pour obtenir des réponses à n'importe quelle question qu'une personne se pose. Tout ce qu'il suffit de faire c'est de déposer une question sur un de ces sites et d'attendre qu'un autre utilisateur lui réponde. Dans ces sites communautaires, nous voulons identifier les personnes très compétentes. Ce sont des utilisateurs importants qui partagent leurs connaissances avec les autres membres de leurs communauté. Ainsi la détection des experts est devenue une tache très importantes, car elle permet de garantir la qualité des réponses postées sur les différents sites. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une mesure générale d'expertise fondée sur la théorie des fonctions de croyances. Cette théorie nous permet de gérer l'incertitude présente dans toutes les données émanant du monde réel. D'abord et afin d'identifier ces experts parmi la foule d'utilisateurs présents dans la communauté, nous nous sommes intéressés à identifier des attributs qui permettent de décrire le comportement de chaque individus. Nous avons ensuite développé un modèle statistique fondé sur la théorie des fonctions de croyance pour estimer l'expertise générale des usagers de la plateforme. Cette mesure nous a permis de classifier les différents utilisateurs et de détecter les plus experts d'entre eux. Par la suite, nous proposons une analyse temporelle pour étudier l'évolution temporelle des utilisateurs pendant plusieurs mois. Pour cette partie, nous décrirons com- ment les différents usagers peuvent évoluer au cours de leur activité dans la plateforme. En outre, nous nous sommes également intéressés à la détection des experts potentiels pendant les premiers mois de leurs inscriptions dans un site. L'efficacité de ces approches a été validée par des données réelles provenant de Stack Overflow. / During the last decade, people have changed the way they seek information online. Between question answering communities, specialized websites, social networks, the Web has become one of the most widespread platforms for information exchange and retrieval. Question answering communities provide an easy and quick way to search for information needed in any topic. The user has to only ask a question and wait for the other members of the community to respond. Any person posting a question intends to have accurate and helpful answers. Within these platforms, we want to find experts. They are key users that share their knowledge with the other members of the community. Expert detection in question answering communities has become important for several reasons such as providing high quality content, getting valuable answers, etc. In this thesis, we are interested in proposing a general measure of expertise based on the theory of belief functions. Also called the mathematical theory of evidence, it is one of the most well known approaches for reasoning under uncertainty. In order to identify experts among other users in the community, we have focused on finding the most important features that describe every individual. Next, we have developed a model founded on the theory of belief functions to estimate the general expertise of the contributors. This measure will allow us to classify users and detect the most knowledgeable persons. Therefore, once this metric defined, we look at the temporal evolution of users' behavior over time. We propose an analysis of users activity for several months in community. For this temporal investigation, we will describe how do users evolve during their time spent within the platform. Besides, we are also interested on detecting potential experts during the beginning of their activity. The effectiveness of these approaches is evaluated on real data provided from Stack Overflow.

Cette étude qualitative descriptive de type exploratoire avait pour but l’exploration de la perception des adolescents et des experts en sécurité routière sur les campagnes de sensibilisation actuelles et les programmes de prévention en sécurité routière s’adressant aux adolescents, afin de proposer de nouvelles pistes d’action en prévention des accidents de la route. Le modèle de planification Precede/Proceed de Green et Kreuter (2005) a été utilisé comme cadre de référence. Un groupe de discussion a été réalisé auprès de huit adolescents et des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été réalisées auprès de trois experts en sécurité routière. Les résultats montrent que peu de similitudes existent entre les propos des adolescents et ceux des experts en sécurité routière. Par contre, les similitudes portent sur des aspects importants en sécurité routière comme la prise du risque à l’adolescence, l’implication des parents et l’implication du milieu scolaire. Les résultats de cette étude fourniront aux décideurs de programmes de prévention ou aux personnes agissant de près ou de loin auprès de cette clientèle des pistes de recherches et d’actions pour de futures interventions prometteuses en prévention des accidents de la route chez les adolescents afin de réduire le nombre d’accidents chez les jeunes conducteurs. / The goal of this qualitative, descriptive, exploratory study is to explore road safety experts and adolescents perceptions of current public awareness campaigns and road safety prevention programs aimed at adolescents, in order to find ways to prevent car accidents. Green & Kreuter’s Precede/Proceed Planning Model (2005) is the frame of reference used. A focus discussion group composed of eight adolescents and semi-directed interviews with three road safety experts were conducted. The results show very few similarities between the perceptions of adolescents and those of road safety experts. However, both agree on vital aspects of road safety, such as risk-taking during adolescence, and the involvement of parents and school environments. Also, the road safety experts comments were very similar to each other. The results of this study are important for people responsible of prevention campaigns and people working with this clientele. It provides research avenues and action plans focused on the prevention of car accidents in order to decrease the number of car accidents involving young drivers.

