Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-22T12:07:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - D?bora Costa Barroso.pdf: 1579387 bytes, checksum: 9adad5522f56d5852b007999979e4774 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-22T12:07:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - D?bora Costa Barroso.pdf: 1579387 bytes, checksum: 9adad5522f56d5852b007999979e4774 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This study was conducted at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, at the Animal Science Institute. Four experiments were performed using as zootechnical additives avilamycin, capsaicin, cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and piperine in the feed of broilers. The objective was to evaluate the production rates and the possibility of withdrawal of the feed antimicrobials, evaluating the impact on the metabolization of nutrients balanced diet, influence on hematological parameters, but also to quantify the activity of the digestive enzymes and antioxidants. In the first experiment were used five treatments: basal diet + antibiotic (avilamycin); basal diet; basal diet + 60 mg / kg piperine; basal diet + 150 mg / kg of cinnamaldehyde, capsaicin and carvacrol and basal diet + 15 mg / kg capsaicin, with six replicates of 10 birds each, totaling 30 plots and 300 birds in metabolic cages. One metabolizable trial lasting 10 days was done. At 36 days of age the chickens were killed and liver collected from four birds per treatment, for evaluation of the catalase enzyme activity. The second experiment was added wheat bran to feed reference for analysis of pancreatic enzyme activity (amylase and protease). Five treatments and five replications of 10 birds each, totaling 25 plots and 250 chickens were used. The treatments were: basal diet + antimicrobial; reference diet; basal diet + 150 mg / kg of cinnamaldehyde, capsaicin and carvacrol; basal diet + 15 mg / kg capsaicin; basal diet + 30 mg / kg capsaicin. In the third experiment were used five treatments and six replicates of 10 birds each, totaling 30 plots and 300 chickens. The same treatments of the second experiment performed and were used in metabolic cages with performance analysis, carcass characteristics and metabolization assay. In the fourth experiment, we analyzed the performance, carcass characteristics and blood parameters. The chickens were distributed in five treatments, similar to the second and third experiments, four repetitions with 30 chickens, totaling 600 birds in experimental shed. Data were analyzed by statistical program and when found significant effect was used SNK test and Dunnett's test for comparison of means with significance of 5% (p <0.05). The use of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, piperine and capsaicin kept the results to villus height similar ileum when used avilamycin. Capsaicin protease resulted in equivalent pancreatic enzyme activity in the group that received avilamycin, as apparent metabolizable energy similar to that of chickens receiving the antimicrobial. By using 30 mg / kg capsaicin were observed decreased weight gain and increased feed conversion, lower post-fasting body weight and lower weight of hot carcass. The use of the tested phytogenic beneficially influenced some traits, justifying its use in the diet of broiler chickens / O presente trabalho foi realizado na Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, no Instituto de Zootecnia. Foram realizados quatro experimentos, utilizando os aditivos zoot?cnicos avilamicina, capsaicina, cinamalde?do, carvacrol e piperina na ra??o de frangos de corte. O objetivo foi avaliar os ?ndices produtivos e a possibilidade de retirada dos antimicrobianos da ra??o, avaliando o impacto na metabolizabilidade dos nutrientes da ra??o balanceada, a influ?ncia sobre par?metros hematol?gicos, e tamb?m quantificar a atividade das enzimas digestivas e antioxidantes. No primeiro experimento foram utilizados cinco tratamentos: ra??o refer?ncia + antimicrobiano (avilamicina); ra??o refer?ncia; ra??o refer?ncia + 60 mg/Kg de piperina; ra??o refer?ncia + 150 mg/Kg de cinamalde?do, capsaicina e carvacrol e ra??o refer?ncia + 15 mg/Kg de capsaicina, com seis repeti??es de 10 aves por unidade experimental, totalizando 30 parcelas e 300 aves, em gaiolas metab?licas. Foi realizado um ensaio de metabolizabilidade com dura??o de 10 dias. Com 36 dias de idade, os frangos foram abatidos e coletado o f?gado de quatro aves por tratamento, para avalia??o da atividade da enzima catalase. No segundo experimento, foi acrescentado farelo de trigo ? ra??o refer?ncia, para an?lise da atividade enzim?tica pancre?tica (amilase e protease). Foram utilizados cinco tratamentos e cinco repeti??es de 10 aves por unidade experimental, totalizando 25 parcelas e 250 frangos. Os tratamentos foram: ra??o refer?ncia + antimicrobiano; ra??o refer?ncia; ra??o refer?ncia + 150 mg/Kg de cinamalde?do, capsaicina e carvacrol; ra??o refer?ncia + 15 mg/Kg de capsaicina; ra??o refer?ncia + 30 mg/Kg de capsaicina. No terceiro experimento foram utilizados cinco