Att det idag finns flera metoder och modeller för att fatta beslut är inte konstigt då beslutsfattande sker varje dag och i vissa sammanhang kan ge ödesdigra konsekvenser om det blir fel. Denna kandidatuppsats kan ses som en förstudie för hur naturligt beslutsfattande skulle kunna stödjas genom en förbättrad utbildning till beslutsfattare. Uppsatsen ämnar behandla naturligt beslutsfattande och intuition hos experter inom räddningstjänsten, närmare bestämt om de använder intuition och i så fall vad som ligger till grund för denna intuition. Intervjuer utfördes på räddningstjänsten i Motala efter critical decision method som är framtagen för cognitive task analysis. Inom räddningstjänsten använder sig befälen av intuition när de tar det flesta av sina beslut i fält. Resultaten av intervjuerna pekar på att intuition verkar ske undermedvetet vilket ger stöd för recognition primed decision model, i kombination med negativa ledtrådar och hävstångspunkter.

[pt] Nesta tese apresenta-se o Modelo de Redes Neurais Globais- Locais (RNGL) dentro do contexto de modelos de séries temporais. Esta formulação abrange alguns modelos não- lineares já existentes e admite também o enfoque de Mistura de Especialistas. Dedica-se especial atenção ao caso de especialistas lineares, e são discutidos extensivamente aspectos teóricos do modelo: condições de estacionariedade, identificabilidade do modelo, existência, consistência e normalidade assintótica dos estimadores dos parâmetros. Considera-se também uma estratégia de construção do modelo e são discutidos os procedimentos numéricos de estimação, apresentando uma solução para o cálculo de valores iniciais. Finalmente, ilustra-se a metodologia apresentada em duas séries temporais reais, amplamente utilizada na literatura de modelos não lineares. / [en] In this thesis, the Local Global Neural Networks model is proposed within the context of time series models. This formulation encompasses some already existing nonlinear models and also admits the Mixture of Experts approach. We place emphasis on the linear expert case and extensively discuss the theoretical aspects of the model: stationary conditions, existence, consistency and asymptotic normality of the parameter estimates, and model identifiability. A model building strategy is also considered and the whole procedure is illustrated with two real time-series.

En arbitrage international comme dans la majorité des systèmes de droit, la réparation du dommage est une question essentielle dans la résolution des litiges et implique la détermination d’un dommage réparable et de l’étendue de la réparation, ainsi que l’évaluation de ce dommage. L’arbitrage d’investissement, qui tranche les litiges entre Etats et investisseurs étrangers, personnes privées, est au carrefour entre les droits nationaux et le droit international, entre responsabilité contractuelle et responsabilité internationale des Etats, entre droit commercial et droit public, et reflète ainsi l’ensemble des problématiques récurrentes soulevées par la réparation du dommage. La publicité fréquente des sentences rendues en la matière permet d’analyser les solutions qu’y apportent les tribunaux arbitraux, révélant l’existence d’une réelle pratique cohérente et développée. L’étude de la jurisprudence arbitrale d’investissement montre une coexistence de questions de fait et de droit, de problématiques juridiques et économiques, tout au long du processus de détermination du dommage et de l’étendue de la réparation, puis de celui de la détermination du montant accordé à la victime. Les exigences juridiques de certitude, prévisibilité et causalité du dommage, de même que les principes de réparation intégrale et adéquate, sont influencés de manière significative par des considérations économiques et d’équité. Dans le mouvement inverse, les règles financières qui sont appliquées par les arbitres pour l’évaluation du dommage, indépendamment du droit applicable, sont de plus en plus juridicisées. Identifier ce corps de règles applicables à la réparation du dommage et l’application qui en est faite dans l’arbitrage d’investissement constitue une clarification nécessaire pour permettre aux acteurs internationaux de connaître l’étendue de leurs droits et obligations. / In international arbitration, as in most legal systems, compensation of damage is a key part of dispute resolution. It is a threefold process: the arbitral tribunal decides on compensable damage, then on the extent of compensation, and finally, evaluates damage. Investment arbitration, which settles disputes between states and foreign investors - private entities - is at the crossroads between national and international law, between contractual liability and international state liability, between commercial and public law, thus covering the wide scope of issues raised by compensation of damage. The awards given in this field are often made public, allowing for an analysis of the – thoroughly consistent – solutions brought forward by arbitral tribunals. This study shows how, throughout the process of compensation of damage, questions of fact and law as well as legal and economic issues are raised. The legal requirements of certainty, foreseeability and remoteness of damage are significantly impacted by the economic context and by the notion of fairness. Conversely, the financial rules applied throughout the process of damage evaluation, without taking into account applicable law, are increasingly governed by law. Identifying the corpus of rules that are applied throughout the process of compensation of damage, and studying the way these rules are applied in investment arbitration therefore represents a useful tool for international bodies seeking to understand their own rights and duties.

