This paper employs a spatial Durbin model for analyzing the impact of human capital on regional productivity using for 198 NUTS-2 European regions for the sample period from 1995 to 2004. The study provides evidence for the existence of spatial externalities and interactions of the sort as emphasized by new growth theory. To interpret results meaningfully, we calculate summary measures that account for the simultaneous feedback nature of the underlying model. By sampling from the parameter distribution we present measures of dispersion, revealing that it is relative regional advantages in human capital that matter most for productivity growth. (authors' abstract)

En décembre 2004, les autorités publiques françaises lancent le premier appel à projet donnant le coup d'envoi de la politique des pôles de compétitivité dont la phase 3, lancé par le gouvernement le 6 janvier 2013, met particulièrement l'accent sur les retombées économiques issues des pôles de compétitivité qui devront être amplifiées. L'objectif de cette thèse est de vérifier l'existence de telles retombées (spillovers) issues des investissements directs étrangers (IDE) dans le cas français. Plus précisément nous analysons les conséquences de spillovers sur la productivité des firmes en France et nous cherchons à savoir si les décisions d'investir en Recherche et Développement (R&D) sont étroitement liées au niveau des spillovers circulant entre les firmes locales et les firmes étrangères implantées en France. Dans un premier chapitre, nous vérifions l'existence de spillovers de connaissance à travers deux canaux de transmission : horizontal et vertical. Nous mettons en évidence les spillovers qui se diffusent d'une part entre clients étrangers et fournisseurs locaux dans les secteurs en amont (backward linkages) et d'autre part, entre fournisseurs étrangers et clients locaux dans les secteurs en aval (forward linkages). Nous suggérons que dans le cas de la France, les spillovers de connaissance se manifestent principalement via les backward spillovers, alors que les spillovers au sein d'un même secteur (horizontal spillovers) et les spillovers diffusés par les fournisseurs étrangers vers les clients locaux agissent plutôt comme un frein à la productivité des firmes en France. Dans le second chapitre, nous portons notre attention à l'intérêt des firmes d'investir davantage en R&D en fonction de l'intensité des retombées issus de ces activités. Nous construisons, pour ce faire, un modèle théorique permettant de modéliser les stratégies des firmes en termes de R&D en fonction du savoir-faire diffusé par une filiale étrangère dans le pays d'accueil (international R&D spillovers), du savoir-faire diffusé par une firme locale (reverse R&D spillovers) et de l'échange du savoir-faire entre une filiale et sa maison-mère située dans son pays d'origine (internal technological transfer). Nous montrons que la prise en compte de ces différents canaux de spillovers exogènes dans le modèle renvoie à un cadre du dilemme du prisonnier où la diffusion d'un niveau élevé et comparable du savoir-faire encourage les firmes à investir en R&D et qu'une diffusion faible par rapport à un seuil (établi en fonction de l'intensité de la concurrence) les incite à réduire leurs activités de R&D. Dans un cadre de extit{spillovers} asymétrique, la firme qui absorbe le plus la technologie de sa concurrente a intérêt à investir davantage en R&D. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous nous intéressons aux international spillovers et reverse spillovers issus non seulement des activités de R&D mais aussi des activités d'outsourcing. Nous suggérons que les effets des spillovers internationaux sur la productivité des firmes en France sont plus importants que ceux des reverse spillovers. Lorsqu'il s'agit de spillovers issus des activités de R&D, l'effet est positif et significatif en amont et en aval mais plus important pour les liens en backward. Concernant les spillovers issus des activités d'outsourcing, l'effet est uniquement en faveur des spillovers diffusés par les donneurs d'ordre. Ces effets sont mitigés selon le niveau technologique du secteur concerné. L'effet des spillovers sur la productivité des firmes appartenant à un secteur de niveau technologique élevé semble être plus important que pour celles appartenant à des secteurs de bas et/ou moyen niveau technologique. / In December 2004, the French public authorities launched the first call for projects kicking off the policy clusters, including Phase 3 launched by the government on 9 January 2013, with particular emphasis on issues of economic spinoffs clusters that should be amplified. The objective of this thesis is to verify the existence of such spinoffs (spillovers) from foreign direct investment (FDI) in the French case. Specifically, we analyze the impact of spillovers on the productivity of firms located in France and we want to know if the decisions to invest in R&D are closely related to the level of spillovers flowing between local firms and foreign firms operating in France. In the first chapter, we aim at verifying the existence of knowledge spilovers through two transmission channels: horizontal and vertical ones. We highlight that the know-how spreads on the one hand, between foreign customers and local supplier in the upstream sector (backward linkages) and on the other hand, between local suppliers and foreign customers in the downstream sector (forward linkages). We suggest that, in the French case, the knowledge spillovers occur primarily through backward spillovers, while spillovers within the same sector (horizontal spillovers) and spillovers diffused from the foreign suppliers to the local customers rather act as a brake on the productivity of firms located in France. In the second chapter, we focus on the incentive of firms to further invest in R&D with respect to the intensity of spillovers resulting from these activities. For this purpose, we build a theoretical model to explain the strategies of firms in terms of R&D based on the technological know-how disseminated by a foreign subsidiary in the host country (international R&D spillovers), know-how issued by a local firm (reverse R&D spillovers) and the know-how that being exchanged between the subsidiary firm and its parent company located in its home country (internal technological transfer). We show that taking into account these different channels of exogenous spillovers refers to the prisoner's dilemma where the diffusion of a high and comparable level of know-how encourages firms to invest in R&D and a low level of spillovers compared to a threshold value (determined based on the intensity of competition) forces them to reduce their R&D investment. In a context of asymmetric spillovers, the firm which more absorbs the technology of its competitor increases its investment in R&D. In the last chapter, we focus on international spillovers and reverse spillovers not only from R&D activities but also from outsourcing activities. We suggest that the effects of international spillovers on the productivity of firms in France are more important than those of reverse spillovers. As far as R&D spillovers are concerned, their effect on a firms' productivity is positive and significant in the upstream and downstream sector, but is more important for backward linkages. Concerning spillovers from outsourcing activities, the effect is only in favor of spillovers diffused by the contractor. These effects depend on the technological level of the sector concerned. The effect of spillovers on the productivity seems to be more important for firms belonging to high-tech sectors than for firms belonging to medium- and low-tech sectors.