tratamentos e seis repeti??es de 10 aves por unidade experimental, totalizando 30 parcelas e 300 frangos. Foram utilizados os mesmos tratamentos do segundo experimento e realizado em gaiolas metab?licas, com an?lise de desempenho, caracter?sticas de carca?a e ensaio de metabolizabilidade. No quarto experimento, foram analisados o desempenho, caracter?sticas de carca?a e par?metros sangu?neos. Os frangos foram distribu?dos em cinco tratamentos, semelhantes aos do segundo e terceiro experimentos, sendo quatro repeti??es com 30 frangos, totalizando 600 aves, em galp?o experimental. Os dados foram analisados por programa estat?stico e quando verificado efeito significativo foi utilizado o teste SNK e o teste Dunnett para compara??o das m?dias com signific?ncia de 5% (p<0,05). O uso de carvacrol, cinamalde?do, capsaicina e piperina mantiveram o resultado para altura de vilosidade do ?leo semelhante quando utilizada avilamicina. A capsaicina resultou em atividade enzim?tica prote?sica no p?ncreas equivalente ao do grupo que recebeu avilamicina, assim como energia metaboliz?vel aparente semelhante a dos frangos que receberam ra??o com o antimicrobiano. Ao utilizar 30 mg/kg de capsaicina, foram observados diminui??o do ganho de peso e aumento da convers?o alimentar, menor peso vivo p?s-jejum e menor peso de carca?a quente. O uso dos fitog?nicos testados influenciou beneficamente algumas caracter?sticas estudadas, justificando seu uso na dieta de frangos de corte.

Foram desenvolvidos cinco experimentos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do fornecimento de óleos essenciais sobre a fermentação ruminal e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em borregos. No experimento I, avaliou-se um produto comercial tendo como princípio ativo óleo essencial de pimenta (Activo&reg;), os tratamentos experimentais foram: controle negativo ração base (30% de volumoso e 70% de concentrado, % da MS); controle positivo - ração base adicionada com 25 mg de monensina sódica por kg de matéria natural e ração base adicionada com 100, 200 ou 300 ppm de Activo&reg; (%MS). Nos quatro experimentos restantes, além dos tratamentos controle negativo e controle positivo descritos para o primeiro experimento, avaliou-se também a inclusão na dieta de 1,09; 2,18 ou 3,27 mL/kg de matéria seca (MS) de óleo essencial extraído do capim cidreira, Cymbopogon citratus (Experimento II); Óleo essencial extraído do fruto da aroeira-vermelha, Schinus terebinthifolius (Experimento III); Óleo essencial extraído do capim limão, Cymbopogon flexuosus (Experimento IV) ou óleo essencial extraído das folhas da aroeira vermelha; Schinus terebinthifolius (Experimento V). No experimento I, não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre a concentração ruminal de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC). No entanto, quando comparados ao controle positivo, o fornecimento de Activo&reg; (%MS) aumentou o consumo de MS e reduziu a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. No experimento II, não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre as características de fermentação ruminal, contudo, a digestibilidade da PB foi maior nas dietas contendo monensina sódica ou óleo essencial de capim cidreira em comparação ao tratamento controle. Nos experimentos III, IV e V, não observou-se efeito dos tratamentos sobre nenhuma das variáveis estudadas. Desta forma, os resultados mais promissores foram observados para o experimento com capim cidreira, devido ao benéfico observado sobre a digestibilidade da proteína bruta. / Five experiments were developed in order to evaluate the effect of providing essential oils on ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestibility in lambs. In the first experiment (Experiment I) it was evaluated a commercial product having as active principle pepper essential oil (Activo&reg;), the experimental treatments were: negative control - basal diet (30% roughage and 70% concentrate,% DM); positive control - basal diet plus 25 mg monensin per kg of natural matter (NM) and basal diet plus 100, 200 or 300 ppm Activo&reg; (% DM). The remaining four experiments, besides of the treatments negative and positive control described in the first experiment, were also evaluated the inclusion in the diet 1.09; 2.18 or 3.27 mL/kg dry matter of essential oil extracted from West Indian lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus (Experiment II); Essential oil extracted from the fruit of the Brazilian peppertree; Schinus terebinthifolius (Experiment III); essential oil extracted from Lemon grass; Cymbopogon flexuosus (Experiment IV) or essential oil extracted from the leaves of the Brazilian peppertree; Schinus terebinthifolius (Experiment V). In the first experiment, there was no effect of treatments on ruminal concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). However, when compared to the positive control, the supply of Activo&reg; increased dry matter intake (DMI) and reduced nutrient digestibility. In the second experiment, there was no effect of treatments on ruminal fermentation characteristics, however, the digestibility of CP was higher in diets containing monensin or essential oil of lemon grass compared to the control treatment. In the experiments III, IV and V, there was no effect of treatments on any of the variables studied. Thereby, the most promising results were observed for the experiment with essential oil of lemon grass, because of the beneficial on the digestibility of crude protein.