Au tournant des années 2000, un désir de renouveau pédagogique amène le ministère de l’Éducation du Québec à revoir ses programmes ministériels (2006 ; 2009) et à leur apporter plusieurs modifications de taille. Appuyé par les recherches sur le sujet, ce dernier accorde alors, dans ses écrits, une place enviable à l’acquisition et l’accroissement du vocabulaire (Graves, 1986 ; Mel’čuk et Polguère, 2007 ; Tremblay, 2004). Néanmoins, la réalité dans les écoles primaires au Québec est toute autre, alors que le lexique est formellement peu enseigné en classe (Anctil, Singcaster et Tardif, 2018), et ce, malgré le fait que les enseignants dressent un portrait lacunaire du vocabulaire de leurs élèves : imprécision et redondance des mots employés, difficultés de compréhension, etc. (Grossmann, 2011). Dans la plupart des cas, cela s’explique par le fait que les enseignants ont besoin d’être outillés (Beck, McKeown et Kucan, 2013) et c’est dans cette optique que nous avons décrit et analysé des pratiques effectives expertes sur le sujet. Pour réaliser cette recherche, 2 enseignants jugés experts dans l’utilisation de la littérature jeunesse, un outil à privilégier (Léon, 2004 ; Montésinos-Gelet, Dupin de Saint-André et Noël, 2008) dans ce contexte, ont été retenus. Nous nous sommes ensuite rendus dans leur classe respective afin d’observer et d’analyser leurs pratiques en contexte réel lors de 5 séances d’enseignement-apprentissage du vocabulaire réalisées à l’aide d’albums jeunesse. Pour rendre compte de leurs pratiques, nous avons élaboré une grille d’observations basée sur le modèle multi-agenda (Bucheton et Soulé, 2009), qui s’articule autour de 5 préoccupations, et le cadre de référence de Jackson (1966 ; 1968). Nous nous sommes intéressés aux pratiques enseignantes, aux dispositifs d’enseignement ainsi qu’aux apprentissages ciblés (mots issus des œuvres et relations lexicales fondamentales). Au terme de nos observations et de notre analyse, nos résultats démontrent notamment que les deux enseignants observés privilégient deux dispositifs d’enseignement différents, qu’ils utilisent tous deux la lecture répétée et que leur sélection des mots enseignés est variable. / At the turn of the last century, an ambition to renew the Quebec education system lead the Ministry of Education to significantly review and update its education programs (2006; 2009). One of the major changes to these programs, based on research on the subject, pertains to an increased focus on vocabulary acquisition and growth (Graves, 1986; Mel’čuk & Polguère, 2007; Tremblay, 2004). However, these changes have not necessarily been effectively implemented to daily classroom activities where lexicons are rarely formally taught (Anctil, Singcaster & Tardif, 2018), despite the fact that teachers routinely describe student vocabulary as inadequate with, among others, imprecise and redundant word use and comprehension issues (Grossmann, 2011). In most cases, this trend can be explained by the fact that teachers must be properly equipped to address this situation (Beck, McKeown & Kucan, 2013). It is with this in mind that we have therefore decided to describe and analyse effective practices in this field. To complete this research project, two teachers, considered experts in the use pedagogical use of youth literature, an important tool for vocabulary acquisition (Léon, 2004 ; Montésinos-Gelet, Dupin de Saint-André & Noël, 2008), were recruited. Their practices were observed and analyzed throughout five in class observations of vocabulary lessons in which child books were used a primary learning tool. To analyze the teaching practices employed, an observation matrix was constructed based on the multi-agenda model (Bucheton & Soulé, 2009), which is constructed around five principles, and Jackson’s framework (1966 ; 1968). Our main interests were the teaching practices employed, the pedagogical tools used, and the learning objective addressed, in this case vocabulary emerging from literature and fundamental lexical relationships. Our results demonstrate that both teachers favour two different teaching strategies, that both use repeated reading, and that the words selected for learning varied.

