[pt] O aumento das exportações é, atualmente, um dos principais desafios macroeconômicos do país. Do ponto de vista empresarial, entrar no mercado internacional é fundamental para aumentar a competitividade, obter economia de escala e diminuir a dependência do mercado doméstico. A análise da estrutura das exportações brasileiras mostra que as oportunidades de crescimento da base de empresas exportadoras e do aumento do valor exportado por empresa estão concentradas nas micro, pequenas e médias empresas. No entanto, são poucas as empresas brasileiras desse porte que conseguem se consolidar no mercado internacional. Diante desse cenário, tornar-se relevante analisar as empresas desse porte, que já exportam e que conseguiram se consolidar no mercado internacional, para identificar quais fatores determinam o sucesso no mercado internacional. Para isso, uma pesquisa quantitativa foi realizada com 102 empresas exportadoras brasileiras, que foram segmentadas em dois grupos de acordo com a performance exportadora. O resultado da análise dos dados aponta quatro fatores estatisticamente predominantes no grupo de empresas com melhor performance exportadora. O primeiro deles é a experiência (tempo de atuação) no mercado internacional; o segundo é a existência de uma departamento exclusivo para atividade exportadora dentro da empresa; o terceiro é a utilização de programas de financiamento para exportação como o ACC (Adiantamento de Contrato de Câmbio) e, finalmente, o quarto fator é perceber a qualidade do produto como seu diferencial competitivo. / [en] The Brazilian export growth is one of the most macroeconomics challenges of the government. In terms of companies, to do business abroad is essential to increase competitiveness, gain economic scale and reduce national domestic dependence. Analysis of Brazilian export companies show that the opportunities to raise the number of Brazilian export companies and the value export per company is among small and medium companies. However, there are few Brazilian companies of this size that export and that are well established in international marketing. Therefore, it is relevant to analyze a sample of this few companies in order to identify the factors that determined their success in international marketing. For that reason, this dissertation includes a survey with 102 Brazilian small and medium export companies. These companies were segmented in two groups according to their export performance. The data analyze points out four factors that predominated in the group of better export performance. The first one is the experience (time) in international marketing, the second one is the existence of a department in the company focus on international trade; the third one is the utilization of export finance programs and, finally, the fourth is the perception of product quality as a competitive advantage.

L’objectif de cette recherche est d’analyser l’influence des pratiques managériales des dirigeants sur la performance à l’export des PME marocaines et de vérifier le rôle médiateur de la compétitivité, en se basant sur la théorie des ressources (RBV). L’approche quantitative est principalement utilisée dans cette recherche. Les analyses de régressions linéaires multiples utilisées sur un échantillon de 100 PME marocaines pour confirmer ou infirmer treize hypothèses de recherche, révèlent que seules certaines pratiques managériales sont stratégiques et conditionnent la performance à l’export, en développant des avantages compétitifs durables. L’étude a des implications utiles pour la recherche académique, les dirigeants et les politiques publiques, fournissant des lignes directrices et des repères utiles pour une performance supérieure à l’export. L’étude peut également être proposée dans l’enseignement supérieur afin d’informer le corps enseignant et les étudiants sur le contexte des PME. Cette recherche fait partie de l’une des rares études ayant mis en évidence le rôle médiateur de la compétitivité dans le contexte des pays en développement, en particulier dans les régions du Maghreb, où on note de rares références bibliographiques dans ce domaine.Des mesures aussi bien objectives que subjectives ont été utilisées pour mesurer la performance à l’export. Un certain nombre de limites doivent par ailleurs être prises en considération dans l’évaluation des résultats et leurs implications. Les contributions ne peuvent être généralisées que si les idées supplémentaires proposées résistent à l’épreuve du temps et de l’expérience. Une limite fondamentale est que les données analysées sont transversales plutôt que longitudinales. Le cadre développé dans cette recherche peut servir de point de départ à des recherches ultérieures. Celles-ci pourraient être enrichies en explorant les divers paramètres que nous n’avons pas envisagés tels quel la culture et le cycle de vie des produits et des entreprises. Il va de soi que ces facteurs pourraient revêtir une grande importance. / The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of the managerial practices of managers on the export performance of Moroccan SMEs and to examine the mediating role of the competitiveness, based on the resource-based view (RBV) of a firmThe quantitative approach is particularly used in this study. The survey was conducted of 100 Moroccan SMEs. The multiple linear regressions employed to confirm or reject the hypotheses revealed that only certain managerial practices are strategic and can affect export performance by developing sustainable competitive advantage. The study has useful managerial implications for academics, practitioners and public policy makers, providing guidelines and interesting recommendations for a better export performance. The study can also be used in teaching. This is one of the few studies which highlighted the mediating role of the competitiveness in the context of a developing country, particularly in Maghreb regions, where the studies on this subject are rare.Both objective and subjective measures were used to measure export performance. However, the results presented in this work should be interpreted with caution, since the results have a number of limitations that should be taken into account when evaluating and generalizing their conclusions. Indeed, it is recommended that longitudinal and replication studies be undertaken, in order to ascertain the effect of the managerial practices on the export performance at different time and spatial frames. Future research should also include other important factors not analyzed in this study.