L’innovation est un élément efficace pour répondre aux défis et perspectives imposés par les événements contemporains (mondialisation, concurrence, bouleversements politiques…). Des politiques liées aux stratégies d’innovation, des études sur les pratiques et les méthodes pour innover sont conduites par les entreprises et promues par les gouvernements. Afin de consolider la capacité à créer et innover, des recherches sont aujourd’hui axées sur les phases amont du processus d’innovation. Ces phases consistent à générer, évaluer et exploiter très tôt des innovations embryonnaires. Notre problématique de recherche concerne spécifiquement l’évaluation d’idées générées dans les phases amont. Les enjeux de cette action sont d’évaluer des idées très peu finalisées, en grandes quantités. Actuellement, le manque de méthodes adaptées, des restrictions de temps ou encore des budgets limités contraignent cette phase d’évaluation. Afin de pouvoir proposer une méthode d’aide à l’évaluation d’idées, nous réalisons une étude bibliographique puis proposons une démarche et des outils conduisant à une évaluation d’idées formalisée et instrumentée. Notre proposition permet d’appréhender les informations des évaluations réalisées et fournit des éléments de visualisation pour aider notamment les experts lors de cette action. Cette méthode s’est construite à partir d’analyses de situations professionnelles sur le terrain et nous a permis de proposer trois modèles. Ceux-ci ont été testés et expérimentés en milieu académique et industriel. Enfin, cette recherche s’est concrétisée par l’élaboration d’une maquette informatique nommée IdéoVal destinée à aider l’évaluation et la sélection d’idées / Innovation is an effective element to address the challenges and prospects imposed by the contemporary events (globalization, competition, political changes…). Innovation strategies, studies on the practices and methods to innovate are led by several companies and are promoted by the governments. In order to consolidate the capacity to create and innovate, current researches are focused on the early stages of the innovation process. These phases consist of generating, evaluating and exploiting embryonic innovations very early in the process. Our research problematic is specifically related to the evaluation of ideas generated in the early stages. The issues involving this action are to evaluate a large quantity of ideas that are not yet finalized. Currently, the lack of adapted methods, time restrictions or limited budgets constraint this evaluation stage. In order to propose a method for assisting ideas evaluation, we made a bibliographical study, and then we proposed an approach and tools leading to a formalized and instrumented evaluation of ideas. Our proposal enables the capitalization of the information from the evaluations carried out and provides a visualization of elements to, in particular, help the experts carry out this action. This method was built from the analyses of professional situations in the field and allowed us to propose three models. These models were tested in academic and industrial environments. Finally, this research was materialized by the elaboration of a software model called IdéoVal, which purpose is to help evaluate and select ideas

Dans les industries de hautes technologies, le rythme contemporain de l’innovation se caractérise aujourd’hui par un renouvellement accéléré des produits et par une déstabilisation des dominant designs. Dans ce contexte d’innovation intensive, les organisations industrielles se doivent de se doter de nouvelles capacités d’innovation de rupture pour organiser l’émergence de nouvelles expertises technologiques afin de permettre la conception innovante de nouveaux produits et technologies.Paradoxalement, les enjeux d’expertise et de conception innovante peuvent parfois sembler en opposition ou du moins en tension. L’expertise semble préserver les dominant designs, mais c’est aussi elle qui permet la génération d’expansion conceptuelle. Derrière cette aporie, se posent des questions cruciales sur le management contemporain de l’émergence de l’expertise dans les organisations industrielles en situation d’innovation intensive.A partir d’une démarche exploratoire basée sur une étude de cas longitudinale chez STMicroelectronics, cette thèse s’intéresse aux modèles de gouvernance de l’émergence de l’expertise dans les organisations industrielles. A partir d’une analyse empirique chez STMicroelectronics, ces travaux mettent en évidence que l’émergence de nouvelles expertises s’effectue par une réorganisation et une restructuration profonde des structures d’expertise. Autrement dit, les nouveaux domaines d’expertise émergent à partir de la recomposition des relations d’interdépendance entre les domaines d’expertises existants.Par ailleurs, ces travaux de recherche proposent un modèle formel de l’émergence de l’expertise dans les organisations industrielles. Ce modèle permet d’identifier de nouveaux enjeux managériaux et de mettre en évidence des modèles organisationnels permettant de supporter ces formes d’émergence d’expertise. De nouvelles solutions managériales sont ensuite expérimentées et analysées chez STMicroelectronics. Enfin, la thèse propose une analyse des rôles et missions des experts scientifiques dans les stratégies d’exploration et d’innovation au sein des organisations industrielles. / In science-based industries, the pace of innovation is characterized by accelerated renewal of products and the destabilization of dominant designs. In this context of intensive innovation, industrial organizations have to develop new breakthrough innovation capabilities to organize the emergence of new technological expertise allowing the innovative design of new products and technologies.Paradoxically, expertise and innovation issues can sometimes seem to be in opposition or at least in tension. Expertise seems to preserve the dominant designs, but it also allows the generation of conceptual expansion. Behind this aporia, there are crucial questions about the contemporary management of the emergence of expertise in science-based organizations in a situation of intensive innovation.From on an exploratory approach based on a longitudinal case study at STMicroelectronics, this thesis focuses on governance models for the emergence of expertise in science-based organizations. Based on an empirical analysis carried out by STMicroelectronics, this work shows that the emergence of new expertise is effected by a reorganization and a profound restructuring of the expertise structures. In other words, new areas of expertise emerge from the reconfiguration of interdependent relationships between existing areas of expertise.Moreover, this research suggests a formal model for the emergence of expertise in science-based organizations. This model allows to identify new managerial challenges and to highlight organizational models to support these expertise emergence forms. Then, new management solutions are tested and analyzed at STMicroelectronics. Finally, the thesis analyses scientific experts’ roles and missions in the innovation strategies within science- based organizations.