The diploma thesis entitled the Interpreting Act focuses on the legislation on court translation and interpreting in the Czech Republic. The paper aims to compare the new statutes under the Court Translators and Interpreters Act (No 354/2019 Coll.) with the current Experts and Interpreters Act (No 36/1967 Coll.). The first part of the thesis acquaints readers with the profession of court interpreters and translators. It renders the description of both professions by defining basic terms of the areas of translating and interpreting, explaining the types of translation and interpreting, and providing a list of professional organisations for court translators and interpreters in the Czech Republic. The second part of the paper deals with international and Czech legislation regarding the right for interpreting and translation, briefly outlining the progress of the legislation on court interpreting and translation and giving reasons for the adoption of the rules on the activity of court translators and interpreters. The third, key part of the paper presents the analysis of some parts of the Act No 354/2019 Coll. and their comparison to the Act No 36/1967 Coll. The areas of focus are: the subject of the legislation and definition of basic terms, work conditions and requirements that must be met to become...

Comment le Programme des Nations unies pour l’environnement (PNUE) se fait-il reconnaître une autorité propre au-delà de la dotation symbolique de son mandat onusien et en dépit de la circulation des experts environnementaux sur lesquels il s’appuie ?Depuis 1972, les savoirs experts du PNUE assurent à la fois sa crédibilité et sa pertinence auprès des acteurs rivalisant avec lui pour définir et observer l’environnement global. Cependant, la reconnaissance de l’autorité propre du PNUE fait face à deux défis. D'abord celui d’une bureaucratie limitée par ses moyens ad hoc et le contrôle par les États. Ensuite, celui d’une compétition entre experts pour imposer leur autorité comme étant celle du PNUE, par rapport à celle d’autres organisations. Or, en dépit du tumulte entourant le PNUE, les experts adhèrent au mandat du PNUE et l’intériorisent. Cette croyance dans la valeur du PNUE crée son illusio, c’est-à-dire un intérêt des individus dans le PNUE, lui distinguant ainsi une autorité propre.Cette thèse argumente que le PNUE assoit son autorité en cooptant celle des experts par des pratiques qui stabilisent un savoir propre dont émerge un domaine pertinent pour son mandat. Les pratiques d’ancrage du savoir du PNUE renforcent son illusio auprès des experts afin de les maintenir investis dans un mandat qu’ils perçoivent être dans l’intérêt de leur carrière. Pour saisir ces pratiques d’ancrage du savoir, cette thèse se concentre sur le domaine de compétences des conflits armés et catastrophes du PNUE, ce dernier étant initialement exclu de son mandat. Retraçant le parcours de cette expertise des « crises » du PNUE depuis les années 1990, cette thèse examine deux types de pratiques d’ancrage de ce savoir. D’abord, les pratiques bureaucratiques du PNUE, telles que la division du travail, la gestion des projets et la mise en écriture d’un savoir expert commun, ancrent les frontières symboliques de ce domaine. Ensuite, les pratiques professionnelles de cette branche du PNUE, dont l’autorité est reconnue dans ce domaine au-delà du PNUE, ancrent les frontières sociales d’un groupe socioprofessionnel déviant du PNUE. La méthodologie de la thèse s’appuie sur une analyse sociale de réseau (visualisations, prosopographie et professions) et une analyse qualitative de type ethnographique (entretiens semi-directifs, observations, documents). Reconstruisant ainsi l’illusio du PNUE par les pratiques de ses experts, cette thèse éclaire d’abord la compétition des experts pour son autorité se jouant aux frontières organisationnelles du PNUE. Ensuite, elle étudie les effets de frontières sectorielles induits par son expertise. Ils entrainent l’ancrage du savoir du PNUE, lequel se produit sous la surveillance-réflexive des experts. Ces analyses démontrent que l’autorité propre du PNUE est en réalité plus un assemblage de savoirs émergents, de projets répondant aux demandes d’expertise, qu’une traduction uniformisée de son mandat en un savoir propre par ses interfaces avec les experts. À mi-chemin de la sociologie de l’expertise et des professions et de la théorie des organisations appliquée aux relations internationales, cette thèse propose de renouveler notre regard sur l’autorité du PNUE, et des organisations internationales, par une sociologie politique de l’international sur les trajectoires des experts et les frontières de son expertise. / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