無 / Attracted by the promise of greater market exposure and increase revenues, some firms have adopted B2B electronic market to expand international markets. However, do firms reap export performance benefits of increased extent of B2B electronic market? Besides, what accounts for different export performance, in other word, under what conditions, the extent of exporters’ B2B electronic market adoption will have positive effects on export performance? Drawing from resource based view; this study develops a conceptual framework which links the relationship between the extent of exporters’ B2B electronic market adoption and export performance. And then, analyzing the data collected from in-depth interview with managers in China, the study propose several propositions in the linkages between the adoption of B2B electronic market, market orientation, export commitment and export performance. The results concluded in the following statement. Firstly, the greater extent of usage of B2B electronic market, the better the exporters’ export performance. Furthermore, both market orientation and export commitment moderate the relationships between the extent of exporters’ B2B electronic market and export performance. Overall, we found that the greater the firm’s market orientation, the greater is the influence of B2B electronic market on export performance. Additionally, the greater the firm’s export commitment, the greater is the influence of B2B electronic market on export performance.

Submitted by Yong Ju Shim (morangoum@naver.com) on 2017-02-01T11:40:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 20170201 REALLY final version for printing.pdf: 1088076 bytes, checksum: 43c4c0b955201c5a1073290a22ce2dfb (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-02-01T11:53:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 20170201 REALLY final version for printing.pdf: 1088076 bytes, checksum: 43c4c0b955201c5a1073290a22ce2dfb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-01T12:03:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 20170201 REALLY final version for printing.pdf: 1088076 bytes, checksum: 43c4c0b955201c5a1073290a22ce2dfb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-30 / Este artigo fornece uma nova perspectiva sobre como as empresas de manufaturas de economias emergentes (EEFs) conseguem alcançar desempenho superior nas exportações. Diferente das empresas de economias desenvolvidas que não tem problemas com dotação, as EEFs só chegam aos mercados externos adicionando recursos externos (apoio governamental através de subsídios), os seus recursos internos (capacidade de P&D) são para influenciar seu ambiente interno (produção de patentes internacionais e desenvolvimento de estratégias de exportação). Investigo 140 empresas de quatro países (Brasil, Rússia, Índia e China), entre os anos de 2008 e 2012, com dados obtidos por meio de um questionário online. Estabeleço relações entre as variáveis para orientar o desenvolvimento empírico com modelagem de equações estruturais. / This paper provides a new perspective on how manufacturing emerging economy firms (EEFs) achieve superior export performance. Unlike manufacturing developed economy firms that lack endowment problems, manufacturing EEFs only reach external markets by adding external resources (government support via subsidies) to their internal resources (R&D capabilities) to influence their internal environment (international patent production and export strategy development). I investigate 140 firms from four countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China) between 2008 and 2012 with data from an online survey. I establish relationships between the variables to guide the empirical development with structural equation modeling.

A compreensão da dinâmica de persistência e evasão da atividade exportadora é fundamental para o desenho de incentivos adequados às firmas estreantes no mercado internacional e encontra respaldo nos modelos da nova teoria do comércio internacional. O propósito deste trabalho é investigar os determinantes do desempenho de firmas industriais brasileiras estreantes no mercado internacional, em termos de probabilidade de sobrevivência e evolução do valor exportado, com especial atenção aos impactos dos instrumentos de apoio Drawback, BNDES Exim e Proex. Para tanto, serão analisadas empresas estreantes no comércio exterior entre os anos de 1998 e 2003, configurando um painel desbalanceado com 8,5 mil firmas. Por meio de análise econométrica para dados em painel e estimação de modelos de duração, verificou-se que a função de sobrevivência e crescimento do valor médio exportado no tempo difere claramente entre firmas que utilizam um dos benefícios e aquelas que não o fazem. Também se pode afirmar que custos irreversíveis de entrada no comércio internacional não sejam desprezíveis entre as firmas industriais analisadas, o que indica que os programas públicos de promoção de exportações devam se concentrar na (i) redução da taxa de abandono das recém-exportadoras e (ii) na minimização dos custos fixos associados aos investimentos para entrada no mercado exportador. / Understanding the dynamics of persistence and evasion of export activity is essential for the design of export promotion for new exporters and international trade policies. Several results point to the importance of taking into account the specific sector of the industry in the implementation of public policies, which is supported by the new models of international trade theory. The purpose of this work is to investigate the determinants of the performance of Brazilian industrial new exporters, with particular attention to the impacts of Drawback, BNDES Exim and Proex. For this, we analyzed firms between the 1998 and 2003, constituting an unbalanced panel with 8500 firms. By panel data analysis and estimation of duration models, we found that the survival function and the growth of exports clearly differs among companies that use one of the programs and those that do not. One can also say that sunk costs are not negligible among the industrial firms analyzed, which indicates that public export promotion should focus on (i) reducing the dropout rate of new exporters and (ii) minimize the fixed sunk costs related with initial investments to begin the export activty.

