The local politicians in Sweden are responsible for a great deal of the welfare system why one would assume that there are a lot of demands put on them - demands for certain skills or a certain level of competence. I have in this study tried to find out how the demands on the local representatives concerning the demands for competence and the actual level of competence among the politicians are affecting the local politics. This was done through investigating how the local politicians are perceiving their level of competence and the demands put on them, but also how the employees are perceiving the demands and the level of competence put on the politicians. The study was made in the municipality of Gislaved in Southern Sweden. I was using both quantitative method (an opinion poll among the politicians and employees in the municipality) and qualitative method (interviews with three politicians and three employees and literature studies). In order to investigate the demands for competence I split the concept into “soft” competence (socially and emotionally based skills), and “hard” competence (skills based on knowledge, education and experience). The demands for competence mentioned in the opinion-poll are both “soft” and “hard”: 62 % of the employees put demands of “hard” competence skills on the politicians. 61 % of the politicians put demands of “soft” competence skills on themselves. The interviewed respondents say that certain skills are needed for a certain political mission. I consider the demands for competence as rather high according to the result. The local politicians are not, according to the opinion-poll, having the appropriate competence skills, though many of the respondents (56) answered that they have the competence to a certain degree. It is also noticeable that 33 out of 81 persons say that the employees are only having the competence needed to a certain degree. I consider the level of competence among the local politicians rather low according to the result. The results from the investigations of the demands for competence and the level of competence were put into a model with different outcomes depending on if the level of competence and the demands for competence are high or low. The result from high demands for competence and a level of competence not answering fully to those demands is that these high demands of political skills may put a pressure on the politicians, which may lead to a higher level of competence, an increased quality on the local politics, create a higher degree of confidence in the politicians from the society and an increased interest in political participation, but the high demands could also lead to a feeling of incompetence among the politicians, and that less people will take interest in participating in politics as they wont consider themselves having the demanded skills. So increased demands of competence may lead to both quality and elitism. The non-existing demands of competence of today supports increased amateurism among the local decision makers, and an increase in the rule of experts. If a number of demands would be formalized they could on the other hand create barriers for marginalized groups participation in politics.

Dans l’histoire de la République de Chine, Tsiang Tingfu était un historien et un critique politique, en même temps, il était un politicien représentatif dans la grande vague des « experts en politique ». Ce mémoire se concentre sur sa pensée et ses expériences dans la première moitié de sa vie. Pendant cette période, Tsiang a présenté les caractères de la maturité et l’activité dans sa pensée. En particulier, dans les années de 1930, il a déjà préconisé la pensée la plus importante qui a provoqué un gros débat entre les intellectuels chinois. Au travers des expériences de Tsiang de suivre les études, on fait ressortir que la culture traditionnelle chinoise et la nouvelle éducation occidentale ont conjointement influencé sa pensée. Dans ce mémoire, on analyse ses opinions et ses pratiques en politique et trouve que les noyaux de sa pensée consistent au nationalisme et à son intention de la modernisation chinoise. Au fur et à mesure de l’aggravation de l’invasion japonaise en Chine, la sauvegarde de la nation a occupé la position centrale dans ses opinions, et sa pensée a été devenue conservatrice. En 1935, stimulé par son sens de responsabilité comme un intellectuel, Tsiang a participé au gouvernement nationaliste chinois et a servi ce régime jusqu’à sa retraite. / Tsiang Tingfu was a historian and political critic. In the history of the Republic of China, he was also a representative politician in the wave of "scholar-bureaucrat". This thesis focuses on his thoughts and his experiences in the first half of his life when Tsiang exhibited characteristics of maturity and activity in his thinking. In particular, in the 1930s, as one of the leaders of the public opinion in China, he had advocated most of his important thoughts which triggered a heated discussion among the Chinese intellectuals. Through investigating each step in his educational career, we come to the conclusion that both the Chinese traditional culture and the Western education had shaped his later political and social thinking. By examining his principle political thoughts and his social practices, it is also found that the core of his thoughts lies in the nationalism and his intention of Chinese modernization. As the Japanese invasion intensified in China, saving the nation became his superior value and his thought therefore turned to the conservative. In 1935, prompted by the sense of responsibility as an intellectual, Tsiang participated in the Nationalist government and had served it until his retirement.

Magister Legum - LLM / South Africa

Magister Commercii (Information Management) - MCom(IM) / Knowledge Management has been at the heart of mounting focus over the last several years. Research and literature on the area under discussion has grown and organizations have come to realize that success is often determined by one’s ability to create, disseminate, and embody knowledge in products and services. This realization has led to increased interest in examining the ways in which knowledge can be effectively identified, elicited, codified, distributed and retained.When an employee leaves an organization, the knowledge they possess often goes with them. This loss can potentially have a negative impact on the productivity and quality of the organization. Knowledge Management seeks to find ways to minimize loss of knowledge when an employee leaves an organization. One of the impediments that knowledge management seeks to overcome is the accepted tendency in people to hoard knowledge. People often withhold knowledge when they feel it provides them with a competitive advantage over others. The argument of this study was intended to provide the organization with an approach that it can utilize to facilitate tacit knowledge elicitation by means of the storytelling method.In keeping with Grounded theory principles, and utilising an interpretive approach, stories from Subject Matter Experts were collected and re-coded into fitting knowledge management constructs. The coding of the stories into the various knowledge management constructs was then further refined by means of expert review. Pearson’s cross correlation analysis was also used as a supporting tool to determine and validate that the collected stories were classified correctly under the knowledge management constructs. The research findings eventually demonstrated that storytelling is an effective means of eliciting tacit knowledge from experts. In addition to this, the research has inadvertently resulted in the construction of a knowledge management framework for storytelling.