Based on Risk Communication assumptions, this paper investigates the relationship between sources and journalists in covering disasters, to evaluate what is the role of the journalist and point out some elements that might contribute to a quality coverage. Methodologically, this paper is based on literature review and individual and semi-open interviews. From the analysis of six months of Zero Hora editions, we mapped and interviewed the expert sources used by the newspaper in articles related to disasters involving climate. We also interviewed the journalists authors of disaster related articles, to know how they deal with the challenge of covering climate and how they relate to the experts. Through interviews, this paper presents the capabilities and antagonisms present in the relationship between journalistic and expert sources fields. This dissertation is divided into three chapters. The first chapter, Society and Risk Communication , addresses the concepts of Risk Society and Risk Communication. The second chapter, entitled social fields and journalistic sources in news coverage of disasters , discusses the concept of field, the specifics and relations between fields, and also the concept of source. The last chapter, The vision of experts on the news coverage of disasters , analyzes interviews with the expert sources and journalists and proposes some actions to guide the journalistic work. The analysis of the interviews is divided into two parts. The first concerns the logic and operation of the journalistic field and covers: news values, determination and relationship between sources and experts. The second part seeks to establish elements for a protocol of action and is divided into three parts: Before: the necessity of prevention , Moment of crisis: precautions and limits to journalists in a disaster and After the disaster: the journalistic oversight . The paper concludes that, like other fields, journalism needs protocols for dealing with risk situations. Moreover, there is still much to advance in the dialog between journalistic field and expert sources, a relationship that has incompabilities, especially considering that the two fields follow a different logic. We understand that the journalist can not be just a witness of facts, but must have an intellectual work to analyze it and understand its role within the network of disasters, in view of the social role of journalism. This dissertation is part of the Media and Identity line of research, because it comprises journalism within the sociocentric paradigm and takes into account the actions of society along with journalism, highlighting the active paper of journalists in the production of information. / A partir dos pressupostos da Comunicação de risco, o trabalho investiga as relações entre fontes e jornalistas na cobertura de desastres, para avaliar o papel do jornalista e apontar alguns elementos que possam contribuir com uma cobertura de qualidade. Metodologicamente, o trabalho baseia-se em revisão bibliográfica e em entrevistas individuais e semiabertas. A partir da análise de seis meses de edições Zero Hora, mapeamos e entrevistamos as fontes especializadas utilizadas pelo jornal nas matérias relativas a desastres que envolvem o clima. Também entrevistamos os jornalistas autores de matérias sobre desastres, para saber como eles lidam com o desafio de cobrir o tema e como se relacionam com os especialistas. Por meio das entrevistas, o trabalho apresenta as compatibilidades e os antagonismos presentes na relação entre o campo jornalístico e os campos das fontes especializadas. A dissertação divide-se em três capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, A sociedade e a comunicação no contexto dos riscos , aborda-se o conceito de Sociedade de risco e de Comunicação de risco. O segundo capítulo, intitulado Campos sociais e fontes jornalísticas na cobertura de desastres , discute o conceito de campo, as especificidades e as relações entre os campos, além do conceito de fonte. Já o último capítulo, A visão dos especialistas sobre a cobertura jornalística de desastres , analisa as entrevistas com as fontes especialistas e com os jornalistas e propõe algumas ações para nortear o trabalho jornalístico. A análise das entrevistas está dividida em duas partes. A primeira diz respeito à lógica e ao funcionamento do campo jornalístico e abrange valores-notícias, apuração e relação entre fontes e especialistas. A segunda parte busca estabelecer elementos para um protocolo de ação e está divida em três partes: Antes do desastre: a necessidade da prevenção , Momento de crise: os cuidados e limites para os jornalistas em um desastre e Após o desastre: a fiscalização jornalística . Com o trabalho conclui que, assim como outros campos, o jornalismo precisa de protocolos para lidar com situações de riscos. Além disso, ainda há muito para se avançar no diálogo entre o campo jornalístico e as fontes especializadas, uma relação que apresenta incompatibilidades, principalmente tendo em vista que os campos seguem lógicas diferentes. Entendemos que o jornalista não pode ser apenas um testemunho dos fatos, mas tem que realizar um trabalho intelectual para analisá-lo e compreender a sua função e seu papel dentro da rede de desastres, tendo em vista o papel social do jornalismo. A dissertação insere-se na linha de pesquisa Mídia e identidade porque compreende o jornalismo no interior do paradigma sociocêntrico e leva em consideração as ações da sociedade junto ao jornalismo, destacando o papel ativo dos jornalistas na produção da informação.

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