Syfte: Syftet med studien var att genom en litteraturstudie undersöka om tillskott av omega-3 har någon positiv påverkan på torra ögon och ögats främre delar. Kan denna fleromättade fettsyra lindra symtomen samt de kliniska tecknen av torra ögon? Metod: Artiklarna i litteraturstudien baserades på tidigare kliniska studier och vetenskapliga publikationer. De sökmotorer som användes var PubMed och Web of Science, sökningarna utfördes mellan 2020-03-30 och 2020-04-15. För att göra urvalsprocessen sattes inklusionskriterier och exklusionskriterier upp. Begränsningarna var att artiklarna skulle finnas tillgängliga i fulltext och vara publicerade från år 2015-2020. Sökorden som användes var “dry eye + omega” och “dry eye and omega”. Litteraturstudier/reviews exkluderades samt studier med färre än 50 deltagare. Utifrån resultatet av sökningarna valdes de fem mest relevanta artiklarna ut för att ingå i studien. Resultat: Studierna involverade totalt 2569 deltagare. Tillskotten som användes i studierna var omega-3 i olika sammansättningar. De subjektiva mätningarna gjordes med Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) och Dry Eye Questionnaire and Scoring System (DESS) och visade statistiskt signifikant förbättring på symtompoäng i tre av fem studier. De objektiva mätningarna visade statistiskt signifikant förbättring på bland annat TBUT i fyra av fem studier och Schirmertest i två av fem studier. Slutsats: Det finns en positiv effekt på torra ögon, torra ögonsymtom och främre ytan av ögat med ett dagligt tillskott av omega-3-fettsyror, men en viss placeboeffekt kan inte uteslutas. Fler studier med fler deltagare under en längre period krävs för att fastställa den optimala dosen, behandlingsperioden samt sammansättningen av tillskottet av omega-3. / The aim of this study was through a literature review, investigate whether a dietary supplement of omega-3 has a positive effect on dry eye symptoms and the anterior surface of the eye. Can this polyunsaturated fatty acid relieve the symptoms and the clinical signs of dry eyes? The articles included in the literature study were based on previous clinical studies and scientific publications. The search engines used were PubMed and Web of Science. The searches were conducted between 2020-03-30 and 2020-04-15. Inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria were determined in advance. The restrictions were that the articles should be available in full text and be published from 2015-2020. The keywords used were “dry eye + omega” and “dry eye and omega”. Other literature reviews were excluded as well as studies with fewer than 50 participants in the randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Based on the results on the searches, 30 articles were selected that related to the topic dry eyes and omega-3. Subsequently, the articles abstracts were reviewed, and the least relevant articles were excluded. The remaining 13 articles were read in more detail and of these, the 5 most relevant articles were selected to be included in the study. The five selected studies involved a total of 2569 participants. The supplements used in the studies contained omega-3 in various compositions. The subjective measurements were made using the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and the Dry Eye Questionnaire and Scoring System (DESS) and showed statistically significant improvement in symptom scores in three out of five studies. The objective clinical tests showed statistically significant improvement on for example TBUT in four out of five studies and Schirmer’s test in two out of five studies. The conclusion is that there is a positive effect on dry eyes, dry eye symptoms and the ocular surface of the eye with a daily supplement of omega-3 fatty acids, however a placebo effect cannot be ruled out. More studies with more participants over a longer period of time are required to determine the optimal dose, treatment period and composition of the supplement of omega-3.

Syfte. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att undersöka om orala tillskott av omega-3 har någon effekt på torra ögon. Metod. Den här litteraturstudien baserades på fem utvalda artiklar som söktes fram via sökmotorn Pubmed den 28 mars. Sökorden var “omega 3 supplement AND dry eye”. Olika begränsningar gjordes såsom tidsgräns för utgivning: mellan år 2015 till 2022 och Peer-reviewed randomiserad kontrollerade studier. Artiklar som inte gick i linje med den här litteraturstudiens syfte valdes bort, kvar fanns fyra artiklar. Den sista utvalda artikeln var en av tre ”given som förslag på citatmatchning” av sökmotorn Pubmed, vid angiven sökning ovan. Resultat. Av de fem artiklarna kunde två artiklar stödja en främjande effekt av omega-3 på dry eye disease (DED) och en artikel visade en statistisk signifikant positiv effekt på symtom i OSDI poäng i en subgrupp med svåra DED-symtom ≥ 52. Två av artiklarna kunde inte som slutsats stödja en positiv effekt av omega-3 på DED trots positiva effekter på korneal infärgning, Schirmer´s test, konjunktival infärgning samt TBUT, så var de inte statistiskt signifikanta, jämfört med placebogruppen. I de två artiklarna där en främjande effekt av omega-3 sågs på DED kunde det ses en positiv statistisk signifikant effekt på Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) poäng, tårosmolaritet, TBUT med mera. Mängden deltagare varierade mellan studierna, även ålder, region, sammansättningen på fettsyrorna och biotillgängligheten av supplementen varierade, vilket kan ha påverkat studiernas resultat.Slutsats. Effekten av omega-3 på DED varierade mellan studierna. Själva sammansättningen på fettsyrorna påverkade resultaten där ökad biotillgänglighet hos omega-3, i återförestrad form och i form av krillolja (triglyceridform) visades ha en större effekt än omega-3 i etylesterform vid DED. Även addition av GLA till omega-3 supplementen hade en positiv effekt på symtom hos personer med svåra DED symtom. Fler studier behövs för en