abstract: I study the design of two different institutions to evaluate the welfare implications of counterfactual policies. In particular, I analyze (i) the problem of assigning students to colleges (majors) in a centralized admission system; and (ii) an auction where the seller can use securities to determine winner’s payment, and bidders suffer negative externalities. In the former, I provide a novel methodology to evaluate counterfactual policies when the admission mechanism is manipulable. In the latter, I determine which instrument yields the highest expected revenue from the class of instruments that combines cash and equity payments. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Economics 2017

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-04-12T12:30:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 2170875 bytes, checksum: 2600a76d732d427977ff40db7a7e482b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-12T12:30:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 2170875 bytes, checksum: 2600a76d732d427977ff40db7a7e482b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / From two independent experiments, this thesis aimed to investigate the spatial concentration of employment of clothing and leather footwear and municipalities in the Brazilian Northeast sectors. To achieve this goal, broke the theoretical foundation of the New Economic Geography of the spatial concentration of productive activities generate benefits for local economic agents. The first trial, which is descriptive in nature, used the Spatial Analysis of Settlement for the identification and verification spatial evolution of clusters of two productive sectors between 1997 and 2012. The results suggest that the clothing industry has spatial concentration of productive clusters in the states of Pernambuco, Ceara and Rio Grande do Norte. The leather and footwear sector, in turn, is more concentrated in the states of Ceara and Bahia. Moreover, we perceive spatial spillover of clusters in the two sectors between the municipalities in the study period. The second essay, in turn, aimed to test from the marshallian externalities horizontal clustering of employment of micro, small and medium enterprises in the sectors for municipalities in the region between 2002 and 2012. For this, was used the spatial model proposed by Fingleton, Igliori and Moore (2005), which tests the explanatory variables of sectoral employment growth of micro, small and medium enterprises controlling estimates of supply and demand, isolating the effect of the initial intensity of the cluster, as well as possible effects of stage of congestion. The results suggest that there is a horizontal clustering in the clothing sector. Leather and footwear, on the other hand, seems to be no such clustering. / A partir de dois ensaios independentes, esta dissertação procurou verificar a concentração espacial do emprego dos setores de confecções e de couros e calçados nos municípios do Nordeste. Para atingir este objetivo, partiu-se da fundamentação teórica da Nova Geografia Econômica de que a concentração espacial das atividades produtivas gera efeitos benéficos para os agentes econômicos locais. O primeiro ensaio, que é de caráter descritivo, utilizou a Análise Espacial de Concentração para a identificação e verificação da evolução espacial dos clusters produtivos dos dois setores entre 1997 e 2012. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que o setor de confecções apresenta concentração espacial dos clusters produtivos nos Estados de Pernambuco, Ceará e Rio Grande do Norte. O setor de couros e calçados, por sua vez, apresenta maior concentração nos Estados do Ceará e da Bahia. Além disso, percebe-se transbordamento espacial dos clusters nos dois setores entre os municípios no período em estudo. O segundo ensaio, por sua vez, objetivou testar, a partir das externalidades marshallianas, a clusterização horizontal do emprego das micros, pequenas e médias empresas dos setores para os municípios da região entre 2002 e 2012. Para isso, foi utilizado o modelo espacial proposto por Fingleton, Igliori e Moore (2005), que testa variáveis explicativas do crescimento do emprego setorial das micros, pequenas e médias empresas controlando as estimativas da oferta e da demanda, isolando o efeito da intensidade inicial do cluster, bem como possível estágio de efeitos de congestão. Os resultados encontrados sugerem que há uma clusterização horizontal no setor de confecções. Em couros e calçados, por outro lado, parece não haver tal clusterização.

