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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
341

Les fonctions perceptives et cognitives dans la maladie de Parkinson

Hassan Omar, Romain 08 1900 (has links)
En plus de leurs difficultés motrices bien documentées, les personnes atteintes de la maladie de Parkinson présentent un large éventail de symptômes non moteurs. Ces symptômes non moteurs comprennent des difficultés perceptives, telles que la détection du contraste, la perception du mouvement et les réductions du champ visuel, ainsi que des difficultés cognitives, incluant des déficits de l'attention, du traitement visuospatial et de mémoire. Ces symptômes non moteurs demeurent sous-étudiés et peu compris, et ce, malgré le fait qu’ils jouent un grand rôle dans la qualité de vie des personnes avec la maladie de Parkinson ainsi que dans leur profil clinique. Dresser un profil des atteintes visuo-perceptives dès les premiers stades de la maladie est donc d’une grande importance. Pour ce faire, nous avons testé 14 adultes âgés et 10 adultes avec la maladie de Parkinson sur différents tests mesurant la perception et les capacités cognitives. Nous avons obtenu quelques évidences démontrant des atteintes au niveau de la cognition, mais aucune en lien avec la visuo-perception. De plus, nos résultats quelque peu contradictoires ne nous permettent pas d’infirmer ou confirmer la présence d’interactions entre la visuo-perception et la cognition dans les premiers stades de la maladie de Parkinson. / In addition to their well-documented motor difficulties, individuals afflicted with Parkinson's disease manifest a broad spectrum of non-motor symptoms. These non-motor symptoms encompass perceptual challenges, such as contrast detection, motion perception, and reductions in visual field, alongside cognitive impairments, including deficits in attention, visuospatial processing, and memory. Despite playing a significant role in the quality of life and clinical profile of Parkinson's disease patients, these non-motor symptoms remain insufficiently explored and understood, particularly visuo-perceptual impairments. Profiling visuo-perceptual impairments in the early stages of the disease holds considerable importance. To address this, we assessed 14 elderly adults and 10 adults diagnosed with Parkinson's disease using various tests measuring perception and cognitive abilities. While we obtained some evidence indicating cognitive impairments, none were linked to visuo-perception. Moreover, our somewhat contradictory findings do not allow us to definitively confirm or refute the presence of interactions between visuo-perception and cognition in the early stages of Parkinson's disease.
342

Exploring eye movements in patients with glaucoma when viewing a driving scene

Crabb, D.P., Smith, N.D., Rauscher, F.G., Chisholm, Catharine M., Barbur, J.L., Edgar, D.F., Garway-Heath, D.F. January 2010 (has links)
No / BACKGROUND: Glaucoma is a progressive eye disease and a leading cause of visual disability. Automated assessment of the visual field determines the different stages in the disease process: it would be desirable to link these measurements taken in the clinic with patient's actual function, or establish if patients compensate for their restricted field of view when performing everyday tasks. Hence, this study investigated eye movements in glaucomatous patients when viewing driving scenes in a hazard perception test (HPT). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The HPT is a component of the UK driving licence test consisting of a series of short film clips of various traffic scenes viewed from the driver's perspective each containing hazardous situations that require the camera car to change direction or slow down. Data from nine glaucomatous patients with binocular visual field defects and ten age-matched control subjects were considered (all experienced drivers). Each subject viewed 26 different films with eye movements simultaneously monitored by an eye tracker. Computer software was purpose written to pre-process the data, co-register it to the film clips and to quantify eye movements and point-of-regard (using a dynamic bivariate contour ellipse analysis). On average, and across all HPT films, patients exhibited different eye movement characteristics to controls making, for example, significantly more saccades (P<0.001; 95% confidence interval for mean increase: 9.2 to 22.4%). Whilst the average region of 'point-of-regard' of the patients did not differ significantly from the controls, there were revealing cases where patients failed to see a hazard in relation to their binocular visual field defect. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Characteristics of eye movement patterns in patients with bilateral glaucoma can differ significantly from age-matched controls when viewing a traffic scene. Further studies of eye movements made by glaucomatous patients could provide useful information about the definition of the visual field component required for fitness to drive.
343

Effects of gaze strategy on standing postural stability in older multifocal wearers