fullständig förståelse vad gäller dos och form av omega-3 samt för att utreda vilken svårighetsgrad av DED som kan dra nytta av omega-3-behandling. Framtida studier behöver även undersöka huruvida individanpassad terapi med Omega-3 kan användas vid DED. / Purpose. This literature study aimed to investigate whether oral omega-3 supplements affect dry eyes. Method. This literature review was based on five selected articles from the search engine Pubmed on 28 March. The keywords were "omega 3 supplement AND dry eye". There was inclusion criteria such as articles published between the years 2015 and 2022 and the articles needed to be Peer-reviewed randomized controlled trials. Articles in line with the purpose of this literature study were selected, and the outcome was four articles. The last article selected was one out of three included in the “suggestions for citation matching” by Pubmed, using the above-mentioned criteria. Results. Of the five articles, two articles could support a promoting effect of omega-3 on DED. One article showed a statistically significant positive impact on symptoms in OSDI scores in a subgroup with severe symptoms ≥ 52. In the two articles that could support a promoting effect of omega-3 on DED, a positive, statistically significant impact could be seen on OSDI scores, tear osmolarity, TBUT, and more. Two of the articles could not support a positive effect of omega-3 on DED. Even though there were positive effects on corneal staining, Schirmer´s test, conjunctival staining, and TBUT, they were not statistically significant compared with the placebo group. However, the number of participants varied between studies, which also varied for age, region, the composition of the fatty acids, and bioavailability of the supplement.Conclusion. The effect of omega-3 on DED varies between studies. The actual composition of the fatty acids seems to impact the result where increased bioavailability of omega-3, which is in re-esterified form, and krill oil that is in triglyceride form has a more significant effect than omega-3 in ethyl ester form. The addition of GLA to the omega-3 supplement also positively impacted symptoms in people with severe symptoms. More studies are needed to thoroughly understand the dose and form of omega-3, and severity of DED. But studies are also required to learn about individualized therapy, and if it can be applicable using omega-3 on DED.

Thesis (MPH.) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / Dry eye disease (DED) is defined as a multifactorial disease of the tears and ocular surface that results in symptoms of discomfort, visual disturbance, and tear film instability with potential damage to the ocular surface. It is accompanied by increased osmolality of the tear film and inflammation of the ocular surface. DED is one of the most frequently established diagnoses in ophthalmology and represents a growing public health concern, with consequences that remain widely underestimated. There is variability of clinical manifestations and diagnostic criteria which leads to poor correlation between clinical signs and symptoms, therefore resulting in difficulties to assess prevalence of DED despite an improved understanding of pathogenic factors of acquired DED. However, its prevalence has been reported to range from 74% to 33% worldwide and the current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of DED and its determinants amongst people consulting at Focus Optometrists in Kwa-Mhlanga Township in Mpumalanga Province. Methodology: The current study was quantitative in nature and it followed a cross-sectional descriptive design to address the research question. The study population were people consulting at Focus Optometrists in Kwa-Mhlanga Township in Mpumalanga Province in which two standardized optometry diagnostic tests (Schimer test and the tear film break up time) were used for data collection coupled with a comprehensive case history which was taken for all participants. Data analysis was done using the STATA statistical software version 12 for Windows (STATA Corporation, College Station, Texas). Frequency tables were used to make comparisons between groups for continuous and categorical variables using student t-test, and chi-square test. P-value less than 0.05 at 95% confidence level were regarded as significant. Results: A total of 236 participants were recruited and the mean age of the participants was 39.7 in which majority of participants were females and there was a statistical significance difference in age groups of both males and females at p-value=0.011. Majority of the participants have reported to have experience of sensitivity to light vi and foreign body sensation sometimes. The poor vision and blurred vision have been reported by majority of participants sometimes and the prevalence of dry eye disease was found to be 80.9% and the risk of the dry eye disease in the current study was found significantly increasing with old age. Those who were older (35 years above) were 4.2 times more likely to develop dry eye disease at p-value <0.001 as compared to young participants. Female gender was found not to be protective of developing dry eye disease in the current and participants who were single, having secondary and education qualifications were more likely to develop dry eye disease. Participants with ocular conditions, systemic disease, surgery and those with high blood pressure were more likely to develop dry disease Conclusion: The prevalence of dry eye disease in the current study was found to be very high and therefore, patients coming to the clinic from the age of 40 with underlying systemic diseases should be screened for dry eyes. Dry eye disease can be a major contributor of refractive error in the visual systems and or can also be a sign or a symptom of hormonal or related ocular or systemic disease. More eye care awareness should be done at primary eye care level to detect the cause or to eliminate future associated symptoms.