This diploma thesis aims to provide individual transport negative impact analysis and design a solution of reducing such issues in the city of České Budějovice. A partial aim of this thesis is to compare the individual types of transport referring to user{\crq}s costs, elaborating and evaluating a questionnaire for automobile drivers living in České Budějovice. This research inquires the purpose and frequency of using cars and other means of transport as well as the users{\crq} attitude to this problem. Reacting to the results of the survey the author designs a public bicycle lending system (automatic bicycle rental stations), which represents a modern, economical, ecological and a quick way of transporting people for short distances in the first place. Also the city of České Budějovice matches all the conditions needed for such a system. It should be perceived as a complement of the public transport rather than a leisure time facility so the meaning is to offer the citizens a competitive alternative to individual automobile transport. The main advantage is the pace (to borrow a bicycle takes less than 30seconds), simplicity (when borrowing a bicycle the user only places a smart card in front of the reader) and availability (strategically positioned stands can be used twenty-four hours a day.

Tannery industry is a big water resources pollutant in Colombia. By this, a bigger environmental responsibility has onwaters resources pollution in the country. This paper presents a methodological proposal to implement a CorporateSocial Responsibility methodology for Colombian Tannery Industry. In this case, Donna Wood’s theory, environmentalimpact, economic valuation of environmental quality, and citizen participation are used. / La preocupación por el deterioro del medio ambiente es uno de los elementos implícitos en la responsabilidad socialempresarial. La industria de la curtiembre en Colombia tiene una responsabilidad importante en la calidad ambientaldel país, puesto que es una de las mayores generadoras de contaminación del medio ambiente y, en particular, de losrecursos hídricos. Este artículo presenta una propuesta metodológica para la implementación de un modelo de responsabilidadsocial para el sector de la curtiembre en Colombia. Para ello, considera como base el modelo teórico deresponsabilidad social de Donna Wood, la evaluación de impacto ambiental, la normatividad ambiental colombiana, lavaloración económica del deterioro ambiental y la participación ciudadana.