Johnson, Louise, Elliott, David, Buckley, John 04 May 2008 (has links)
No / Postural instability in older people is associated with an increased risk of falling. This experiment investigated the effects of different gaze strategies on postural stability in older people, when using distance single-vision compared with multifocal (progressive addition lens and bifocal) spectacles. METHODS: Eighteen healthy older habitual multifocal spectacle-wearers (mean age 72.1 +/- 4.0 years) participated in a randomised, cross-over study. Postural stability during quiet standing was assessed as the root mean square excursion in the centre of pressure (RMS-COP) in the antero-posterior direction. Ground reaction force data were collected (for 30 seconds), while subjects viewed one of two visual targets (one square metre) of different spatial frequencies and contrasts, while wearing either distance single-vision or multifocal (progressive addition and bifocal) spectacles. The visual targets were positioned either ahead at eye-level or on the ground (viewing distance 2.06 metres) and viewed under the following head-gaze conditions; 'head neutral-gaze forward', 'head flexed-gaze down' and 'head neutral-gaze down'. RESULTS: The type of spectacles worn or the target viewed had no significant effect on postural stability but postural stability deteriorated (antero-posterior RMS-COP excursion increased) in the 'head neutral-gaze down' compared with the 'head flexed-gaze down' and 'head neutral-gaze forward' conditions (5.9, 5.5 and 5.0 mm respectively, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Multifocal use had no effect on standing postural stability. Irrespective of spectacles worn, when fixating a visual target positioned at ground level, postural stability was better in the 'head flexed-gaze down' condition compared with the 'head neutral-gaze down' condition. A useful strategy to reduce falling in the older person might be to advise multifocal and distance single-vision spectacle-wearers to flex their heads rather than just lower their eyes when looking downwards.
344

Microsaccades as a window to visuospatial attention

Meyberg, Susann 20 April 2017 (has links)
Die Erforschung visueller Aufmerksamkeit beruht auf verdeckter Aufmerksamkeit; das heißt, wenn der Fokus der Aufmerksamkeit trotz strikter Fixation ausgerichtet wird ohne größere Sakkaden auszuführen. EEG-Studien haben das neuronale Netzwerk identifiziert, dass verdeckte Aufmerksamkeit steuert. Diese Studien ignorieren jedoch unwillkürliche kleine Sakkaden während der Fixation - Mikrosakkaden (MS) genannt. Blickbewegungsstudien hingegen belegen einen Zusammenhang zwischen Aufmerksamkeit und diesen MS, beziehen ihre Resultate jedoch nicht auf etablierte EEG-Befunde. Um diese Forschungslücke zu schließen, zielt diese Dissertation darauf, den Zusammenhang zwischen Ereignis-korrelierten Potentialen (EKP) endogener Aufmerksamkeit und MS zu untersuchen. Folglich wurden drei Studien mit gleichzeitiger Erfassung von EEG und Blickbewegungen durchgeführt. In den Studien haben die Probanden ein „Posner Spatial-Cueing-Paradigma“ absolviert mit einem endogenen Hinweisreiz. Wir zeigen deutliche Zusammenhänge zwischen MS und neuronalen Korrelaten visueller Aufmerksamkeit. Erstens, MS und ein posteriores EKP reflektierten die Selektion visueller Reize basierend auf deren Merkmale. Dieses Ergebnis stärkt die Idee eines Netzwerkes, dass relevante Reize unter Distraktoren selektiert und zielgerichtetes Verhalten initiiert. Zweitens, MS erzeugten ein visuelles Potential, das verstärkte Potentialkomponenten für Reize zeigte, die im Aufmerksamkeitsfokus lagen. Dieses MS-evozierte Potential stellte einen zeitlich gut aufgelösten Aufmerksamkeitsindex dar. Drittens, MS erzeugten zudem ein in früheren Studien übersehenes, korneoretinales Artefakt. Dieses Artefakt kontaminierte die Messung eines frontalen EKPs, dass zuvor mit der Kontrolle von Aufmerksamkeit assoziiert war. Zusammenfassend zeigt diese Dissertation, dass die gleichzeitige Erfassung von EEG und Blickbewegungen bedeutsame Einblicke in den Zusammenhang von MS und visueller Aufmerksamkeit erlaubt. / Research on visual attention focusses on covert attention; that is, when attention is directed during fixation periods in the absence of larger saccades. While previous EEG research has provided insights into the neural network that controls covert attention, this field fails to account for the inevitable occurrence of miniature fixational saccades - called microsaccades (MS). In contrast, previous eye-tracking research has established links between MSs and covert attention, but has not directly related their findings to seminal EEG results. This thesis bridges this research gap by investigating the link between event-related potentials (ERPs) of endogenous attention and MSs. To this end, three studies were conducted with concomitant ERP and high-resolution eye-tracking recordings while participants performed a Posner spatial cueing task with an endogenous cue. Crucially, we show that MSs relate to neural correlates of visual attention. First, MS and an early posterior ERP reflected the top-down selection of a visual stimulus based on its features. This finding is consistent with the notion of a neural network that selects relevant stimuli from distracting ones and initiates goal-directed behavior toward selected stimuli. Second, gaze shifts from MSs evoked a visual potential in the EEG that was enhanced for stimuli in the focus of attention; a finding well-known for the visual potential measured after presenting a stimulus. Importantly, these MS-related potentials provided a fine-grained temporal index of the subject’s attentional state. Finally, MSs further evoked a corneoretinal artifact overlooked in previous EEG studies. This artifact contaminated the measurement of a frontal ERP previously associated with preparatory attentional control. In sum, this thesis provides first evidence for the benefits of using concomitant ERP and eye-tracking recordings to examine the link between MSs and visual attention.
345