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-11-06T12:40:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaeldeoliveiracorrea.pdf: 2314461 bytes, checksum: f68d67f14fca4892ff6a3da834575d63 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-11-09T14:20:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaeldeoliveiracorrea.pdf: 2314461 bytes, checksum: f68d67f14fca4892ff6a3da834575d63 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-09T14:20:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rafaeldeoliveiracorrea.pdf: 2314461 bytes, checksum: f68d67f14fca4892ff6a3da834575d63 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-28 / A candidíase acomete a cavidade oral e é uma doença ocasionada pela Candida albicans e por outras espécies relacionadas, tais como: C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii. As infecções por cândida consistem atualmente em um problema de Saúde Pública. Isto se deve ao aumento de hospedeiros imunodeprimidos, tratamento prolongado com antibacterianos dentre outros. O uso de agentes antifúngicos eficientes contra leveduras é um importante meio de controle destas infecções bucais. Vários agentes antimicrobianos de origem vegetal estão sendo investigados devido as suas possíveis propriedades farmacológicas. O uso de plantas medicinais é uma prática usual pela população atual sendo que muitas plantas apresentam atividade biológica benéfica ao ser humano. Os extratos vegetais podem contribuir para a produção de medicamentos eficazes. Espécies vegetais como Ficus insipida Willd (caxinguba ou cuaxinguba), Brosimum parinarioides Ducke (amapá), Byrsonima intermedia A. Juss (saratudo), Curatella americana (caimbé), Anacardium spp (cajuí), apresentam notáveis propriedades antibacterianas, antifúngicas, anti-inflamatórias e antineoplásicas e por isso, neste estudo foram avaliados seus extratos etanólicos (brutos). Os principais objetivos foram: determinar o potencial antifúngico destes cinco extratos secos dessas espécies vegetais, frente às principais linhagens causadoras de candidíase oral (Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei e C. guilliermondii) além de estabelecer a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração fungicida mínima (CFM); verificar as alterações morfológicas e estruturais nas linhagens de Candida por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV); avaliar a toxicidade desses extratos em modelos de células de fibroblastos de camundongos (L929) e queratinócitos (HaCaT) e modelo de Artemia salina. Os extratos vegetais demonstraram potencial antifúngico com CIM e CFM de 0,0097µg/mL e 5µg/mL. Por meio das eletromicrografias foi possível evidenciar alterações morfológicas nas estruturas fúngicas das quatro espécies submetidas à ação dos extratos secos selecionados, o que demonstra sua ação sobre os fungos avaliados. Os extratos revelaram baixa toxicidade frente as células L929 e HaCaT e tóxicos para Artemia salina (IC50 = 80,70µg/mL). Por meio dos resultados apresentados neste trabalho é possível atribuir aos extratos ação antifúngica frente aos principais fungos causadores da candidíase oral. O extrato de Byrsonima intermedia apresentou melhor perfil antifúngico, demonstrando ser o mais promissor deles / Candidiasis affects the oral cavity and is a disease caused by Candida albicans and other related species, such as C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii. Candida infections are currently a public health problem. This is due to the increase of immunosuppressed hosts, prolonged treatment with antibacterial among others. The use of effective antifungal agents against yeasts is an important means of controlling these oral infections. Several antimicrobial agents of vegetable origin are being investigated because of their possible pharmacological properties. The use of medicinal plants is a common practice by the current population and many plants have biological activity that is beneficial to humans. Plant extracts can contribute to the production of effective medicines. Plant species such as Ficus insipida Willd (Caxinguba or Cuaxinguba), Brosimum parinarioides Ducke (amapá), Byrsonima intermedia A. juss (saratudo), Curatella americana (caimbe), Anacardium spp (cajuí), present remarkable antibacterial, antifungal, antiinflammatory properties and antineoplastic and therefore, in this study were evaluated their (crude) ethanol extracts. The main objectives were: to determine the antifungal potential of these five dry extracts of these plant species, against the main oral Candida albicans (Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. guilliermondii) lines, besides establishing the minimum inhibitory concentration ) and the minimum fungicidal concentration (CFM); to verify the morphological and structural alterations in Candida strains by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); to evaluate the toxicity of these extracts in mouse fibroblast cell (L929) and keratinocyte (HaCaT) models and Artemia saline model. Plant extracts showed antifungal potential with MIC and CFM of 0.0097 μg / mL and 5 μg / mL. By means of the electromicrographs it was possible to show morphological changes in the fungal structures of the four species submitted to the action of the selected dry extracts, which demonstrates their action on the evaluated fungi. The extracts showed low toxicity to L929 and HaCaT cells and toxic to Artemia saline (IC 50 = 80.70 μg / ml). Through the results presented in this work it is possible to attribute antifungal extracts to the main fungi causing oral candidiasis. The extract of Byrsonima intermedia presented better antifungal profile, proving to be the most promising of them

Orientador: Silmara Marques Allegretti / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T06:36:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bastos_LeticiaAparecidaDuart_M.pdf: 1855069 bytes, checksum: a36510be45c9c921b9c19702e64e2a22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O Strongyloides stercoralis é uma das principais espécies de nematódeos com alta prevalência entre os humanos, com uma estimativa de 100 milhões de pessoas infectadas em todo mundo. Atualmente os fármacos de escolha para o tratamento desta doença são o tiabendazol, albendazol e ivermectina, porém comumente associados a casos de recidivas, baixa eficácia e a ocorrência de resistência e tolerância a fármacos. Diante da necessidade de medicamentos mais eficazes, menos tóxicos, as plantas medicinais são uma alternativa. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o efeito anti-helmíntico dos extratos etanólicos das folhas de 25 espécies de árvores frutíferas sobre fêmeas adultas parasitas de Strongyloides venezuelensis in vitro. As observações foram feitas em 3 concentrações diferentes por um período de 72 horas. A atividade anti-helmíntica foi observada em 68% dos extratos testados em pelo menos uma das concentrações testadas durante o período de observação, com exceção dos extratos etanólicos de Litchi chinensis, Aceima smeithii, Eugenia involucrata e Butia capitata, a fração orgânica de Pouteria caimito que não apresentaram atividade contra o parasita. Os extratos etanólicos que apresentaram maior eficácia foram Spondias lutea (Cajá) e Pouteria caimito (Caimito), com 100% de mortalidade em todas as concentrações testadas apresentando DL50 < 0,05 mg/mL. Estes extratos sofreram um processo de partição com 2 frações, aquosa e orgânica. O Spondias lutea mostrou eficiência anti-helmíntica nas 2 frações testadas enquanto que o Pouteria caimito apresentou atividade apenas com a fração aquosa. Para todos os extratos testados, foi considerado significativo (p < 0,0001) o efeito do tempo em relação à motilidade dos vermes, e o efeito do extrato e da concentração em relação ao tempo, assim como o efeito do extrato e da concentração na motilidade dos vermes / Abstract: Strongyloides stercoralis is one of the main nematode specie with high prevalence among humans, with a rating of 100 million infected people in the role world. Nowadays the chosen drugs for the treatment of this disease are the thiabendazole, albendazole and ivermectin, but generally associated with recurrence cases, low efficiency, resistance occurrence and drugs tolerance. Given the need for more efficient drugs, with less toxicity, the medicinal plants are the alternative. The present work were evaluated the antihelminthic effect from the ethanolic extracts from the leaves of 25 fruit trees species over adult parasite females of Strogyloides venezuelensis in vitro. Observations were made in 3 different concentrations during 72 hours. 68% from the tested extracts presented antihelminthic activity in at least one tested concentration during the observation period, with an exception of the ethanolic extracts of Litchi chinensis, Aceima smeithii, Eugenia involucrata, Butia capitata and an organic fraction of Pouteria caimito that did not showed any activity against the parasite. The ethanolic extracts which presented major efficiency were Spondias lutea (Cajá) and Pouteria caimito (Caimito), with a mortality of 100% in all tested doses and with DL50 < 0,05 mg/mL. These extracts suffered a partition process, obtaining 2 fractions, aqueous and organic. The Spondias lutea showed antihelminthic efficiency in two tested fractions while Pouteria caimito showed activity only with the aqueous fraction. For all the tested extracts, were considered significative (p < 0,0001) the effect from the time in relation to the worms motility, and the extract effect and dose in relation to the time, as well as the extract effect and the dose related to the worms motility / Mestrado / Parasitologia / Mestre em Parasitologia