in english language: The diploma thesis is focused on expert capacities of selected political parties in the Czech republic in the field of the migration policy in context of election programs for the House of Commons election in the Czech republic in 2017. Migration policy has never been so discussed theme. But it was changed with coming of "migration crisis" and today is the access to the migration policy and the migration crisis in election programs monitored by media and electores very much. I want to focus on the expert background of the selected czech political parties, especially on partie's comissions and sections a their expert capacities. They are specializing in migration policy and migration crisis and provided opinions and backgrounds for the parties for election program. The research is focused on these parties: SPD, KSČM, Strana zelených. I am going to compare analytical capacities of these parties. I want to find out the functioning of the commissions and the type of experts. The way how the members of the commissions have become members is researched too. Next important thing for my research is the transmisson between expert commissions and election program for elections in 2017, and especially in the parts of program devoted to migration policy and migration crisis. I will not...

Innovationen führen zu volkswirtschaftlichem Wachstum. In dieser Diplomarbeit geht es um einen neuen, innovativen Holzwerkstoff: Faserverstärkte Holzrohrprofile. Diese wurden von Professor Peer Haller an der technischen Universität entwickelt. Die Arbeit untersucht das Marktpotential des neuen Baustoffes in 5 Branchen: Bauingenieurwesen und Architektur, Leichtbau, Windkraft, Masten und Rohrleitungen. Die Forschung findet anhand einer Literatursynthese und Experteninterviews statt. Die Marktanalyse wird mit dem 5 Kräfte Modell von Porter und den 5 Rahmenbedingungen von Baum, Coenenberg und Günther durchgeführt. Dabei handelt es sich bei den 5 Kräften um Lieferanten, Abnehmer, Substitute, Konkurrenz und Wettbewerber. Die untersuchten Rahmenbedingungen sind ökonomische, ökologische, gesellschaftliche, technologische und rechtliche. Sie ermitteln die Chancen und Risiken des neuen Produktes auf den verschiedenen Märkten. Zudem werden die aktuellen Marktsituationen dargestellt. Durch die Hinweise der Experten und die Ergebnisse der Literatur werden Vorschläge für die weitere Forschung in ökonomischer und technologischer Richtung abgeleitet. Empfehlungen für das weitere Vorgehen bei der Markteinführung in die 5 Brachen sind die Ergebnisse der Arbeit. / Innovations lead to economic growth. This diploma thesis deals with a new, innovative wood product: Fibre-reinforced Tiber Profiles. These where invented by Professor Peer Haller at the Technical University Dresden. The paper investigates the market potential of this new product in 5 industries: building and architecture, lightweight construction, wind power, towers and pipes. This is achieved trough literature synthesis and expert interviews. The market analysis is determined with the 5 Forces Model of Porter and the 5 framework conditions by Baum, Coenenberg and Günther. Thereby the forces suppliers, buyers, substitutes, new entrants and competition the markets with influence on the product are identified. As well as the economic, ecological, social, technological and legal frameworks which make out the opportunities and threats for the product on the different markets. Additionally the current situations of the different markets are presented. Further economic and technical research needs appear through the suggestions of the experts and the findings in the literature. Recommendations for further approach and handling of the product in the markets are the outcomes of this writing.