L’utilisation de l’information visuelle en reconnaissance d’expressions faciales d’émotion

Blais, Caroline 09 1900 (has links)
L’aptitude à reconnaitre les expressions faciales des autres est cruciale au succès des interactions sociales. L’information visuelle nécessaire à la catégorisation des expressions faciales d’émotions de base présentées de manière statique est relativement bien connue. Toutefois, l’information utilisée pour discriminer toutes les expressions faciales de base entre elle demeure encore peu connue, et ce autant pour les expressions statiques que dynamiques. Plusieurs chercheurs assument que la région des yeux est particulièrement importante pour arriver à « lire » les émotions des autres. Le premier article de cette thèse vise à caractériser l’information utilisée par le système visuel pour discriminer toutes les expressions faciales de base entre elles, et à vérifier l’hypothèse selon laquelle la région des yeux est cruciale pour cette tâche. La méthode des Bulles (Gosselin & Schyns, 2001) est utilisée avec des expressions faciales statiques (Exp. 1) et dynamiques (Exp. 2) afin de trouver quelles régions faciales sont utilisées (Exps. 1 et 2), ainsi que l’ordre temporel dans lequel elles sont utilisées (Exp. 2). Les résultats indiquent que, contrairement à la croyance susmentionnée, la région de la bouche est significativement plus utile que la région des yeux pour discriminer les expressions faciales de base. Malgré ce rôle prépondérant de la bouche, c’est toute de même la région des yeux qui est sous-utilisée chez plusieurs populations cliniques souffrant de difficultés à reconnaitre les expressions faciales. Cette observation pourrait suggérer que l’utilisation de la région des yeux varie en fonction de l’habileté pour cette tâche. Le deuxième article de cette thèse vise donc à vérifier comment les différences individuelles en reconnaissance d’expressions faciales sont reliées aux stratégies d’extraction de l’information visuelle pour cette tâche. Les résultats révèlent une corrélation positive entre l’utilisation de la région de la bouche et l’habileté, suggérant la présence de différences qualitatives entre la stratégie des patients et celle des normaux. De plus, une corrélation positive est retrouvée entre l’utilisation de l’œil gauche et l’habileté des participants, mais aucune corrélation n’est retrouvée entre l’utilisation de l’œil droit et l’habileté. Ces résultats indiquent que la stratégie des meilleurs participants ne se distingue pas de celle des moins bons participants simplement par une meilleure utilisation de l’information disponible dans le stimulus : des différences qualitatives semblent exister même au sein des stratégies des participants normaux. / The ability to recognize facial expressions is crucial for the success of social communication. The information used by the visual system to categorize static basic facial expressions is now relatively well known. However, the visual information used to discriminate the basic facial expressions from one another is still unknown, and this is true for both static and dynamic facial expressions. Many believe that the eye region of a facial expression is particularly important when it comes to reading others' emotions. The aim of the first article of this thesis is to determine which information is used by the visual system in order to discriminate between the basic facial expressions and to verify the validity of the hypothesis that the eye region is crucial for this task. The Bubbles method (Gosselin & Schyns, 2001) is used with static (Exp. 1) and dynamic (Exp. 2) facial expressions in order to determine which facial areas are used for the task (Exp. 1) and in which temporal order these facial areas are used (Exp. 2). The results show that, in contrast with the aforementioned belief, the mouth region is significantly more useful than the eye region when discriminating between the basic facial expressions. Despite this preponderant role of the mouth, it is the eye area⎯not the mouth area⎯that is underutilized by many clinical populations suffering from difficulties in recognizing facial expressions. This observation could suggest that the utilization of the eye area varies as a function of the ability to recognize facial expressions. The aim of the second article in this thesis is thus to verify how individual differences in the ability to recognize facial expressions relate to the visual information extraction strategies used for this task. The results show a positive correlation between the ability of the participants and the utilization of the mouth region, suggesting the existence of qualitative differences between the strategy of clinical patients and of normal participants. A positive correlation is also found between the ability of the participants and the utilization of the left eye area, but no correlation is found between the ability and the utilization of the right eye area. These results suggest that the difference between the strategies of the best and the worst participants is not only that the best ones use the information available in the stimulus more efficiently: rather, qualitative differences in the visual information extraction strategies may exist even within the normal population.
346