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_patricia_braga_lovatto.pdf: 9620093 bytes, checksum: ff6cc5be1251deb78c900f3b28a40bd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-13 / Knowledge about the use of bioactive plants for insect management has assisted in developing methods less harmful to the environment and human health, becoming a viable and environmentally sound strategy to be incorporated into agricultural production systems family that aims to sustainability. Thus, the active principles of plants can act in crop protection by acting as repellents, attractive and / or insecticides, representing a low-cost technology and reduced environmental impact, made from the recovery and maintenance of popular knowledge. Given these assumptions the research presented here was to order, identify, classify and contextualize the use of bioactive plants, used for the management of agroecossitemas by farmers in ecological basis of the Territory South Zone of RS, combining elements of research in ethnobotany research data experimental to legitimize the use of botanicals in the management of aphids on vegetable crops. Serving up the research participant and the phenomenological approach as qualitative tools for ethnobotanical research conducted with 33 farmers in ecological basis linked to the Cooperative Ecological and ARPA South-South, it was possible to infer the empirical use of 24 different plant species for management bioactive agroecosystems. Thus, the experimental study investigated the bioactivity of aqueous extracts of five plant species with the highest number of citations for the management of aphids: Melia azedarach (Meliaceae), Tagetes minuta (Asteraceae), Peteridium aquilinum (Dennstaedtiaceae), Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae) and Urtica dioica (Urticaceae), and the species Solanum fastigiatum var. acicularium (Solanaceae) on two species of horticultural importance, Brevicoryne brassicae and Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) under laboratory conditions. The bioassays included the evaluation of the repellent and insecticidal activity of extracts and assessment of survival, production of nymphs and instantaneous rate of population growth of insects, using as host cabbage, Brassica olareacea var. acephala. Jointly to the crude extract of fresh plant parts (30% w/v) and dried (5% w/v) dilutions were evaluated 30 and 10%, besides being distilled water and product test AGV Xispa pests. With respect to the bioactivity of the plants on aphid B. brassicae, the results showed that the repellent action of extracts prepared from fresh and dried leaves of R. graveolens, dry leaves and ripe fruits of M. azedarach, dry leaves of T. draft, leaves, flowers and twigs of U. dioica and fresh and dried leaves of P. aquilinum. The most representative insecticide was observed for extracts prepared from the dried leaves of R. graveolens, fresh and dried leaves of P. aquilinum, fresh leaves of S. fastigiatum var. acicularium and dried flowers of T. raw draft in the formulations and diluted to 30%. The reduction of survival and production of nymphs the most significant results were obtained with extracts prepared using the dried leaves of R. graveolens, dry leaves and unripe fruits of M. azedarach, dried leaves and flowers of T. draft, leaves, flowers and twigs of U. dioica, dried leaves of P. aquilinum and fresh leaves of S. fastigiatum var. acicularium. Already in bioassays on the instantaneous rate of population growth the most significant results were obtained with extracts prepared from dried leaves and flowers of T. minutes, dried leaves and unripe fruits of M. azedarach and dried leaves of P. aquilinum. Bioassays of the aphid M. persicae results pointed to the repellent action of aqueous extracts prepared from the dried leaves of the species R. and M. graveolens azedarach, in addition to those made from the leaves, flowers and twigs of the species U. dioica. The extracts prepared from dried leaves of R. graveolens dried unripe fruits of M. azedarach, dried leaves of P. aquilinum, dried flowers of T. draft and leaves, flowers and twigs of U. dioica also showed action on the biology of the aphid, significantly reducing the survival and reducing the offspring of M. persicae, confirming the results obtained with the species B. brassicae laboratory under similar conditions. The satisfactory results obtained with botanical extracts corroborate the agroecological knowledge, as well as indications of practical use of plants found within the manuals that guide the organic gardening and pointed between the techniques used by farmers in ecological basis, representing a viable alternative to preventing and control the occurrence of aphids in brassica crops. In this context, it is desirable that further investigative works are carried out with plants and their extracts in order to verify its action on the ecosystem as a whole, particularly as regards toxicity on non-target organisms, including humans, domestic animals and organisms beneficial, allow to expand the security and use of technology as a practice suited to agroecological management of crops. / O conhecimento sobre a utilização de plantas bioativas