In the first chapter I define the concept of reasonable consideration by squeeze out on the basis of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and the European Union. In the second chapter are compared basis laws which regulate the purchase of participating securities in the Czech Republic and Slovakia, together with the EU legislation. The third chapter deals with the legislation for the surveys in compared countries. The fifth chapter deals with economic aspects of the determination of adequate consideration in connection with the views of experts in the field. The sixth chapter provides concrete examples of the determination of reasonable consideration in the Czech and Slovak Republic, including the major differences. The final chapter compares legislation in the Czech and Slovak Republics, and proposes ways to eliminate existing deficiencies.

Le statut social humain dépend beaucoup du prestige, une forme de respect accordée de façon consentie aux individus jugés les plus compétents (les experts). Mais comment expliquer ce phénomène, inédit chez les primates ? J’aborde cette question en explorant les fondements émotionnels du lien entre la compétence et le statut social par le biais d’une approche évolutionnaire. Plus particulièrement, je teste l’hypothèse que l’envie et l’admiration sont deux émotions qui sous-tendent l’octroi de prestige et que leur expression est régulée par des programmes neurobiologiques mis en place par la sélection naturelle pour répondre à des enjeux compétitifs et coopératifs inhérents aux experts. Cette hypothèse est issue d’un modèle développé par Henrich et Gil-White (2001), selon lequel l’avènement de la culture humaine aurait créé un environnement où les experts représentent à la fois des rivaux pour le statut et des partenaires de coopération. Bien que ce modèle soit cohérent avec bon nombre de caractéristiques propres à l’envie et à l’admiration, il demeure limité quand il s’agit de prédire leurs patrons d’expression. À l’aide des données issues de la psychologie classique, j’en propose une version ajustée qui en conserve les principes de base, mais dans laquelle l’expression des deux émotions dépend de ce que j’appelle la valeur sociale de l’expert, à savoir ses qualités globales en tant que partenaire social (valeur coopérative) ou en tant que rival (valeur compétitive). Après avoir identifié une douzaine de facteurs affectant la valeur sociale, je mets à l’épreuve le modèle ajusté en testant l’hypothèse que les experts sont soit enviés ou admirés lorsque leurs valeurs compétitives ou coopératives sont respectivement élevées. Pour cela, j’utilise des données récoltées par l’entremise d’un questionnaire en ligne, dans lequel les participants étaient invités à décrire une situation impliquant un expert et ayant suscité chez eux de l’envie ou de l’admiration. D’une façon générale, les résultats de la présente étude ne permettent pas de tirer des conclusions fermes quant à la validité du modèle ajusté. Ils permettent néanmoins d’affirmer que ce modèle est approprié pour rendre compte des patrons d’expression de l’envie et de l’admiration et qu’il mérite d’être davantage exploré pour expliquer le lien entre la compétence et le prestige. Par exemple, les participants admiratifs figuraient parmi ceux qui attribuaient le plus de confiance en la disposition de coopérer des experts. Les participants envieux figuraient quant à eux parmi ceux ayant le plus décrit d’experts dont l’âge et le sexe les rendent plus à même d’être en compétition pour le statut. En étant en adéquation avec des prédictions issues d’un modèle construit à partir de la théorie de l’évolution, les résultats de cette étude appuient l’idée que les comportements humains répondent à des contraintes biologiques, et illustrent l’importance pour l’anthropologie d’intégrer l’approche évolutionnaire pour étudier les phénomènes sociaux complexes. / Human social status depends largely on prestige, a form of deference freely conferred to individuals that are deemed to be highly competent (i.e. experts). I attempt to explain this peculiar phenomenon, absent in other primates, by exploring the emotional and evolutionary underpinnings of the relationship between competence and status. More specifically, I test the hypothesis that prestige relies on envy and admiration and that these emotions are regulated by neurobiological adaptations selected to solve competitive and cooperative problems regarding experts. This hypothesis is based on a model developed by Henrich and Gil-White (2001), according to which, the evolution of human culture created an environment where experts represent both rivals for status and cooperation partners. Although consistent with many characteristics of envy and admiration, Henrich and Gil-White’s model does not provide the necessary framework to predict their manifestation. I propose an adjusted version to address the issue by using data from psychology research. This adjusted model follows the same fundamental principles as its original version, but adds the idea that the expression of envy and admiration depends on an expert’s social value. This value reflects the expert’s overall qualities as an ally (i.e. cooperative value) or as a threat to one’s status (i.e. competitive value). After identifying a dozen factors affecting an individual’s social value, I examine the adjusted model’s validity by challenging the idea that experts are either envied or admired when their competitive or cooperative values are respectively high. To that end, I use original data collected via an online questionnaire, in which participants were asked to describe a past event involving an expert who triggered envy or admiration. Overall, firm conclusions on the model’s validity cannot be drawn from this study alone. The provided results are nevertheless reliable enough to confirm its relevance as an explanation of the expression patterns of envy and admiration, and that the model deserves to be investigated further. For instance, admiring participants trusted significantly more the experts’ willingness to cooperate. Conversely, envious participants were more inclined to report experts whose age and sex made them more likely to be status threatening. By being congruent with evolutionary-based predictions, the results of this study demonstrate that human behaviour responds to biological constraints, and then, underscores the importance for anthropology of incorporating the evolutionary framework to study complex social phenomena.