Objectif: La dépression est un problème fréquent chez les personnes atteintes de dégénérescence maculaire liée à l’âge (DMLA) et de rétinopathie diabétique (RD). Les antidépresseurs et les thérapies psychologiques sont souvent sous utilisés. Notre objectif était de déterminer si les outils d’auto-soins associés au support téléphonique limité pouvaient réduire les symptômes dépressifs. Méthodes: Un essai clinique randomisé à simple insu a été mené à l’Hôpital Maisonneuve Rosemont, Canada. Tous les patients éligibles étaient invités à participer à l’essai. Pour être éligibles, les participants devaient 1) avoir un diagnostic de DMLA avancée ou de RD, 2) au moins des symptômes dépressifs moyens et 3) une acuité visuelle meilleure que 20/200 dans leur meilleur oeil. Une moitié des participants était randomisée au bras d’intervention et l’autre moitié à l’intervention retardée/traitement usuel. L’intervention était composée d’outils audio et écrits en gros caractères, incluant des principes cognitifs comportementaux plus trois appels téléphoniques d’un coach d’une durée de 10 minutes chacun. Les données de suivi étaient collectées huit semaines plus tard, par téléphone. L’issu primaire était le changement de symptômes dépressifs à huit semaines, mesuré par le questionnaire sur la santé du patient, PHQ-9. Résultats: Quatre-vingts participants, âgés de 50 ans et plus ont été recrutés, dont 70 ayant des données complètes et 10 perdus de vue (12.5%). Le score moyen du iv PHQ-9 à l’inclusion était de 9.5 (SD=3.9) indiquant des symptômes dépressifs modérés. La réduction moyenne du score de PHQ-9 au terme du suivi était de 4.9 (SD=4.2) dans le groupe d’intervention et de 3.2 (SD=4.6) dans le groupe de traitement usuel, soit une différence intergroupe de 1.7 point (p=0.104). Après avoir contrôlé pour les disparités observées à l’inclusion notamment pour l’acuité visuel, l’utilisation des antidépresseurs et la participation à la psychothérapie, cette différence est passée de 1.7 à 2.3 et est devenue statistiquement significative (p=0.037). Soixante pourcent des participants du groupe d’intervention ont rapporté avoir utilisé les outils d’auto-soins au terme de l’étude ou de l’exploitation des données Conclusion: Les outils d’auto-soins accompagnés de support téléphonique conduisent à une petite amélioration des symptômes dépressifs chez les patients atteints de pathologies oculaires liées à l’âge. Des recherches additionnelles ciblant les meilleures stratégies pour soutenir les patients déprimés atteints de maladies oculaires liées à l’âge sont nécessaires. / Purpose: Depression is a common problem in people with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Antidepressants and psychotherapy are often underutilized. Our goal was to determine if self-care tools plus limited telephone support could reduce depressive symptoms. Methods: A single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted at Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital in Montreal, Canada. All eligible patients were invited to participate in the trial. To be eligible, participants must have had either late stage AMD or DR, at least mild depressive symptoms, and visual acuity better than 20/200 in their better eye. Half were randomized to the intervention arm and half to delayed intervention/usual care. The intervention consisted of large print written and audio tools incorporating cognitive-behavioral principles plus three 10-minute telephone calls from a coach. Eight-week follow-up data were collected by telephone. The primary outcome was the 8-week change in depressive symptoms as measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Results: Eighty participants, aged 50 years and older, were recruited while 10 were lost to follow-up (12.5%) giving 70 with complete data, 35 in each group. The mean baseline PHQ-9 score was 9.5 out of 27 (SD=3.9) indicating moderate depressive symptoms. The average decrease in PHQ-9 scores over the 8 weeks was 4.9 (SD=4.2) in the intervention group and 3.2 (SD=4.6) in the usual care group, a 1.7 point difference (P=0.104). After adjusting for baseline imbalances in visual acuity, ii antidepressant use, and participation in psychotherapy, the difference increased from 1.7 to 2.3 and became statistically significant (p=0.037). Sixty percent of those in the intervention group reported having used the tools at the end of the study. Conclusions: Self-care tools plus telephone coaching led to a small improvement in depressive symptoms in patients with age-related eye disease. Additional research into the best way to support depressed patients with age-related eye disease is necessary.

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de níveis altos de poluição ambiental do ar na superfície ocular de controladores de tráfego e taxistas da cidade de São Paulo, incluindo avaliação de sinais e sintomas, da osmolaridade lacrimal e da quantidade de células caliciformes obtidas na citologia de impressão conjunctival. Verificar a correlação destes achados entre si e com os níveis de dióxido de nitrogênio (NO2), e de material particulado menor que 2,5 ?m (PM2,5) a que foram expostos. Métodos: Taxistas e controladores de tráfego de São Paulo, Brasil participaram do estudo. Foram mensuradas as médias individuais de 24 horas de exposição ao NO2 e ao PM2,5 em quatro diferentes ocasiões. Na primeira e terceira visitas, os indivíduos foram submetidos ao questionário Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), avaliação na lâmpada de fenda, estimação do tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal (TRFL), teste de Schirmer e tingimento com corantes vitais da córnea e conjuntiva. Na segunda e quartas visitas, amostras de lágrima foram coletadas do olho direito para análise da osmolaridade, enquanto amostras de citologias de impressão conjuntivais foram coletadas do olho esquerdo. Para estimar os efeitos dos poluentes (PM2,5 e NO2) nos desfechos ao longo do período do estudo adotamos equações de estimativas generalizadas considerando efeitos fixos para medidas repetidas. Correlações entre os níveis de NO2 ou PM2,5, os achados clínicos, o valor da osmolaridade lacrimal e a quantidade de células caliciformes foram investigadas. Resultados: Setenta e um taxistas e controladores de tráfego, entre 