para o manejo de insetos tem auxiliado no desenvolvimento de métodos menos agressivos ao ambiente e à saúde humana, constituindo-se numa estratégia viável e ambientalmente correta para ser incorporada nos sistemas de produção agrícola familiar que almejam a sustentabilidade. Desta forma, os princípios ativos das plantas podem atuar na proteção dos cultivos agindo como repelentes, atraentes e/ou inseticidas, representando uma tecnologia de baixo custo e reduzido impacto ambiental, formulada a partir da valorização e manutenção do saber popular. Diante destes pressupostos a pesquisa ora apresentada teve como intuito, identificar, sistematizar e contextualizar a utilização de plantas bioativas, utilizadas para o manejo em agroecossitemas, por agricultores de base ecológica do Território Zona Sul do RS, conjugando elementos de investigação etnobotânica com dados da pesquisa experimental para legitimar o uso de espécies botânicas no manejo de afídeos em cultivos de hortaliças. Servindo-se da pesquisa participante e da abordagem fenomenológica como ferramentas qualitativas à investigação etnobotânica realizada com 33 agricultores de base ecológica vinculados à Cooperativa Sul Ecológica e ARPA-Sul, foi possível inferir sobre a utilização empírica de 24 diferentes espécies de plantas bioativas para o manejo de agroecossistemas. Desta forma, na pesquisa experimental foi investigada a bioatividade dos extratos aquosos das cinco espécies botânicas com maior número de citações para o manejo de afídeos: Melia azedarach (Meliaceae), Tagetes minuta (Asteraceae), Peteridium aquilinum (Dennstaedtiaceae), Ruta graveolens (Rutaceae) e Urtica dioica (Urticaceae), além da espécie Solanum fastigiatum var. acicularium (Solanaceae), sobre duas espécies de importância hortícola, Brevicoryne brassicae e Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), em condições de laboratório. Os bioensaios incluíram a avaliação sobre a atividade repelente e inseticida dos extratos, bem como avaliação sobre a sobrevivência, produção de ninfas e taxa instantânea de crescimento populacional dos insetos, utilizando como hospedeira a couve, Brassica olareacea var. acephala. Conjuntamente ao extrato bruto das partes das plantas frescas (30% p/v) e secas (5% p/v), foram avaliadas as diluições de 30 e 10%, além das testemunhas água destilada e o produto teste AGV Xispa-praga. Com relação à bioatividade das plantas sobre o afídeo B. brassicae, os resultados apontaram para a ação repelente dos extratos elaborados a partir das folhas frescas e secas de R. graveolens, folhas e frutos maduros secos de M. azedarach, folhas secas de T. minuta, folhas, flores e ramos secos de U. dioica e folíolos frescos e secos de P. aquilinum. A ação inseticida mais representativa foi observada para os extratos elaborados a partir das folhas secas de R. graveolens, folíolos secos e frescos de P. aquilinum, folhas frescas de S. fastigiatum var. acicularium e flores secas de T. minuta nas formulações bruto e diluído a 30%. Na redução da sobrevivência e produção de ninfas os resultados mais significativos foram obtidos com os extratos elaborados através das folhas secas de R. graveolens, folhas e frutos verdes secos de M. azedarach, folhas e flores secas de T. minuta, folhas, flores e ramos secos de U. dioica, folíolos secos de P. aquilinum e folhas frescas de S. fastigiatum var. acicularium. Já nos bioensaios sobre a taxa instantânea de crescimento populacional os resultados mais significativos foram obtidos com os extratos elaborados a partir de folhas e flores secas de T. minuta, folhas e frutos verdes secos de M. azedarach e folíolos secos de P. aquilinum. Nos bioensaios sobre o afídeo M. persicae os resultados apontaram para a ação repelente dos extratos aquosos elaborados a partir das folhas secas das espécies R. graveolens e M. azedarach, além daqueles elaborados a partir das folhas, flores e ramos secos da espécie U. dioica. Os extratos elaborados a partir de folhas secas de R. graveolens, frutos verdes secos de M. azedarach, folíolos secos de P. aquilinum, flores secas de T. minuta e folhas, flores e ramos secos de U. dioica demonstraram ainda ação sobre a biologia do afídeo, diminuindo significativamente a sobrevivência e reduzindo a prole de M. persicae, corroborando com os resultados obtidos com a espécie B. brassicae em condições similares de laboratório. Os resultados satisfatórios obtidos com os extratos botânicos investigados corroboraram com o conhecimento agroecológico, bem como com as indicações de utilização prática das plantas encontradas dentro dos manuais que orientam a horticultura orgânica e apontada entre as técnicas utilizadas pelos agricultores de base ecológica, representando uma alternativa viável para prevenção e controle da ocorrência de afídeos em cultivos de brássicas. Nesse contexto, é desejável que novos trabalhos investigativos sejam realizados com as plantas e seus extratos, visando verificar a sua ação no agroecossistema como um todo, principalmente no que se refere a toxicidade sobre organismos não-alvo, incluindo seres humanos, animais domésticos e organismos benéficos, permitindo ampliar a seguridade e a utilização da técnica enquanto prática adequada ao manejo agroecológico dos cultivos.