A DissertaÃÃo avalia os efeitos da atividade pesqueira associativa em tanques redes em comunidades selecionadas e localizadas no municÃpio de Jaguaribara, no AÃude CastanhÃo e a sua capacidade em promover desenvolvimento sustentÃvel para as comunidades envolvidas na atividade no aÃude CastanhÃo. Para alcanÃar os objetivos desse trabalho, foi feito um estudo de caso sobre os projetos de piscicultura em tanques-rede do AÃude CastanhÃo - CE, tendo por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da atividade aquÃcola e sua capacidade em promover desenvolvimento sustentÃvel para as comunidades envolvidas na produÃÃo. Daà a importÃncia das pesquisas em mecanismos que resultem em um equilÃbrio entre aspectos econÃmicos, sociais e ambientais. A pesquisa utiliza dados primÃrios coletados junto aos piscicultores da comunidade. Estimam-se indicadores de bem-estar econÃmico e social bem como de privaÃÃes das famÃlias envolvidas nas atividades, buscando entender se o padrÃo atual de vida difere daquele que prevalece no municÃpio de Jaguaribara, onde està inserido. O estudo determina a alocaÃÃo econÃmica dos recursos e avalia a conveniÃncia econÃmica da produÃÃo escalonada por trimestre bem como avaliar se à viÃvel, de um ponto de vista econÃmico a retirada das vÃsceras para serem vendidas separadamente. Este Ãltimo elemento tem impacto importante de um ponto de vista ambiental, tendo em vistas que de outra forma esse material altamente poluente, se depositado em lixÃes ou em qualquer outro espaÃo, contaminaria tanto eventuais mananciais aquÃferos de superfÃcie como de subsolo. Para estudar a otimizaÃÃo da produÃÃo escalonada, minimiza-se a funÃÃo de custo de produÃÃo, conhecendo-se os custos unitÃrios trimestrais. Os preÃos de venda do pescado coletado foram levantados junto aos entrevistados. Assim geram-se restriÃÃes de receita mÃnima que, no trabalho foi estabelecida como ao menos um salÃrio mÃnimo por trimestre. Para o caso das vÃsceras estabeleceu-se valores equivalentes a 10% do peso vivo do animal como valor de venda. Os custos obtidos sÃo aqueles associados à utilizaÃÃo da mÃo de obra no trabalho de retirada das vÃsceras. Os resultados mostraram que os criadores de peixes envolvidos na pesquisa tÃm padrÃo de vida bem melhores do que aqueles observados no municÃpio de Jaguaribara em 2010. A pesquisa tambÃm sugere que os custos mÃnimos de produÃÃo acontecem quando a produÃÃo se distribui nos quatro trimestres estudados, mas com maior concentraÃÃo no terceiro. No que se refere à retirada das vÃsceras para venda em separado, os resultados econÃmicos foram satisfatÃrios e mostraram que a maior concentraÃÃo de produÃÃo desses resÃduos, objetivando minimizar custos, deve acontecer no segundo trimestre. A pesquisa conclui que o projeto tem viabilidade econÃmica, proporciona melhores padrÃes de vida para os envolvidos, e tem forte externalidade ambiental positiva, na medida em que utiliza as vÃsceras para produzir biodiesel, que poupa petrÃleo, e nÃo contamina o ambiente. / This thesis evaluates the effects of associative pens aquaculture activities in selected communities located in the municipality of Jaguaribara, into the CastanhÃo reservoir, and its capacity into promoting sustainable development for the involved communities into the CastanhÃo. To reach the objectives of this work, a case study was conducted upon pens aquaculture projects into the CastanhÃo reservoir, aiming at evaluating the effects of aquiculture activity and its capacity to promote sustainable development for the communities involved into the production. Hence the importance of researches based on mechanisms that result in a balance between economic, social and environmental aspects. The study uses primary data collected with the communitiesâ fishermen. We estimate economic and social well-being and also deprivation indicators of the families involved into the activities, seeking to understand if the current living pattern is different from the dominant pattern of the municipality of Jaguaribara. The study determinates the economic allocation of resources and evaluates the economic convenience of trimestral scaled production as well as if it is viable, on an economic point of view, to separate and sell viscus. This last subject has an important environmental impact, as it is highly pollutant, and is disposed inappropriately, it would contaminate either superficial reservoirs or underground aquifers. To study the scaled production optimization, we will minimize the production cost function, as we know the trimestral unitary costs. Selling prices of collected fishes were registered through interviews. This way, we generated minimum income restrictions, which was established in this study as at least one minimum wage by trimester. As for the viscus, we established a value equivalent to 10% of the living fish weight as a selling value. Costs considered are those regarding manpower need for viscus extraction. Results show that fishermen involved in this study have a much better standard of living than those observed in the municipality of Jaguaribara in 2010. The study also suggests that minimum production costs occur when production is distributed within the four analyzed trimesters, but with a higher concentration during the third trimester. Regarding the viscus extraction for separate sell, economic results were satisfactory and showed that a higher concentration of production, seeking minimizing costs, should occur during the second trimester. This study concludes that the project is economically viable, offers better living standards for the involved and has a strong environmental positive externality, as it uses viscus to produce biodiesel, saving oil and not contaminating the environment.

Este trabalho trata da tributação como um instrumento de proteção do meio ambiente. Apresenta as diversas dimensões em que o Estado pode intervir na atividade econômica na busca da melhoria do nível de bem-estar social. Um determinado padrão de qualidade do meio ambiente pode ser alcançado através do mecanismo de preços, limitando a quantidade das emissões. Embora, na prática internacional, predominem as normas e as proibições, discutem-se também, como alternativas, direitos ou certificados negociáveis de emissão, e os tributos, na forma como são sugeridos pela abordagem do “padrão de qualidade do meio ambiente-preço”. Em nível internacional, se ampliou, recentemente, seu emprego através da tributação dos combustíveis, motivado pelo Protocolo de Kioto, que objetiva reduzir os níveis de emissão de CO2, causador do “efeito estufa”. Por fim, apresentamos uma proposta tributária para controlar a emissão de gases veiculares. / This work focuses on taxation as an instrument for policies on environmental rotection. It present a whole range of dimensions in which the State can intervene in economics activities with these goal of welfare improvement. In this sense a given enviromental standart can be achived through the price mechanism in which emissions are limited to a given amount. Although in international practice prohibitions prevail alternatives, to the like of rights and taxation, are becoming ever more common in the literature. There is an international trend towards the taxation of combustibles due to the Kyoto Protocol goal of reducing CO2 levels which are considered the main cause of global warming. Finally, we present a proposal in which taxation is used to control veicular gas emissions.