Real and predicted influence of image manipulations on eye movements during scene recognition

Harding, G., Bloj, M. January 2010 (has links)
In this paper, we investigate how controlled changes to image properties and orientation affect eye movements for repeated viewings of images of natural scenes. We make changes to images by manipulating low-level image content (such as luminance or chromaticity) and/or inverting the image. We measure the effects of these manipulations on human scanpaths (the spatial and chronological path of fixations), additionally comparing these effects to those predicted by a widely used saliency model (L. Itti & C. Koch, 2000). Firstly we find that repeated viewing of a natural image does not significantly modify the previously known repeatability (S. A. Brandt & L. W. Stark, 1997; D. Noton & L. Stark, 1971) of scanpaths. Secondly we find that manipulating image features does not necessarily change the repeatability of scanpaths, but the removal of luminance information has a measurable effect. We also find that image inversion appears to affect scene perception and recognition and may alter fixation selection (although we only find an effect on scanpaths with the additional removal of luminance information). Additionally we confirm that visual saliency as defined by L. Itti and C. Koch's (2000) model is a poor predictor of real observer scanpaths and does not predict the small effects of our image manipulations on scanpaths.
347

L’utilisation de l’information visuelle en reconnaissance d’expressions faciales d’émotion

Blais, Caroline 09 1900 (has links)
L’aptitude à reconnaitre les expressions faciales des autres est cruciale au succès des interactions sociales. L’information visuelle nécessaire à la catégorisation des expressions faciales d’émotions de base présentées de manière statique est relativement bien connue. Toutefois, l’information utilisée pour discriminer toutes les expressions faciales de base entre elle demeure encore peu connue, et ce autant pour les expressions statiques que dynamiques. Plusieurs chercheurs assument que la région des yeux est particulièrement importante pour arriver à « lire » les émotions des autres. Le premier article de cette thèse vise à caractériser l’information utilisée par le système visuel pour discriminer toutes les expressions faciales de base entre elles, et à vérifier l’hypothèse selon laquelle la région des yeux est cruciale pour cette tâche. La méthode des Bulles (Gosselin & Schyns, 2001) est utilisée avec des expressions faciales statiques (Exp. 1) et dynamiques (Exp. 2) afin de trouver quelles régions faciales sont utilisées (Exps. 1 et 2), ainsi que l’ordre temporel dans lequel elles sont utilisées (Exp. 2). Les résultats indiquent que, contrairement à la croyance susmentionnée, la région de la bouche est significativement plus utile que la région des yeux pour discriminer les expressions faciales de base. Malgré ce rôle prépondérant de la bouche, c’est toute de même la région des yeux qui est sous-utilisée chez plusieurs populations cliniques souffrant de difficultés à reconnaitre les expressions faciales. Cette observation pourrait suggérer que l’utilisation de la région des yeux varie en fonction de l’habileté pour cette tâche. Le deuxième article de cette thèse vise donc à vérifier comment les différences individuelles en reconnaissance d’expressions faciales sont reliées aux stratégies d’extraction de l’information visuelle pour cette tâche. Les résultats révèlent une corrélation positive entre l’utilisation de la région de la bouche et l’habileté, suggérant la présence de différences qualitatives entre la stratégie des patients et celle des normaux. De plus, une corrélation positive est retrouvée entre l’utilisation de l’œil gauche et l’habileté des participants, mais aucune corrélation n’est retrouvée entre l’utilisation de l’œil droit et l’habileté. Ces résultats indiquent que la stratégie des meilleurs participants ne se distingue pas de celle des moins bons participants simplement par une meilleure utilisation de l’information disponible dans le stimulus : des différences qualitatives semblent exister même au sein des stratégies des participants normaux. / The ability to recognize facial expressions is crucial for the success of social communication. The information used by the visual system to categorize static basic facial expressions is now relatively well known. However, the visual information used to discriminate the basic facial expressions from one another is still unknown, and this is true for both static and dynamic facial expressions. Many believe that the eye region of a facial expression is particularly important when it comes to reading others' emotions. The aim of the first article of this thesis is to determine which information is used by the visual system in order to discriminate between the basic facial expressions and to