L’intérêt croissant des différentes économies pour augmenter et promouvoir la participation de ces entreprises dans le commerce international, rend nécessaire une renaissance de la recherche sur les processus d’internationalisation des firmes, en particulier des petites et moyennes entreprises. L’objectif est de fournir un aperçu théorique étendu et complet sur les processus d’internationalisation des PME Languedociennes-Roussillonnaises et Andalouses, et donc par extension Françaises et Espagnoles; ainsi qu’une analyse comparative entre les deux régions. D’un point de vue empirique il s’agira de vérifier les facteurs déterminants des processus d’internationalisation que suivent ces PME, selon leurs structures organisationnelles et facteurs intangibles, mettre en évidence leurs concordances, leurs complémentarités et leurs divergences avec les différentes approches théoriques, aussi, déterminer si uniquement avec le développement et la gestion de certains facteurs présents dans les Born Globals (variables internes), les entreprises à bas intensité exportatrice peuvent d’augmenter leur performance internationale. L’intensité exportatrice associée à l’activité internationale prend tout son sens pour ces organisations. En effet, est devenue une option stratégique nécessaire pour combler la baisse de la demande dans les pays exportateurs. Par ailleurs, l’activité export constitue un enjeu de taille compte tenu de la concurrence ardue sur les marchés internationaux émanant de concurrents aux ressources incomparables et au comportement export très différent. / The growing interest of various economies in increasing and promoting the participation of their SMEs in international trade requires a renaissance of research into the internationalization processes of companies, especially those of small and medium enterprises. The objective is to provide an extensive and global theoretical overview of the processes of internationalization of SMEs in Languedoc-Roussillon and Andalusia and, by extension, of those of French and Spanish enterprises, together with a comparative analysis of the two regions. From an empirical standpoint, we will verify the factors that determine the internationalization process followed by these SMEs, according to their organizational structure and intangible considerations, in order to highlight their similarities to and differences from the various theoretical approaches. We will also determine whether firms with a low rate of exports may improve their international performance solely through the development and management of certain factors in the Born Globals (internal variables). The export rate associated with international activity makes sense for these organizations. In fact, it has become a necessary strategic option in order to offset the drop in demand in exporting countries. In addition, exporting is a major challenge given the stiff competition in international markets from competitors with huge resources and very different export behaviour.