31 e 65 anos de idade, foram incluídos no estudo. Os níveis de exposição à poluição do ar permaneceram muito elevados, como notado pelos níveis médios de PM2,5 de 40 ?g/m3 e pelos níveis médios de NO2 constantemente acima de 100 ?g/m3 durante todo o estudo. Poucos sintomas foram relatados no questionário OSDI com pontuação (média ± desvio padrão) de 9,18 ± 6,81 e 8,27 ± 11,92 na primeira e terceira visita, respectivamente. O TRFL foi reduzido com valores médios de 5 segundos, enquanto o teste de Schirmer apresentou valores médios acima de 10 mm com ampla variabilidade. O tingimento com corante vital fluoresceína foi menor do que quatro em todos os olhos, exceto por um (0,7%) indivíduo com pontuação de 5. A pontuação do corante vital lissamina verde foi normal em 124 (87,3%) olhos na primeira visita e em 120 (84,5%) olhos na terceira visita. Os resultados do análise da osmolaridade lacrimal na segunda e quarta visitas foram dentro dos limites da normalidade com médias ± desvio padrão de 298,56 ± 23,19 e 303,73 ± 23,52 mOsmol/Kg, respectivamente. No que se refere a densidade de células caliciformes, os valores médios ± desvio padrão foram 464,42 ± 256,66 e 407,82 ± 269,18 xx células/mm2 na conjuntiva bulbar e 735,52 ± 295,87 e 707,92 ± 272,51 células/mm2 na conjuntiva tarsal, na segunda e quarta visita, respectivamente. Uma significativa e negativa correlação foi encontrada entre PM2,5 e osmolaridade lacrimal (p<0.05). Um aumento de 10 ?m/m3 nos níveis de PM2,5 foi associado a uma diminuição de 10,9 mOsmol/Kg na osmolaridade lacrimal. Também houve uma correlação negativa, embora não estatisticamente significativa, entre NO2 e osmolaridade lacrimal. Nenhuma correlação foi encontrada entre a contagem de células caliciformes conjuntivais e os níveis de NO2 ou PM2,5 assim como nenhuma correlação foi encontrada entre o questionário OSDI ou os achados clínicos e a exposição à poluição do ar. Conclusão: Exposição à altos níveis de poluição do ar diminui a osmolaridade do filme lacrimal e influencia a estabilidade do filme lacrimal embora não seja acompanhada de sintomais e outros sinais clínicos em indivíduos sem doenças oculares. Alterações no filme lacrimal associado com modificações na densidade de células caliciformes podem fazer parte de uma resposta adaptativa da superfície ocular a exposição à poluição do ar / Purpose: To evaluate the effect of high levels of environmental air pollution on ocular surface of taxi drivers and traffic controllers of São Paulo, including the assessment of signs and symptoms, tear osmolarity assays, and goblet cells count from conjunctival impression cytology. To verify whether there is correlation between such findings as well as with nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels and particulate matter smaller than 2.5 ?m (PM2.5) levels to which they were exposed. Methods: Taxi drivers and traffic controllers from São Paulo, Brazil were enrolled into the study. Mean individual levels of 24-hours exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter smaller than 2.5 ?m (PM2.5) were assessed on 4 different occasions. On the first and third visits, subjects were submitted to clinical evaluations including the administration of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, slit-lamp examination, estimation of tear breakup time (BUT), the Schirmer test, and vital staining of the cornea and conjunctiva. On the second and fourth visits, tear samples were collected from right eye for osmolarity assays, while conjunctival impression cytology was collected from left eye. To estimate the effect of the air pollutants (NO2 and PM2.5) on the endpoints throughout the study generalized estimating equations were adopted. Correlations between NO2 or PM2.5 levels, clinical findings, tear osmolarity and goblet cells density were investigated. Results: Seventy-one taxi drivers and traffic controllers, aged from 31 to 65, were enrolled in the study. Air pollution exposure levels remained very high, as noted by the mean PM2.5 levels of 40 ?m/m3 and the mean NO2 levels constantly above of 100 ?m/m3 during the period of study. Few symptoms were reported in the OSDI questionnaire with score (mean ± standard deviation) of 9.18 ± 6.81 e 8.27 ± 11.92 at the first and third visit, respectively. BUT was low with mean values of 5 seconds, while Schirmer test showed mean values above 10 mm with wide variability. The corneal vital staining score with fluorescein was inferior to 4 in all but one eye (0.7%) with a score of 5. The conjunctival vital staining score with lissamine green was considered normal in 124 eyes (87.3%) in the first visit and in 120 eyes (84.5%) in the third visit. The results of the osmolarity assay at the second and fourth visits were within normal limits with mean ± standard deviation of 298.56 ± 23.19 and 303.72 ± 23.52 mOsmol/kg, respectively. Regarding goblet cells density, the mean ± standard deviation values were 464.42 ± 256.66 and 407.82 ± 269.18 cells/mm2 on bulbar conjunctiva and 735.52 ± 295.87 and 707.92 ± 272.51 cells/mm2 on the tarsal conjunctiva, at the second and fourth visit, respectively. A significant and negative correlation was found between PM2.5 and tear film osmolarity (p<0.05). xxiii An increase of 10 ?m/m3 in PM2.5 levels was associated with 10.9 mOsmol/Kg decrease in tear osmolarity. There also was a negative correlation, though not statistically significant, between NO2 and tear osmolarity No correlation was found between conjunctival goblet cells count and NO2 or PM2.5 levels as well as no correlation was found between OSDI questionnaire or clinical findings and air pollution exposure. Conclusion: Exposure to high levels of air pollution reduces tear film osmolarity and influences tear film stability, although it is not associated with symptoms and other clinical signs in individual without ocular disease. Alterations on tear film osmolarity combined to goblet cells density modification may be part of an adaptive ocular surface response to air pollution exposure