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / We hypothesize that South African medicinal plants contain compounds that can act in synergism with synthetic antifungal compounds. Four fungicides - Sporekill™, Rovral™, Terminator™ and Teldor™ at doses 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mL L-1 and plant species Galenia africana, Elytropappus rhinocerotis and Tulbaghia violacea were tested aloneand in different combinations for their potency (efficacy) on radial growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea strains on potato dextrose plates. Four doses of plant extract for each of the respective plant species were used. A total of 48 combinations were tested for each strain. Mixtures of plant extracts were far more effective in controlling strains compared to the individual components alone, representing significant levels of in vitro synergistic interactions. Combinations of these components represent an attractive future prospect for the development of new management strategies for controlling B. cinerea. Since the in vitro tests of these mixtures showed inhibitory activity, the mixtures were tested for activity in assays on Granny Smith apples. In vitro tests can be used to screen mixtures to obtain information on their inhibitory activity on a pathogen, however, the environmental conditions of the fruit and the ability of the pathogen to grow into the fruit cannot be simulated in vivo. A series of two-fold doses of medicinal plant extracts were combined with fungicides to conduct decay inhibition studies. The incidence of gray mold was significantly reduced by mixtures of plant extracts and fungicides. Under conditions similar to those in commercial storage, a drench treatment with G. africana and Rovral™ significantly (p=0.05) inhibit gray mold on the apples and was more effective than the plant extract and fungicide alone. The treatments exerted synergistic effects and were markedly better than the components applied alone. The wound colonization assay was used for optimal decay control. In a drench, much higher volumes of the treatments are used to ensure that the components of the suspension are deposited evenly over the entire fruit surface. Drenching of fruit to apply other chemicals is an established practise in the pome (fleshy) fruit industry, and simplifies the commercial application of the mixtures, as no additional infrastructure at commercial packing houses will be required. This approach not only makes it possible to reduce fungicide concentrations while maintaining adequate decay control, but also ensures a reduction of the chemical residue on the fruit. / South Africa

Magister Scientiae - MSc / In South Africa, the crude aqueous extract from Hypoxis hemerocallidea is used by AIDS patients to treat opportunistic infections, such as tuberculosis. The rapid emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, and extreme drug resistant tuberculosis, in recent years, is a major threat to human health. The treatment of TB, nosocomial bacterial infections, and fungal infections is now a clinical challenge, especially in the immuno-compromised individual. There is a dire need for novel antibiotic alternatives with phytotherapies and plant-derived compounds as potentially promising alternatives. The main objective of this study was to investigate the antimycobacterial activity of Hypoxis hemerocallidea, a South African medicinal plant, using Mycobacterium smegmatis. / South Africa

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / We hypothesize that South African medicinal plants contain compounds that can act in synergism with synthetic antifungal compounds. Four fungicides - Sporekill™, Rovral™, Terminator™ and Teldor™ at doses 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mL L-1 and plant species Galenia africana, Elytropappus rhinocerotis and Tulbaghia violacea were tested alone and in different combinations for their potency (efficacy) on radial growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea strains on potato dextrose plates. Four doses of plant extract for each of the respective plant species were used. A total of 48 combinations were tested for each strain. Mixtures of plant extracts were far more effective in controlling strains compared to the individual components alone, representing significant levels of in vitro synergistic interactions. Combinations of these components represent an attractive future prospect for the development of new management strategies for controlling B. cinerea. Since the in vitro tests of these mixtures showed inhibitory activity, the mixtures were tested for activity in assays on Granny Smith apples. In vitro tests can be used to screen mixtures to obtain information on their inhibitory activity on a pathogen, however, the environmental conditions of the fruit and the ability of the pathogen to grow into the fruit cannot be simulated in vivo. A series of two-fold doses of medicinal plant extracts were combined with fungicides to conduct decay inhibition studies. The incidence of gray mold was significantly reduced by mixtures of plant extracts and fungicides. Under conditions similar to those in commercial storage, a drench treatment with G. Africana and Rovral™ significantly (p=0.05) inhibit gray mold on the apples and was more effective than the plant extract and fungicide alone. The treatments exerted synergistic effects and were markedly better than the components applied alone. The wound colonization assay was used for optimal decay control. In a drench, much higher volumes of the treatments are used to ensure that the components of the suspension are deposited evenly over the entire fruit surface