verify the validity of the hypothesis that the eye region is crucial for this task. The Bubbles method (Gosselin & Schyns, 2001) is used with static (Exp. 1) and dynamic (Exp. 2) facial expressions in order to determine which facial areas are used for the task (Exp. 1) and in which temporal order these facial areas are used (Exp. 2). The results show that, in contrast with the aforementioned belief, the mouth region is significantly more useful than the eye region when discriminating between the basic facial expressions. Despite this preponderant role of the mouth, it is the eye area⎯not the mouth area⎯that is underutilized by many clinical populations suffering from difficulties in recognizing facial expressions. This observation could suggest that the utilization of the eye area varies as a function of the ability to recognize facial expressions. The aim of the second article in this thesis is thus to verify how individual differences in the ability to recognize facial expressions relate to the visual information extraction strategies used for this task. The results show a positive correlation between the ability of the participants and the utilization of the mouth region, suggesting the existence of qualitative differences between the strategy of clinical patients and of normal participants. A positive correlation is also found between the ability of the participants and the utilization of the left eye area, but no correlation is found between the ability and the utilization of the right eye area. These results suggest that the difference between the strategies of the best and the worst participants is not only that the best ones use the information available in the stimulus more efficiently: rather, qualitative differences in the visual information extraction strategies may exist even within the normal population.
348

Traitement de l'information latérale au cours de l'apprentissage de la lecture : études comparatives chez l'apprenti lecteur / Lateral information processing in beginning reader : a comparative study

Khelifi, Rachid 10 December 2013 (has links)
Dans cette thèse, nous avons examiné chez des apprentis lecteurs le traitement de l'information latérale en lecture de mots isolés et le comportement oculomoteur en lecture de texte. Dans un premier groupe d'expériences, nous montrons que les apprentis lecteurs présentent une sensibilité à l'information latérale. Cette sensibilité dépend des caractéristiques de cette information (linguistique versus non linguistique) mais elle varie également selon le degré de difficulté associée au traitement de l'information centrale (mots fréquents versus mots peu fréquents). Le contrôle des ressources attentionnelles serait moins efficace chez les apprentis lecteurs que chez les lecteurs experts. Un deuxième groupe d'expériences met en évidence une amélioration de la capacité à traiter l'information latérale au cours de l'apprentissage de la lecture. Les résultats montrent également des différences qualitatives entre les lecteurs débutants et les lecteurs experts dans l'initiation des traitements lexicaux à partir de l'information parafovéale. Dans notre troisième groupe d'expériences, les résultats montrent qu'en lecture de texte, les apprentis lecteurs fixent plus longtemps les mots et les refixent également plus souvent que les lecteurs experts. Au fur et à mesure de l'apprentissage de la lecture, la taille des saccades s'accroît. De plus, les effets de la longueur des mots et de la fréquence sont plus importants chez les lecteurs de CE2 que chez les lecteurs de CM2 ou les lecteurs experts. Les différences développementales mises en évidence sont principalement liées à des facteurs cognitifs plutôt qu'à des facteurs oculomoteurs. / This thesis explore in beginning readers processing of lateral information in isolated reading task and eye movement in text reading. In a first serie of experiments, we show that beginning readers are sensitive to the lateral information. This sensitivity depends upon the difficulty of the central word that is under processing, but also upon the nature of the lateral information (linguistic versus non linguistic). Control of the visual attention could be less developped in beginning readers that in expert readers. In a second serie of experiments, our results indicate that increased reading skill goes hand in hand with the ability to extract more information from lateral vision. Differance are also evidenced between beginning readers and expert readers in the way initiation of the lexical processing from lateral information is achieve. In a third serie of experiments, results show that in text reading, beginning readers make shorter saccades, had higher fixation durations and higher refixation probabilities than in older or expert readers. Developmental differences that are evidenced are mainly linked to cognitive processes than oculomotor processes.
349