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de exposição ambiental sobre a superfície ocular, por meio da análise histológica da superfície ocular e da avaliação de parâmetros clínicos. Métodos: Etapa 1: Foram selecionados 29 voluntários, em duas localidades diferentes: São Paulo (n=13) e Divinolândia (n=16). Foram avaliadas medidas individuais de exposição ao dióxido de Nitrogênio (NO2) atmosférico e a citologia de impressão de conjuntiva tarsal inferior. Avaliou-se a exposição individual ao NO2 por 7 dias consecutivos, usando um sistema de medida passivo. Foram coletados espécimes de citologia de impressão de conjuntiva tarsal inferior. Foram realizados comparações entre o número de células caliciformes e os níveis de NO2 entre os dois grupos e individualmente. Etapa 2: Foram avaliados 55 voluntários, residentes em São Paulo. Foram medidos os níveis de exposição individual ao NO2, e foi realizada uma avaliação subjetiva de sintomas oculares (OSDI e freqüência de sintomas de desconforto ocular); teste de Schirmer I, biomicroscopia, coloração com fluoresceína e rosa bengala, e medida do TRFL, que foram comparados posteriormente por meio de análise estatística. Resultados: Etapa 1: Os níveis de exposição individual ao NO2 em São Paulo(média=32,47 ± 9,83 g/m3) foram 68% mais altos do que em Divinolândia (média =19,33± 5,24 g/m3); (p = 0,005), e houve uma correlação entre o número de células caliciformes e os níveis de NO2 (=0,566, p=0,001), tendo sido observado um padrão dose-resposta relativo à exposição. Etapa 2: Houve associação entre os níveis de NO2 e os escores do OSDI (p<0,05), a freqüência de irritação ocular (p<0,05), e os valores do TRFL (p<0,05, = -0,316). Conclusões: Houve uma associação significativa entre exposição à poluição atmosférica e a hiperplasia de células caliciformes conjuntivais, sintomas de desconforto ocular e maior instabilidade do filme lacrimal. Observou-se uma repercussão tanto clínica quanto histológica da exposição a níveis mais elevados de NO2, o que sugere que essas medidas podem ser usadas como biomarcadores dos efeitos adversos da poluição atmosférica sobre a superfície ocular / The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of different levels of ambient air pollution on the ocular surface, combining determinations of individual exposure with clinical and histological parameters. Methods: Stage 1: A total of 29 volunteers from two locations - São Paulo (n=13) and Divinolândia (n=16) were selected. We assessed mean individual levels of NO2 exposure for 7 days, using a passive sampler. Impression cytology samples were obtained from inferior tarsal conjunctiva. Goblet cell counts and NO2 exposure level were compared between the two groups, and between individual values. Stage 2: A total of 55 volunteers, who lived in São Paulo, were selected. The mean individual levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure were assessed, as in Stage 1. All subjects answered the Ocular Symptom Disease Index (OSDI) and a symptoms inventory. Subsequently, subjects underwent Schirmer I test, biomicroscopy, vital staining and tear break-up time (TBUT) assessment. OSDI scores, symptoms frequency and clinical data were compared to individual NO2 exposure values by statistical analysis. Results: Stage 1: The NO2 exposure levels were 68% higher for individuals living in São Paulo (mean = 32.47, SD = ± 9.83) than for those living in Divinolândia (mean 19.33, SD ± 5.24) (p = 0,005). There was a steady increase in goblet cell counts, proportional to NO2 exposure (=0.566, p=0.001). Stage 2: There was a significant association between NO2 levels and OSDI scores (p<0.05), reported ocular irritation (p<0.05) and TBUT (p<0.05, = -0.316). Conclusions: An association between exposure to higher levels of air pollution, goblet cell hyperplasia, ocular discomfort symptoms and tear film instability was detected; indicating that there are clinical and histological effects of NO2 exposure, and that these measurements may be used as biomarkers of the adverse effects of air pollution on the ocular surface

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Infectious keratoconjunctivitis (IK), also known as pinkeye , is an ocular disease that affects cattle and sheep. In cattle, the microorganisms involved are Moraxella bovis, Moraxella bovoculi and Moraxella ovis. In sheep, the main microorganisms isolated from lesions are Mycoplasma conjuntivae, Chlamydia psittaci and M. ovis. Antibiotics are widely used in the treatement ofthis disease; therefore, to perform tests of susceptibility is essential in order to use the most effective drugs. However, few studies about the susceptibility of M. bovis, M. bovoculi and M. ovis to antibiotics are available in the literature. In Brazil, there are no studies describing the susceptibility profile of M. bovoculi and M. ovis. Susceptibility tests for M. bovis, M. bovoculi and M. ovis are routinely determined at laboratories by disk diffusion method. On the other hand, the broth microdilution method, which is the reference method, is used for Moraxella spp. with epidemiological purposes, such as, to define the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of strains from a specific region. This dissertation aimed to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of Brazilian strains of M. bovis, M. bovoculi and M. ovis by broth microdilution and disk diffusion for the main antimicrobials used to treat IK and, thus, to verify differences in antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the three species of Moraxella. We also aimed to evaluate the agreement between the disk diffusion and broth microdilution method. In order to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), obtained by the broth microdilution method, and the diameter of inhibition zone, obtained by disk diffusion method, the following antimicrobials were used: ampicillin, cefoperazone, ceftiofur, cloxacillin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, gentamicin, neomycin, oxytetracycline and penicillin. The MIC and MBC were higher for M. bovis than for M. bovoculi and M. ovis. The drugs evaluated showed good agreement between disc diffusion and the reference method, except oxytetracycline and penicillin. When analyzed the methods agreement for each Moraxella species we found lower rates of agreement, as well as, more quantities of errors in M. bovis strains. The results of this study emphasize that M. bovis, M. bovoculi and M. ovis have a different antimicrobial susceptibility profile. / A ceratoconjuntivite infecciosa (CI), também