Erfarenheter från Sverige och internationellt visar att det finns brister i förmågan att hantera kriser. Det är framför allt förmåga att agera tillsammans och samordnat med olika aktörer som behöver utvecklas. I detta visar även forskning att det blir allt vanligare att arbeta i tillfälliga team, inom vilka externa experter i ledande befattning ofta tillsätts för att kunna hantera pågående kriser. Syftet med denna studie har varit att få en djupare förståelse för potentiella framgångsfaktorer och utmaningar som tillfälliga team och dess ledare kan möta under pågående kriser. Utifrån en kvalitativ ansats genomfördes sex semistrukturerade intervjuer med deltagare som har erfarenhet av att verka som externa experter i ledande befattning i tillfälliga team. Under intervjuerna beskrev deltagarna sina upplevelser, tolkningar och erfarenheter av att arbeta under dessa omständigheter. Resultatet av det insamlade materialet resulterade i fyra framträdande dimensioner: organisatoriska faktorer, ledarskap, teamfaktorer och individfaktorer. Samtliga dimensioner påverkar arbetet i varierande grad under pågående kris och inkluderar såväl framgångsfaktorer som utmaningar. Det framkom också att respektive dimension inte bör ses som en självständig enhet, utan som en del av en nödvändig synergi där samtliga dimensioner påverkar varandra. Att kunna arbeta tillsammans i samspel med andra framkom som avgörande faktor för att på bästa sätt kunna hantera pågående kriser. Ingen enskild individ, tillfälligt team eller aktör kan ensam på ett framgångsrikt vis hantera pågående kris. Att tillsammans kunna möta och hantera allt vad pågående kris kan innebära har visat sig vara avgörande. / International and Swedish experiences indicate deficiencies regarding the ability to handle crises. Above all it is the ability to act coordinated with others that is in need of improvement. Current research also shows that it is becoming more and more common to work in temporary teams, in which external experts are called in to help deal with ongoing crises. The purpose of this study ha been to gain a deeper understanding of potential success factors and challenges that temporary teams and external experts in leading positions, may face during ongoing crises. Through a qualitative approach, six semi structured interviews were made. During these interviews the participants, who had expertise and knowledge from working in these specific circumstances, described their views, interpretations and experiences regarding exercise of leadership in temporary teams. The analysis resulted in four prominent dimensions and indicates that organizational factors, leadership, team factors and individual factors commonly affect the ongoing work during crises and includes success factors as well as challenges. It also became clear that each of these dimensions should not be seen as independent entities, but instead as a part of a synergy in which all dimensions affect each other. To be able to work well together with others in a functioning synergy, appears to be crucial. No man, woman, team or actor can in a successful way handle a crisis by themselves. The key factor therefore appears to be the ability to act together.

No description available.

This thesis focuses on the theme of cyberbullying at selected basic schools in the Czech Republic. The conceptual basis rests upon Lawrence Kohlberg theory of moral development and theory of social pathology. Through the desk research of the relevant Czech and international research, and through experts interviewing, the aims of the thesis are mainly exploratory, i.e. to explore the nowadays situation in (incl. effects and prevention/fighting of) cyberbullying at sample basic schools in the Czech Republic.

This dissertation has the ambition to contribute to the understanding of the economic system in Czechoslovakia during the post-war socialist transformation and the subsequent consolidation of the communist regime in the 1950s. The means of knowledge is the state economic plan, which has gradually become one of the key determinants of the Czechoslovak economy after the Second World War. The process of forming a system of state-controlled economy is monitored from the field of view of selected industry - brewing. The importance of the brewing industry consists in the deep-rooted specifics of beer consumption in Czech society. The research focuses on the penetration of post-war national, social and economic transformations through Czechoslovak production and beer consumption. It focuses on the limits of business freedom in brewing industry in the period of the Third Republic, transformation of private enterprise into collective forms of ownership, specifics and detail of the state plan and its formation in the context of crucial domestic political and international events. The results of the dissertation provide information about the mechanism of state economic planning, the development of traditional Czech industry and beer consumption in the period of state socialism, and at the same time provide...