El mango peruano ha logrado ocupar un lugar importante dentro de la canasta exportadora del país y ha alcanzado una alta demanda a nivel internacional posicionando al Perú como cuarto exportador a nivel mundial. Por tal motivo, el gobierno peruano ha trabajado arduamente para promover no solo su consumo, sino también su internacionalización. Para esto, se han implementado programas de promoción a las exportaciones, siendo el más destacado “Ruta Exportadora”. De este modo, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo determinar si la participación de las PYMES exportadoras de mango de la Región Piura en el programa “Ruta Exportadora” se relaciona con el desempeño exportador entre los años 2017-2020, considerando como dimensiones del programa la (i) Orientación Motivacional, (ii) Orientación Informativa y (iii) Orientación Operativa que se brindan dentro de este. El enfoque de la investigación es mixta, con un diseño no experimental-transversal correlacional. Para la fase cualitativa, se realizaron 10 entrevistas a representantes de entidades como PromPerú y la Asociación Peruana de Productores Exportadores de Mango (APEM) para analizar sus respuestas a través del programa Atlas Ti. Para la fase cuantitativa, se realizó una encuesta cerrada a escala de Likert a 22 PYMES exportadoras de mango que se analizaron través del software SPSS. Con relación a los resultados, a través de la prueba de Rho Spearman, se validó con un coeficiente de correlación de 0.726 que la variable independiente posee una correlación positiva considerable con la variable dependiente. Adicionalmente, se determinó la relación de las dimensiones con el desempeño exportador. / Over the years, Peruvian mango has acquired a significant position in the country’s export basket. Peruvian mango’s high demand at an international level has positioned Peru as the world’s fourth exporter of mango. Therefore, the Peruvian government has focused its efforts on the promotion of not only its international consumption, but also its internationalization. Accordingly, it has implemented export promotion programs. The most significant program is "Ruta Exportadora”. Thus, the objective of this study is to determine whether the participation of mango exporting SMEs from the Piura Region in the "Ruta Exportadora" program is related to the export performance between the years from 2017 to 2020, based on the (i) Motivational Orientation, (ii) Information Orientation, and (iii) Operational Guidance provided by the program. This study is a mixed methods research that uses a non-experimental, cross-sectional, correlational design. For the qualitative data collection, 10 interviews were conducted with consultants of the Peru Export and Tourism Promotion Agency (PromPerú) and representatives of the Peruvian Association of Mango Producers and Exporters (APEM, for its Spanish acronym)—to then analyze qualitative data with ATLAS.ti software. On the other hand, for the quantitative data collection, a Likert scale survey containing closed-ended questions was conducted among 22 mango exporting SMEs which were analyzed with the SPSS software. Regarding the results, the Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient validated with 0.726 that the independent variable is positively and strong related to the dependent variable. Additionally, it was found that the dimensions are related to the export performance. / Tesis

Las principales empresas exportadoras del subsector prendas de vestir del Perú, se encuentran concentradas en la región de Lima (80%), cabe señalar que son principalmente tomadoras de pedido de clientes extranjeros. Además, se logró determinar que durante el periodo del 2015 – 2019, las exportaciones peruanas presentaron el mismo comportamiento que el subsector tuvo a nivel mundial, pero en cuanto al desenvolvimiento de la región Lima, se puede apreciar un comportamiento diferente. Por ello, es necesario identificar las variables que han generado dicho comportamiento. En ese sentido, el objetivo de la investigación es determinar si la capacidad financiera, la gestión de innovación y el capital humano influyen en el desempeño exportador de las empresas del subsector prendas de vestir de Lima entre el periodo 2015 – 2019. La presente tesis se realizó bajo un enfoque cualitativo, avalada por las entrevistas realizadas a las principales empresas que conforman el subsector estudiado, además de expertos tanto de entidades públicas como privadas, esto con la finalidad de obtener información que aporte a la investigación. En base a los resultados obtenidos, se validó que la capacidad financiera y el capital humano influyeron de forma determinante en el desempeño exportador de las empresas del subsector, mientras la variable gestión de la innovación, solo fue validada parcialmente. Finalmente, se brindará las recomendaciones a futuros investigadores que deseen ahondar en este subsector, así como a las empresas que lo conforman y al estado. / The main exporting companies of the Peruvian clothing subsector are concentrated in Lima region (80%), it should be noted that they are mainly order takers from foreign clients. In addition, it was possible to determine that during the period of 2015 - 2019, Peruvian exports presented the same behavior that the subsector had worldwide, but regarding the development of the Lima region, a different one can be seen. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the variables that have generated that behavior. In this sense, the objective of the research is to determine if financial capacity, innovation management and human capital influence the export performance of companies in the Lima clothing subsector between the period 2015 - 2019. This thesis was carried out under a qualitative approach, supported by the interviews carried out with the main companies that make up the studied subsector, as well as experts from public and private entities, this in order to obtain information that contributes to the research. Based on the results obtained, it was validated that financial capacity and human capital had a decisive influence on the export performance of the companies in the subsector, while the innovation management variable was only partially validated. Finally, recommendations will be provided to future researchers who wish to delve into this subsector, as well as the companies that comprise it and the state. / Tesis