conhecida como pinkeye , é uma doença ocular que acomete bovinos e ovinos. Em bovinos os micro-organismos envolvidos na CI são Moraxella bovis, Moraxella ovis e Moraxella bovoculi. Já em ovinos são Mycoplasma conjunctivae, Clamydia psittaci e M. ovis. A terapia antimicrobiana é amplamente utilizada para essa enfermidade, desta forma é imprescindível a realização de testes de suscetibilidade com a finalidade de escolher de forma prudente o fármaco a ser utilizado. Contudo, estudos sobre a suscetibilidade de M. bovis, M. bovoculi e M. ovis são escassos na literatura científica, sendo que no Brasil não existem trabalhos que descrevem o perfil de suscetibilidade de M. bovoculi e M. ovis. Testes de suscetibilidade para Moraxella spp. são determinados na rotina laboratorial pelo método de disco difusão, e, de forma geral, emprega-se o método de microdiluição em caldo com fins epidemiológicos, como caracterizar isolados de um surto ou de uma região específica. Neste contexto, esta dissertação objetivou determinar a suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos de cepas de M. bovis, M. bovoculi e M. ovis, isoladas no Brasil, por meio dos métodos de microdiluição em caldo e disco difusão em ágar frente aos principais antimicrobianos utilizados no tratamento de CI e desta forma verificar diferenças nos perfis de suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos das três espécies de Moraxella testadas. Também buscou-se avaliar a concordância entre o método de disco difusão em ágar e microdiluição em caldo. Amostras de M. bovis, M. bovoculi e M. ovis, oriundos de casos clínicos de CI, foram identificados por meio de análise morfo-tintorial e testes bioquímicos e a identificação das espécies foi realizada por análise molecular. Para determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e a concentração bactericida mínima (CBM), obtidas no método de microdiluição em caldo e o diâmetro do halo de inibição obtido no método de disco difusão em ágar, foram utilizados os seguintes antimicrobianos: ampicilina, cefoperazona, ceftiofur, cloxacilina, enrofloxacina, florfenicol, gentamicina, neomicina, oxitetraciclina e penicilina. As cepas de Moraxella spp. foram sensíveis a maioria dos antimicrobianos testados. As CIM e CBM foram, de forma geral, superiores para as cepas de M. bovis quando comparadas com M. bovoculi e M. ovis. Para a maioria dos fármacos avaliados observou-se boa concordância entre o método teste e o método de referência, exceto para a oxitetraciclina e a penicilina. Ao analisar a concordância dos métodos em cada espécie de Moraxella verificou-se que as menores porcentagens, assim como as maiores quantidades de erros, foram encontradas para as cepas de M. bovis. Os resultados deste trabalho demonstram que M. bovis, M. bovoculi e M. ovis apresentam diferenças quanto ao perfil de suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos.

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de níveis altos de poluição ambiental do ar na superfície ocular de controladores de tráfego e taxistas da cidade de São Paulo, incluindo avaliação de sinais e sintomas, da osmolaridade lacrimal e da quantidade de células caliciformes obtidas na citologia de impressão conjunctival. Verificar a correlação destes achados entre si e com os níveis de dióxido de nitrogênio (NO2), e de material particulado menor que 2,5 ?m (PM2,5) a que foram expostos. Métodos: Taxistas e controladores de tráfego de São Paulo, Brasil participaram do estudo. Foram mensuradas as médias individuais de 24 horas de exposição ao NO2 e ao PM2,5 em quatro diferentes ocasiões. Na primeira e terceira visitas, os indivíduos foram submetidos ao questionário Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), avaliação na lâmpada de fenda, estimação do tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal (TRFL), teste de Schirmer e tingimento com corantes vitais da córnea e conjuntiva. Na segunda e quartas visitas, amostras de lágrima foram coletadas do olho direito para análise da osmolaridade, enquanto amostras de citologias de impressão conjuntivais foram coletadas do olho esquerdo. Para estimar os efeitos dos poluentes (PM2,5 e NO2) nos desfechos ao longo do período do estudo adotamos equações de estimativas generalizadas considerando efeitos fixos para medidas repetidas. Correlações entre os níveis de NO2 ou PM2,5, os achados clínicos, o valor da osmolaridade lacrimal e a quantidade de células caliciformes foram investigadas. Resultados: Setenta e um taxistas e controladores de tráfego, entre 31 e 65 anos de idade, foram incluídos no estudo. Os níveis de exposição à poluição do ar permaneceram muito elevados, como notado pelos níveis médios de PM2,5 de 40 ?g/m3 e pelos níveis médios de NO2 constantemente acima de 100 ?g/m3 durante todo o estudo. Poucos sintomas foram relatados no questionário OSDI com pontuação (média ± desvio padrão) de 9,18 ± 6,81 e 8,27 ± 11,92 na primeira e terceira visita, respectivamente. O TRFL foi reduzido com valores médios de 5 segundos, enquanto o teste de Schirmer apresentou valores médios acima de 10 mm com ampla variabilidade. O tingimento com corante vital fluoresceína foi menor do que quatro em todos os olhos, exceto por um (0,7%) indivíduo com pontuação de 5. A pontuação do corante vital lissamina verde foi normal em 124 (87,3%) olhos na primeira visita e em 120 (84,5%) olhos na terceira visita. Os resultados do análise da osmolaridade lacrimal na segunda e quarta visitas foram dentro dos limites da normalidade com médias ± desvio padrão de 298,56 ± 23,19 e 303,73 ± 23,52 mOsmol/Kg, respectivamente. No que se refere a densidade de células caliciformes, os valores médios ± desvio padrão foram 464,42 ± 256,66 e 407,82 ± 269,18 xx células/mm2 na conjuntiva bulbar e 735,52 ± 295,87 e 707,92 ± 272,51 células/mm2 na conjuntiva tarsal, na segunda e quarta visita, respectivamente. Uma significativa e negativa correlação foi encontrada entre PM2,5 e osmolaridade lacrimal (p<0.05). Um aumento de 10 ?m/m3 nos níveis de PM2,5 foi associado a uma diminuição de 10,9 mOsmol/Kg na osmolaridade lacrimal. Também houve uma correlação negativa, embora não estatisticamente significativa, entre NO2 e osmolaridade lacrimal. Nenhuma correlação foi encontrada entre a contagem de células caliciformes conjuntivais e os