The masterʼs thesis, divided into theoretical and empirical parts, deals with court interpreting for children and minors. After a short introduction to history, it describes the characteristic of court interpreting with the emphasis on children and minors involved in judicial proceedings. Following chapters focus on court interpreting in the Czech republic, expanding on its description, the related legal framework, required qualification and training of court interpreters. Subsequently, the thesis draws a comparison with training and education of other professionals taking part in proceedings with minors. Furthermore, the state of the art in the Czech republic is also compared to the situation in Belgium where the project CO-Minor-IN/ QUEST was launched and carried out. To our knowledge, it is the first international project on cooperation among major professionals involved in interpreted criminal proceedings with minor participants. The thesis presents a summary of findings concerning communication with children and minors, laying stress on particular patterns of behaviour and conduct that are likely to occur in little and school-age children. The information provided is considered in the context of court interpreting. The thesis puts emphasis on the most significant differences between court...

The banking industry is one of the critical infrastructures in any economy. The services rendered by banks are systematically based on innovation, products, and technology to leverage their services. Several associated risks come along with the rendering of these banking services. The protection of critical information assets of any banking organization should be a top priority of the management. They must ensure that adequate provision is made to develop a strong strategy to control, reduce, and mitigate tasks, such as fraud, cyber-attacks, and other forms of cybersecurity exploitations.  Risk management is a series of actions to identify, assess and control threats and vulnerabilities in an organization's capital investment and revenue. These potential risks arise from diverse sources like credit risk, liquidity risk, financial uncertainties, legal actions, technology failures, business strategic management errors, accidental occurrences, and natural disasters.  This research study aimed to investigate the factors influencing the implementation of information security risk management in Nigerian Commercial Banks, using a social-technical system framework to address a fundamental human risk factor, which contributes predominately to the failure in information security risk management. These research was motivated by the fact that Nigerian banking sector is facing serious threats' threat emanate from cyber-attacks. Evidenced by the ever-increasing cyber-attacks, as demonstrated by a total of 1,612 complaints from consumers of financial services over banking fraud and aggressive charges received between July and December 2018 of which 99.38% of these incidences were against the commercial banks. The banks are faced with a lot of vulnerabilities and cybersecurity threats, and most of the attacks that happened within the banking sector are focused on the customers, and employees through phishing and social engineering. These showed weaknesses in information security management within the Nigerian banking industry.  However, the study was guided by the social-technical theory that advocates for overall training to the stakeholders that helps in changing their beliefs and norms about organization of IS security. In order to find out the factors influencing the implementation of information security risks management in respect of Nigerian Commercial Banks, this study evaluated the influence of management support, technical experts support, funding and users’ security awareness to curb the cyber-attacks in Nigerian financial sector. The contribution of this research is expected to lead to the improvement in the financial system, and organizations, where cybersecurity and information security risk management processes are taken seriously, to reduce the high level of information security risk, threats, and vulnerabilities. Nigeria is a developing country, and at the same time fighting to develop a more conducive business investment environment to attract both national and international investors.  A mixed approach research (qualitative and quantitative) method was used to validate this research study. Data collection tools used included interviews and questionnaires. Data analysis was done using the SPSS and logistic regression model.