Co-registration of eye movements and EEG during active vision

Dimigen, Olaf 19 December 2014 (has links)
Obwohl Blickbewegungen einen elementaren Bestandteil des natürlichen Sehens darstellen, werden hirnelektrische Korrelate der visuellen Verarbeitung im Elektroenzephalogramm (EEG) zumeist während passiver Stimulation des ruhenden Auges erfasst. Ein alternativer methodischer Zugang ist die Kopplung des EEG an Beginn oder Ende natürlich auftretender Augenbewegungen mit Hilfe simultanen, hochauflösenden Eye-Trackings (ET). Die resultierenden sakkaden- bzw. fixationskorrelierten Potentiale (SRPs/FRPs) wurden in zwei Forschungskontexten untersucht und angewendet. Der erste Teil der Arbeit (Publikation 1 & 2) befasst sich mit den elektrophysiologischen Korrelaten von Mikrosakkaden, unwillkürlichen Fixationsaugenbewegungen die auch während traditioneller EEG-Messungen auftreten. Es wird gezeigt, dass Mikrosakkaden trotz ihrer geringen Amplitude eine wesentliche, aber mit herkömmlichen Methoden kaum auszuschließende Quelle muskulärer und kortikaler Aktivität im EEG darstellen (mikrosakkadische SRPs), welche in der Mehrzahl experimenteller Durchgängen aktiv ist, und zur Fehlinterpretation reizgekoppelter Potentiale führen kann. Der zweite Teil der Arbeit demonstriert die Machbarkeit und Nützlichkeit von FRP-Analysen zur Untersuchung hirnelektrischer Prozesse beim Lesen. In Publikation 3 werden Einflüsse verschiedener Messartefakte sowie visuell-evozierter, motorischer und kognitiv modulierter Potentiale auf die FRP-Wellenform beschrieben und Methoden zur Signaloptimierung vorgeschlagen. Wir zeigen, dass sich im natürlichen Satzlesen der klassische N400 Wortvorhersagbarkeitseffekt reproduzieren und in Bezug zu Maßen der Fixationsdauer setzen lässt. In Publikation 4 wurde mittels FRPs das Ausmaß der parafovealen Wortverarbeitung bestimmt. Simultanes ET ist eine sinnvolle Ergänzung zur bestehenden EEG-Methodik, sowohl zur Kontrolle von Mikroaugenbewegungen, als auch zur Erforschung natürlichen Blickbewegungsverhaltens und Integration von Befunden der ET- und EEG-Forschung. / Although natural vision involves an active sampling of the environment with several saccadic eye movements per second, electroencephalographic (EEG) correlates of visual cognition are predominantly recorded under artificial conditions of prolonged fixation. An alternative approach to EEG analysis, explored in the present thesis, is to time-lock the signal not to passive stimulations, but to the on- or offsets of naturally occurring eye movements, yielding saccade- and fixation-related potentials (SRPs/FRPs). Using simultaneous high-resolution eye-tracking (ET), this technique was applied in two contexts. The first part of the thesis (publications 1 & 2) investigated brain-electric correlates of microsaccades, small involuntary eye movements, which occur despite attempted fixation during traditional EEG paradigms. In a series of experiments, we show that SRPs from microsaccades present a significant, but normally hidden source of visuocortical potentials that is active in most trials and can confound the interpretation of stimulus-locked data under specific conditions. The second part of the thesis assessed the feasibility and utility of using FRPs in the study of natural reading. Publication 3 provides a review of artifact sources, low-level factors, and high-level influences determining the FRP waveform in free viewing and proposes methods to optimize signal quality. We then replicate the N400 word predictability effect, a cornerstone of neurolinguistic research, in left-to-right sentence reading and relate N400 amplitude to measures of fixation time. In publication 4, the FRP technique was combined with gaze-contingent display manipulations to investigate the depth of parafoveal preprocessing in fluent reading. Our results show that simultaneous recordings improve the understanding of electrophysiological data recorded during fixation, extend the EEG’s methodological scope to naturalistic viewing scenarios, and help to integrate findings from EEG and ET research.
350