níveis de NO2 ou PM2,5 assim como nenhuma correlação foi encontrada entre o questionário OSDI ou os achados clínicos e a exposição à poluição do ar. Conclusão: Exposição à altos níveis de poluição do ar diminui a osmolaridade do filme lacrimal e influencia a estabilidade do filme lacrimal embora não seja acompanhada de sintomais e outros sinais clínicos em indivíduos sem doenças oculares. Alterações no filme lacrimal associado com modificações na densidade de células caliciformes podem fazer parte de uma resposta adaptativa da superfície ocular a exposição à poluição do ar / Purpose: To evaluate the effect of high levels of environmental air pollution on ocular surface of taxi drivers and traffic controllers of São Paulo, including the assessment of signs and symptoms, tear osmolarity assays, and goblet cells count from conjunctival impression cytology. To verify whether there is correlation between such findings as well as with nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels and particulate matter smaller than 2.5 ?m (PM2.5) levels to which they were exposed. Methods: Taxi drivers and traffic controllers from São Paulo, Brazil were enrolled into the study. Mean individual levels of 24-hours exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter smaller than 2.5 ?m (PM2.5) were assessed on 4 different occasions. On the first and third visits, subjects were submitted to clinical evaluations including the administration of the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, slit-lamp examination, estimation of tear breakup time (BUT), the Schirmer test, and vital staining of the cornea and conjunctiva. On the second and fourth visits, tear samples were collected from right eye for osmolarity assays, while conjunctival impression cytology was collected from left eye. To estimate the effect of the air pollutants (NO2 and PM2.5) on the endpoints throughout the study generalized estimating equations were adopted. Correlations between NO2 or PM2.5 levels, clinical findings, tear osmolarity and goblet cells density were investigated. Results: Seventy-one taxi drivers and traffic controllers, aged from 31 to 65, were enrolled in the study. Air pollution exposure levels remained very high, as noted by the mean PM2.5 levels of 40 ?m/m3 and the mean NO2 levels constantly above of 100 ?m/m3 during the period of study. Few symptoms were reported in the OSDI questionnaire with score (mean ± standard deviation) of 9.18 ± 6.81 e 8.27 ± 11.92 at the first and third visit, respectively. BUT was low with mean values of 5 seconds, while Schirmer test showed mean values above 10 mm with wide variability. The corneal vital staining score with fluorescein was inferior to 4 in all but one eye (0.7%) with a score of 5. The conjunctival vital staining score with lissamine green was considered normal in 124 eyes (87.3%) in the first visit and in 120 eyes (84.5%) in the third visit. The results of the osmolarity assay at the second and fourth visits were within normal limits with mean ± standard deviation of 298.56 ± 23.19 and 303.72 ± 23.52 mOsmol/kg, respectively. Regarding goblet cells density, the mean ± standard deviation values were 464.42 ± 256.66 and 407.82 ± 269.18 cells/mm2 on bulbar conjunctiva and 735.52 ± 295.87 and 707.92 ± 272.51 cells/mm2 on the tarsal conjunctiva, at the second and fourth visit, respectively. A significant and negative correlation was found between PM2.5 and tear film osmolarity (p<0.05). xxiii An increase of 10 ?m/m3 in PM2.5 levels was associated with 10.9 mOsmol/Kg decrease in tear osmolarity. There also was a negative correlation, though not statistically significant, between NO2 and tear osmolarity No correlation was found between conjunctival goblet cells count and NO2 or PM2.5 levels as well as no correlation was found between OSDI questionnaire or clinical findings and air pollution exposure. Conclusion: Exposure to high levels of air pollution reduces tear film osmolarity and influences tear film stability, although it is not associated with symptoms and other clinical signs in individual without ocular disease. Alterations on tear film osmolarity combined to goblet cells density modification may be part of an adaptive ocular surface response to air pollution exposure

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de exposição ambiental sobre a superfície ocular, por meio da análise histológica da superfície ocular e da avaliação de parâmetros clínicos. Métodos: Etapa 1: Foram selecionados 29 voluntários, em duas localidades diferentes: São Paulo (n=13) e Divinolândia (n=16). Foram avaliadas medidas individuais de exposição ao dióxido de Nitrogênio (NO2) atmosférico e a citologia de impressão de conjuntiva tarsal inferior. Avaliou-se a exposição individual ao NO2 por 7 dias consecutivos, usando um sistema de medida passivo. Foram coletados espécimes de citologia de impressão de conjuntiva tarsal inferior. Foram realizados comparações entre o número de células caliciformes e os níveis de NO2 entre os dois grupos e individualmente. Etapa 2: Foram avaliados 55 voluntários, residentes em São Paulo. Foram medidos os níveis de exposição individual ao NO2, e foi realizada uma avaliação subjetiva de sintomas oculares (OSDI e freqüência de sintomas de desconforto ocular); teste de Schirmer I, biomicroscopia, coloração com fluoresceína e rosa bengala, e medida do TRFL, que foram comparados posteriormente por meio de análise estatística. Resultados: Etapa 1: Os níveis de exposição individual ao NO2 em São Paulo(média=32,47 ± 9,83 g/m3) foram 68% mais altos do que em Divinolândia (média =19,33± 5,24 g/m3); (p = 0,005), e houve uma correlação entre o número de células caliciformes e os níveis de NO2 (=0,566, p=0,001), tendo sido observado um padrão dose-resposta relativo à exposição. Etapa 2: Houve associação entre os níveis de NO2 e os escores do OSDI (p<0,05), a freqüência de irritação ocular (p<0,05), e os valores do TRFL (p<0,05, = -0,316). Conclusões: Houve uma associação significativa entre exposição à poluição atmosférica e a hiperplasia de células caliciformes conjuntivais, sintomas de desconforto ocular e maior instabilidade do filme lacrimal. Observou-se uma repercussão tanto clínica quanto histológica da exposição a níveis mais elevados de NO2, o que sugere que essas medidas