Wong Chung Yiu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 56-59). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / List of Appendices / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature Review / Chapter 2.1 --- Literature Review on Tourism / Chapter 2.2 --- Literature Review on Production Externalities / Chapter 2.3 --- Literature Review on Unemployment / Chapter Chapter 3. --- The Basic Model and Elfects of Tourism / Chapter 3.1 --- The Basic Model / Chapter 3.2 --- Effects of Tourism on Residents' Welfare / Chapter 3.3 --- Concluding Remarks / Chapter Chapter 4. --- "Tourism, Unemployment and Residents.' Welfare" / Chapter 4.1 --- The Model / Chapter 4.2 --- EU'ects of Tourism on Residents' Welfare / Chapter 4.3 --- Concluding Remarks / Chapter Chapter 5. --- "Tourism, Capital Accumulation and Welfare" / Chapter 5.1 --- The Model / Chapter 5.2 --- "Effects of Tourism on Residents"" Welfare" / Chapter 5.3 --- Concluding Remarks / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Concluding Remarks / References / List of Appendices / Chapter A.1 --- Stability condition in equations (36) and (51) / Chapter A.2 --- Comparative statics in equation (60) / Chapter A.3 --- dPN/dΔ and dK/dΔ in equations (68) and (69) / Chapter A.4 --- Solutions of the system (**)

This thesis consists of five papers, which concern expenditure decisions and economic growth within Swedish local government.Paper [1] explores the hypothesis that local fiscal shocks have short run effects on revenue and expenditure decisions made within local government. It is found that although fiscal shocks do not affect local authorities' revenue decisions, they do induce municipalities to change expenditures and financial costs along with short term loans. Local authorities are also found to respond more powerful to unfavorable fiscal shocks (deficit shocks) than to favorable fiscal shocks (surplus shocks).In Paper [2], we study the hypothesis that local (municipal) expenditures, in part, can be explained by regional (county) expenditures. We formulate and estimate a demand model for municipal services that is defined conditional on the county expenditures. The results imply a positive dependency between the provision of county and municipal services. Moreover, the results suggest that the hypothesis of weak separability between the provision of county and municipal services can be rejected. In addition, we cannot reject the hypothesis that the regional expenditures are weakly exogenous in the local expenditure equation.In Paper [3] the existence of spillover between Swedish municipalities in the provision of recreational and cultural services is analyzed. A representative .voter model is derived and the demand for recreational and cultural services is estimated using spatial SUR techniques. The results suggest a negative relationship between recreational and cultural expenditures provided by neighboring municipalities, which indicates that these services are substitutes.Paper [4] concerns the regional growth pattern in Sweden by analyzing what factors might determine the growth rate of regional average income levels and the net migration rates. Our results suggest a negative dependence between the initial average income level and the subsequent income growth, which supports the conditional convergence hypothesis. Among other things, we also find that the initial endowments of human capital have a positive effect on subsequent net migration while the initial unemployment rate is found to have a negative impact on net migration.Paper [5] complements the analysis made in Paper [4] by studying which factors determine average income growth and net migration at the local level of government. The conditional convergence hypothesis cannot be rejected. Local government investments are found to have a positive effect on the subsequent net migration while leaving the growth in mean income unaffected. This may indicate that the net migration caused by these investments does not significantly affect the proportion of skilled and unskilled labor. / <p>Härtill 5 delarbeten.</p> / digitalisering@umu