Despite worldwide policy efforts such as the Kyoto Protocol, the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) remains a negative externality. Economic equilibrium paths in the presence of such an uncorrected externality are inefficient; as a consequence there is no real economic opportunity cost to correcting this externality by mitigating global warming. Mitigation investment using resources diverted from conventional investments can raise the economic well-being of both current and future generations. The economic literature on GHG emissions misleadingly focuses attention on the intergenerational equity aspects of mitigation by using a hybrid constrained optimal path as the "business-as-usual" benchmark. We calibrate a simple Keynes-Ramsey growth model to illustrate the significant potential Pareto-improvement from mitigation investment, and to explain the equilibrium concept appropriate to modeling an uncorrected negative externality.

This dissertation uses quantitative analysis to provide insights for the urban and transportation policy-making process in order to manage two transportation externalities: road safety and air pollution in Bogotá Colombia. I performed a safety transportation risk analysis, which shows a high fatality and injury risk from road crashes in Bogota. I then analyzed safety-related benefits and costs of crash avoidance technology used in transit buses. My analysis reveals that despite of the life-safety benefit expected, Bogota’s values of statistical life and injuries make an investment on the technology for buses fall into the economically unjustified ranges. To analyze traffic related air pollution emissions, I developed a link-based emission model, which then it’s used to explore the traffic-related air pollution impacts of a highway capacity enhancement plan and a scrappage program for private cars. I use a bottom-up model that couples detailed activity data from a TAM, developed in EMME/4, with various emissions factors to develop a high-resolution road traffic emissions inventory for Bogotá. In particular, I use three emission models to produce the traffic related emission inventory, which includes exhaust emissions of five criteria air pollutants: Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Sulphur oxides (SO2), Particulate Matter (PM, particles with diameters of 10 micrometers and smaller), and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emissions generated by hot-stabilized vehicle activity. The on-road vehicle emission model developed as part of this work marks an important turn over previous tools, because it opens the possibility to integrate environmental and transportation policy-making in Bogota. Integrating transportation and environmental policies has the potential to move the focus of environmental programs from “end-of-the-pipe” solutions to holistic analysis of how the land use, transportation systems and vehicle technology decisions play out on the levels of pollution in the city.

The inflow of the foreign direct investments (FDI) is often associated with existence of externalities which are created by influence of multinational companies with higher technology level on domestic companies. It is hard to prove some effect of the technology spillovers and other externalities by empirical calculations. Moreover, various results of these actual papers support real discussions among economists about this topic. The goal of my thesis is shed light on this problem by using the sector analysis of the automobile industry which is significant recipient of the government incentives in the Czech republic. I chose the example of the TPCA company. I focused on impacts of the entrance of this automobile maker not only on its suppliers, but also on wage changes in this sector. The conclusions of this analysis should not be considered generally acceptable for all industries. However, the magnitude of the importance of the automobile industry for Czech economy determinates a relevancy of my findings for the total look on the externalities of FDI in the Czech republic.

This thesis analyzes the system of financing tertiary education in the Czech Republic and Russia. Expenditure on education is the process of investing in the future not only individual but also society as a whole. Currently, education becomes more important and countries that are in this respect is well developed, can achieve significant competitive advantage. The work is devoted to a comparison of tertiary education, the Czech Republic and Russia, the countries of the OECD and associated countries. Describes the current situation of higher education in the Czech Republic and Russia, aimed at analyzing the problems of financing programs at public universities. The work focuses on current problems and the need for changes in these problem areas, particularly increasing the share of private resources to finance higher education.