podem ser usadas como biomarcadores dos efeitos adversos da poluição atmosférica sobre a superfície ocular / The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of different levels of ambient air pollution on the ocular surface, combining determinations of individual exposure with clinical and histological parameters. Methods: Stage 1: A total of 29 volunteers from two locations - São Paulo (n=13) and Divinolândia (n=16) were selected. We assessed mean individual levels of NO2 exposure for 7 days, using a passive sampler. Impression cytology samples were obtained from inferior tarsal conjunctiva. Goblet cell counts and NO2 exposure level were compared between the two groups, and between individual values. Stage 2: A total of 55 volunteers, who lived in São Paulo, were selected. The mean individual levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure were assessed, as in Stage 1. All subjects answered the Ocular Symptom Disease Index (OSDI) and a symptoms inventory. Subsequently, subjects underwent Schirmer I test, biomicroscopy, vital staining and tear break-up time (TBUT) assessment. OSDI scores, symptoms frequency and clinical data were compared to individual NO2 exposure values by statistical analysis. Results: Stage 1: The NO2 exposure levels were 68% higher for individuals living in São Paulo (mean = 32.47, SD = ± 9.83) than for those living in Divinolândia (mean 19.33, SD ± 5.24) (p = 0,005). There was a steady increase in goblet cell counts, proportional to NO2 exposure (=0.566, p=0.001). Stage 2: There was a significant association between NO2 levels and OSDI scores (p<0.05), reported ocular irritation (p<0.05) and TBUT (p<0.05, = -0.316). Conclusions: An association between exposure to higher levels of air pollution, goblet cell hyperplasia, ocular discomfort symptoms and tear film instability was detected; indicating that there are clinical and histological effects of NO2 exposure, and that these measurements may be used as biomarkers of the adverse effects of air pollution on the ocular surface

Le glaucome est une maladie neurodégénérative qui se définit par une perte progressive en fibres nerveuses rétiniennes et un rétrécissement du champ visuel. Il s’agit de la première cause de cécité irréversible dans le monde et le principal facteur de risque est la pression intraoculaire (PIO). L’étude ALIENOR (Antioxydants, Lipides Essentiels, Nutrition et maladies OculaiRes) est une étude épidémiologique qui a pour but de déterminer l’incidence des différentes pathologies oculaires liées à l’âge avec les facteurs nutritionnels, démographiques ou environnementaux dans une population représentative de la région de Bordeaux. En 2009-2010, 624 sujets âgés de plus de 74 ans ont bénéficié d’un examen ophtalmologique complet incluant un examen du nerf optique en rétinophotographie et en tomographie à cohérence optique spectral-domain (SD-OCT), d’une mesure la PIO au tonomètre à air et d’une évaluation des propriétés biomécaniques de la cornée. Une mesure de l’accumulation cutanée de produits de glycation avancée a été réalisée par autofluorescence. Le diagnostic de glaucome a été réalisé en utilisant les critères de la classification ISGEO (International Society for Epidemiologic and Geographical Ophthalmology). Les paramètres biomécaniques de la cornée étaient modifiés avec l’âge et chez les sujets ayant une histoire résidentielle à des latitudes plus exposées aux ultraviolets ambiants. L’épaisseur de cornée était plus élevée chez les sujets anciennement fumeurs. L’autofluorescence cutanée ≥ 2.7 UA (Unité Arbitraire) était indépendamment associée au glaucome. Les paramètres d’épaisseur en fibres nerveuses rétiniennes du SD-OCT présentaient de bonnes performances diagnostiques pour discriminer les sujets glaucomateux des témoins et la base normative présentait de bonnes performances discriminatives lorsqu’au moins un des paramètres était considéré comme anormal. Notre étude apporte des résultats originaux en termes de facteurs de risque de glaucome ou de déterminants des facteurs de risque de glaucome. De plus les performances diagnostiques du SD-OCT pourraient fournir des informations utiles pour optimiser les stratégies de dépistage du glaucome dans une population générale âgée. / Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease defined by a progressive loss of optic nerve axons and retinal ganglion cells resulting in a characteristic enlargement of the optic nerve head cup and associated visual field defects. It remains the first cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and intraocular pressure (IOP) is the main risk factor. The ALIENOR (Antioxydants, Lipides Essentiels, Nutrition et maladies OculaiRes) study is a population-based study. It aims to assess the associations of age-related eye diseases with nutritional, demographic and environmental factors in a representative population of the Bordeaux area. In 2009-2010, 624 subjects, aged 74 years or more, underwent a complete eye examination, including an optic nerve head evaluation using retinophotography and a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), an IOP measurement using air-puff tonometry and an evaluation of biomechanical properties of the cornea. A measurement of skin accumulation of advanced glycation end-products was performed using an autofluorescence reader. Glaucoma diagnosis was made using ISGEO (International Society for Epidemiologic and Geographical Ophthalmology) criteria. Biomechanical properties of the cornea were modified by increasing age and in subjects having a higher lifetime ambient ultraviolet exposure. Central corneal thickness was thicker in former smokers. Skin autofluorescence values ≥ 2.7 AU (Arbitrary Unit) were independently associated with glaucoma. SD-OCT retinal nerve fiber layer thickness parameters had good diagnostic performances for discriminating glaucoma and control subjects and the normative database had good diagnostic performances if at least one parameter was considered abnormal by the machine. Our study provides new insights on glaucoma risk factors and determinants of glaucoma risk factors. Furthermore diagnostic performances of SD-OCT may provide valuable information in a screening strategy to optimize glaucoma detection in a general population of elderly people.