The issues of global warming and climate change are a worldwide concern and the UK government has committed itself to major reductions in CO2 emissions, the most significant of the six greenhouse gases. Road transport currently accounts for about 22% of total UK emissions of CO2, and has been steadily rising. Therefore, initiatives are required to try and reduce the gas emissions in this sector. The aim of this research has been to develop a computer based vehicle routing model that calculates the overall amount of CO2 emitted from road journeys, as well as time and distance. The model has been used to examine a number of delivery strategies to assess how CO2 emissions vary. The aim has not been to produce new mathematical theories, but to produce an innovative basis for routing which will provide new information and knowledge about how CO2 emissions vary for different minimisation and congestion criteria. The approach used in this research brings together elements from transportation planning and environmental modelling combined with logistics based vehicle routing techniques. The model uses a digitised road network containing predicted traffic volumes, to which speed flow formulae are applied so that a good representation of speed can be generated on each of the roads. This means that the model is uniquely able to address the issue of congestion in the context of freight vehicle routing. It uses driving cycle data to apply variability to the generated speeds to reflect acceleration and deceleration so that fuel consumption, and therefore CO2, can be estimated. Integrated within the model are vehicle routing heuristics to enable routes to be produced which minimise the specified criterion of time, distance or CO2. The results produced by the model show that there is a potential to reduce CO2 emissions by about 5%. However, when other transport externalities are considered overall benefits are dependent on road traffic volumes.

Online group-buying is one of popular and innovative business models in the Internet age. Its essence is that the price will go down as the accumulated orders are increasing. A challenge is how to design the price curve, i.e., the relation between price and volume. Researchers have observed the consumer behavior phenomena of demand externalities, price-drop effect, and cycle ending effect in online group-buying transactions. All are related to the design of price curve. Therefore, if the price curve design can attract consumers and make profit as well, it will make the group-buying more successful. Based on above background, the purpose of this study is to explore the impact of price reduction frequency on consumers¡¦ perceived value and perceived transaction utility and then in turn on consumers¡¦ intention. In addition, this study also explores how the consumers¡¦ price sensitivity mediate the impact of price reduction frequency on consumers¡¦ perceived value and perceived transaction utility. A field experiment was done first. Then, an online experiment was designed and implemented based on the observation of the field experiment. The research result indicates that price reduction frequency will positively affect the consumers¡¦ perceived value and perceived transaction utility. Further, both consumers¡¦ perceived value and perceived transaction utility will affect the consumers¡¦ intention. In addition, the consumers¡¦ price sensitivity modulates the impact of price reduction frequency on consumers¡¦ perceived value and perceived transaction utility. Finally, the observations of field experiment and lab experiment demonstrate the phenomena of demand externalities, price-drop effect, and cycle ending effect proposed by previous researches.

This thesis consists of an introductory chapter and four papers, which relate to environmental policy in the presence of transboundary environmental damage. Paper [I] concerns public policy in a multi-jurisdiction framework with transboundary environmental damage. Each jurisdiction is assumed large in the sense that its government is able to infuence the world-market producer price of the externality-generating good. This gives rise to additional incentives of relevance for national public policy in the non-cooperative Nash equilibrium. With the uncoordinated equilibrium as the reference case, the welfare effects from coordinated changes in public policy variables are analyzed. Paper [II] analyses welfare effects of coordinated changes in environmental and capital taxation in the presence of transboundary environmental externalities and wage bargaining externalities. In the wage bargaining between frms and labor unions, firms use the threat of moving abroad to moderate wage claims, which means that domestic policy infuences wage formation abroad. The specific framework implies welfare effects of policy coordination that correspond to each of the respective international interaction mentioned above. In paper [III], national governments face political pressure from environmental and industrial lobby groups, while pollution taxes are determined in an international negotiation. It is shown that a general increase in the environmental concern and the weight the governments attach to social welfare both tend to increase the pollution tax. However, allowing for asymmetries between the countries means that a general increase in the environmental concern has the potential to reduce the pollution tax. Paper [IV] studies national environmental policies in an economic federation characterized by decentralized leadership. The federal government sets emission targets for each member country, which are implemented by the national governments. Although all national governments have commitment power vis-à-vis the federal government, one of them also has commitment power vis-à-vis the other member countries. This creates incentives to act strategically toward the federal government, as well as toward other members.

Univ., Diss.--Osnabrück, 1999.

Diss. : / Myös verkkojulkaisuna ISBN 978-952-10-4827-2 (PDF).

Thesis (docteur ès sciences économiques et sociales)--Université de Genève, 1983. / Bibliography: p. 258-264.