Count on the brain

Dix, Annika 11 January 2016 (has links)
Wir können Mathematikleistungen über fluide Intelligenz (FI) vorhersagen. Der Einfluss von FI auf kognitive Prozesse und neuronale Mechanismen, die mathematischen Fähigkeiten in verschiedenen Teildisziplinen zugrunde liegen, ist jedoch wenig verstanden. Vorliegende Arbeit spezifiziert FI-bezogene Unterschiede in diesen Prozessen und Mechanismen beim Lösen von Geometrie-, Arithmetik- und Algebra-Aufgaben. Mithilfe eines multimethodalen Ansatzes beleuchtet sie das Zusammenspiel zwischen FI, Leistung und Faktoren wie Aufgabenkomplexität, Lernen und Strategiewahl, die kognitive Prozesse und Anforderungen beim Problemlösen beeinflussen. Leistungsunterschiede wurden durch Messung von Reaktionszeiten und Fehlerraten, Strategien durch Augenbewegungsanalyse erfasst. Als Indikator kortikaler Aktivität diente die ereigniskorrelierte (De-)Synchronisation (ERD/ERS) im Alpha-Band. Um kognitive Prozesse zu unterscheiden, haben wir die ERD/ERS im Theta-Band und den Alpha-Unterbändern einbezogen. Beim Lösen unvertrauter geometrischer Analogien zeichnete sich hohe FI durch verstärkte Verarbeitung visuell-räumlicher Informationen zum Repräsentieren von Merkmalszusammenhängen aus. Schüler mit hoher FI passten ihre Strategiewahl den Anforderungen flexibler an. Erstmals konnten wir durch trialweise Identifikation von Strategien FI-bezogene Unterschiede in der neuronalen Effizienz der Strategieausführung feststellen. Beim Lösen vertrauter arithmetischer und algebraischer Terme zeigten sich bei Schülern mit hoher im Vergleich zu Schülern mit durchschnittlicher FI geringere Anforderungen zur Aktualisierung numerischer Repräsentationen und eine bessere Leistung in komplexen Aufgaben. Weitere Analysen legen nahe, dass Schüler mit hoher FI Zusammenhänge in der Aufgabenstruktur besser erkennen und passende Routinen abrufen können. Die Fähigkeit Zusammenhangsrepräsentationen zu bilden könnte demnach ein Schlüsselaspekt zur Erklärung FI-abhängiger Unterschiede in mathematischen Fähigkeiten sein. / Fluid intelligence (FI) is a strong predictor of mathematical performance. However, the impact of FI on cognitive processes and neural mechanisms underlying differences in mathematical abilities across different subdivisions is not well understood. The present work specifies FI-related differences in these processes and mechanisms for students solving geometric, arithmetic, and algebraic problems. We chose a multi-methodological approach to shed light on the interplay between FI, performance, and factors such as task complexity, learning, and strategy selection that influence cognitive processes and task demands in problem-solving. We measured response times and error rates to evaluate performance, eye movements to identify solution strategies, and the event-related (de-)synchronization (ERD/ERS) in the broad alpha band as indicator of general cortical activity. Further, we considered the ERD/ERS in the theta band and the alpha sub-bands to distinguish between associated cognitive processes. For unfamiliar geometric analogy tasks, students with high FI built relational representations based on a more intense processing of spatial information. Strategy analyses revealed a more adaptive strategy choice in response to increasing task demands compared to students with average FI. Further, we conducted the first study identifying strategies and related cortical activity trial-wise and thereby identified FI-related differences in the neural efficiency of strategy execution. For solving familiar arithmetic and algebraic problems, high compared to average FI was associated with lower demands on the updating of numbers leading to a better performance in complex tasks. Further analyses suggest that students with high FI had an advantage to identify the relational structure of the problems and to retrieve routines that match this structure. Thus, the ability to build relational representations might be one key aspect explaining FI-related difference in mathematical abilities.

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