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo principal determinar si la estrategia de diferenciación empleada por las empresas exportadoras de arándanos frescos de la Región La Libertad están relacionadas directamente con el desempeño exportador hacia el mercado de Estados Unidos en el periodo 2018 – 2020, tomando en cuenta como fuente de medición la estrategia de diferenciación desarrollada por Porter (1982). Para el estudio, se aplicó una investigación mixta, con un diseño no probabilístico y análisis descriptivo correlacional. Asimismo, para la recolección de información cualitativa se realizó entrevistas semiestructuradas a 11 expertos del sector agroexportador y en negocios internacionales, dichos entrevistados son representantes de entidades públicas como PROMPERÚ, DIRCETUR, MINAGRI, MINCETUR, representantes de gremios como la Asociación de Gremios Productores Agrarios del Perú (AGAP) y la Cámara de Comercio de Lima (CCL). Dichas entrevistas fueron transcritas, codificadas y analizadas en el programa Atlas Ti. Por otro lado, para el desarrollo cuantitativo se realizaron 33 encuestas, además, se utilizó el software SPSS para realizar el coeficiente estadístico de Rho Spearman, con el cual se obtuvo como resultado que las variables estrategia de diferenciación y desempeño exportador no están relacionadas para el caso de las empresas exportadoras de arándanos frescos de la Región La Libertad en el periodo 2018-2020. Por último, se procedió a discutir los resultados obtenidos y se concluyó que las actividades o acciones diferenciadoras consideradas por las empresas exportadoras de arándanos frescos de la Región La Libertad en el periodo 2018-2020 son requisitos que exige el sector y los clientes extranjeros. / The main objective of this research is to determine whether the differentiation strategy used by the exporting companies of fresh blueberries from the La Libertad Region are directly related to the export performance to the United States market in the period 2018 - 2020, taking into account as measurement source the differentiation strategy developed by Porter (1982). For the study, a mixed investigation was applied, with a non-probabilistic design and correlational descriptive analysis. Likewise, for the collection of qualitative information, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 experts from the agro-export sector and in international business, said interviewees are representatives of public entities such as PROMPERÚ, DIRCETUR, MINAGRI, MINCETUR, representatives of unions such as the Asociación de Guildios Productores Agrarios del Peru (AGAP) and the Lima Chamber of Commerce (CCL). These interviews were transcribed, coded and analyzed in the Atlas Ti program. On the other hand, for the quantitative development, 33 surveys were carried out, in addition, the SPSS software was used to perform the Rho Spearman statistical coefficient, with which it was obtained as a result that the variables differentiation strategy and export performance are not related to the case of fresh blueberry exporting companies in the La Libertad Region in the 2018-2020 period. Finally, the results obtained were discussed and it was concluded that the differentiating activities or actions considered by the companies exporting fresh blueberries from the La Libertad Region in the 2018-2020 period are requirements demanded by the sector and foreign clients. / Tesis

La presente investigación tiene como principal objetivo determinar en qué grado el Programa de Apoyo a la Internacionalización influye en el desempeño exportador de las MIPYMES peruanas beneficiarias del subsector agrícola participantes de las Modalidades I y II en el año 2018. En el primer capítulo, se detalla el marco teórico, que incluye el marco conceptual, antecedentes de la investigación, bases teóricas, la normatividad relacionada en el que se implementó el programa. En el segundo capítulo, se explica la realidad problemática, los objetivos del estudio la importancia de llevar a cabo la investigación y su justificación. En el tercer capítulo, se define la metodología de trabajo, en función al enfoque de investigación mixto, su alcance, diseño y los instrumentos y técnicas necesarias para realizar la investigación. En el cuarto capítulo, se desarrolla la investigación, compuesta por una fase inicial de investigación cualitativa, donde se analizan los resultados obtenidos de las entrevistas realizadas a funcionarios del Programa de Apoyo a la Internacionalización y a las empresas beneficiarias del subsector agrícola durante el 2018; y una segunda fase cuantitativa, en la cual se analiza y discute los datos retrolectivos recolectados para finalmente detallar y evidenciar el modelo de causalidad empleado. En el capítulo V, se concluye que el Programa de Apoyo a la Internacionalización no influye en el desempeño exportador de las MIPYMES peruanas beneficiarias del subsector agrícola en el año 2018. Finalmente, en el capítulo VI, se brindan recomendaciones, en base a los hallazgos y conclusiones obtenidas del análisis. / The purpose of this study is to explore the effect of the Internationalization Support Program on the export performance of micro, small and medium-size Peruvian beneficiary enterprises in the agricultural subsector in 2018. The first chapter describes the theoretical framework, research background, theoretical bases and the related regulations in which the program was implemented. The second chapter explains the problem situation, the objectives and the hypothesis of the investigation, and its importance. In the third chapter, the research methodology is presented, including details of the approach, design, techniques and instruments needed for the study. In the fourth chapter, the exploratory mixed method investigation is performed. We begin with a qualitative research phase and explore the results from interviews with, both micro, small and medium-size beneficiary enterprises in the agricultural subsector in 2018 and PAI specialists, in order to determine variables that needed be considered in the quantitative study, where the causality model is presented. In the fifth chapter, results are presented and analyzed. The study finds that the Internationalization Support Program does not have an effect on the export performance of micro, small and medium-size beneficiary enterprises of the agricultural subsector in 2018. Finally, the sixth chapter includes recommendations, based on the findings of the study. / Tesis