Magister Scientiae (Medical Bioscience) - MSc(MBS) / Good oral health has a major influence on the general quality of life and well-being. Several chronic and systemic diseases have been attributed to poor oral health. With the increasing incidence of oral diseases, the global need for alterative prevention and treatment methods and safe, effective, and economical products has expanded. There are many studies showed that Streptococcus mutans has been implicated as major etiological agent of dental caries. South African has very rich natural flora especially Cape region. Several South African medicinal plants have been used since immemorial time for treatment of different human pathologies including dental problems. The antibacterial activities of plants extracts have been recognized and documented scientifically during the last few decades. In this project we aimed at the screening of 31 South African plants randomly collected from Cape region for their antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans initially at two concentrations (500 and 100 µg/ml).MIC’s and MBC’s were determined for the active plant extracts, as well as the qualitative studies of the effect of the active extracts on the biofilm formation. The best or the most active safe plant (Psoralea fruticans) was submitted to chromatographic separation to isolate the bioactive compounds which could be responsible for such activity. Identification of the pure active compounds was carried out using different spectroscopic techniques. Finally the biological evaluation of the isolated pure compounds was measured against S. mutans and also the cytotoxicity studies in-vitro against normal cells lines was carried out.

Research indicates that eccentric exercise is associated with delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS). The symptoms associated with DOMS is similar to other inflammatory conditions e.g. pain, swelling and tissue damage. The DOMS as a reaction to the muscle damage is accompanied by changes in cytokines, leukocytes and other markers of inflammation. Prolonged exercise training without adequate rest and nutrition can lead to chronic inflammation and altered cytokine production patterns, which could result in overtraining. Methodology The study included actively participating marathon runners and consisted of two groups, a control group (n = 24 athletes) and an experimental group taking Traumeel S (n = 26 athletes), assigned in a double-blind fashion. Subjects made use of the treatment protocol for a period of seven days and followed their normal training program with no additional training. DOMS was induced on day eight when subjects ran downhill at 75% of peak treadmill running speed (PTRS) for 45 minutes at a gradient of –10% with ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), perceived pain (RPP) and heart rate was measured during the run. After the DOMS was induced subjects reported for blood samples for serum creatine kinase (CK), serum cortisol and a differential white blood cell count was taken at the same time for four days after DOMS was induced. Results The t-test for independent groups was used to determine the statistical differences between the two groups and for inter-group analysis. The results showed minor and predominantly insignificant changes in CK-, basophil-, eosinophil- and lymphocyte-counts. The cortisol levels in the treated group were higher compared to the placebo group at 48-, 72- and 96-hours post-exercise. The treated subjects’ mean monocyte count fell significantly on the first day of recovery and remained significantly lower for the four days post-exercise. Conclusions The increased cortisol concentrations can assist the immune system to shut of the acute inflammatory reaction associated with DOMS and in so doing reduce exercise induced muscle damage and inflammation. The decreased monocyte counts will reduce blood vessel permeability and swelling, fewer pain receptors will be stimulated because of lower PGE2 levels associated with decreased monocyte activation. Secondary, muscle damage that can amongst others be associated with increased monocytic activity, will be limited. Additional blood tests and performance testing are needed to confirm and substantiate the findings of the research. / Dissertation (MA (Human Movement Sciences)--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences / unrestricted