Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-01-10T11:29:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Ribeiro do Lago Storch.pdf: 2009716 bytes, checksum: 42d3eed3ba5849ade175aa2028c247ca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-10T11:29:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carla Ribeiro do Lago Storch.pdf: 2009716 bytes, checksum: 42d3eed3ba5849ade175aa2028c247ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Children have shown interest in the mysteries of existence, asking, "Why do we have so many fears? Witches, fairies, vampires, dragons, angels: do they exist? "Fear is one of the main motivating forces of human conduct; it is necessary to protect against dangers, but not always the same for all children. Talking about fear is a very complex thing, given the individual and cultural singularities of children and the myriad of psychological factors that can trigger it. The objective of this research was to study the perception and manifestation of fear factors and protection factors in children aged 6 to 10 years, as well as to verify if there are differences in gender and type of school (public or private) in the perception and manifestation These factors. For this research, a "Picture Pack" instrument was composed of 24 figures, 12 fear figures and 12 protection figures, consisting of 4 categories: 1) Fantastic fear figures: Ogre, Vampire, Dragon, Death, Devil and Witch. 2) Figures of concrete fear: Couple fighting, Thief, Plane crashing, Lightning, Boys fighting and Accident of transit. 3) Fantastic Protection Figures: Santa Claus, Fairy, Angel, Wizard, Spiderman and Bear. 4) Concrete protective figures: Grandparents, Father / Son, Mother / Daughter, Family, Churches and Friends. The sample consisted of 400 children between 6 and 10 years old, 50% male and 50% female, from two schools, one public and one private from the city of São Paulo. The research has a descriptive quantitative nature, the discussion of the results and the symbolic analysis of the figures of the deck are based on the theoretical framework of Analytical Psychology. In this research we sought the validation of the instrument created "Deck of Figures". In order to understand the perception and manifestation of fear factors and protection factors, two hypotheses were considered: 1) fear is more fantastic in early childhood and becomes more and more concrete; 2) Protection figures, on the other hand, are more concrete in the beginning of life and then become more fantastic. It was possible to observe that, with respect to the figures of fear, the fantastic figures were chosen more in relation to the concrete ones, by the boys as by the girls, in all the ages, which shows the prevalence of the fantasy world in childhood. As for the gender differences, it was observed that in the total sample boys choose more fantastic protective figures and girls choose more concrete ones, which may be related to the different forms of play. As far as age is concerned, fantastic fear figures decrease with age, while concrete figures of fear increase, which is in accordance with the first hypothesis. In relation to protection figures, children, even the older ones, remain closely linked to concrete family protection figures, and these data contradict the second hypothesis. However, the angel fantastic protection figure was the most chosen by all children, and that choice increased with age. As for differences in educational institutions, one can observe the choice of figures of concrete fear: thief and couple fighting were more chosen by the public school children, which may be related to the greater violence of the environment in which they live. The larger choice of the Fairy (fantastic protection figure) by the public school can be understood as compensation in the imaginary world for a reality that is not good for the child. It is concluded, therefore, that fear is a factor related to survival and that learning to manage situations that cause fear is a necessity for the psychological development of the child. By choosing the children in this sample, it can be seen that the security that the family can bring is a preponderant protection factor / As crianças têm demonstrado interesse nos mistérios da existência, perguntando: “Por que temos tantos medos? Bruxas, fadas, vampiros, dragões, anjos: eles existem?” O medo é uma das principais forças motivadoras da conduta humana, ele é necessário para proteger dos perigos, mas nem sempre são os mesmos para todas as crianças. Falar sobre o medo é algo muito complexo, tendo em vista as singularidades individuais e culturais das crianças e a infinidade de fatores psicológicos capazes de desencadeá-lo. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar a percepção e a manifestação dos fatores medo e dos fatores de proteção em crianças de 6 a 10 anos, bem como verificar se existem diferenças quanto ao gênero e o tipo de escola (pública ou particular) na percepção e manifestação desses fatores. Foi criado para esta pesquisa um instrumento “Baralho de Figuras” composto por 24 figuras, sendo 12 figuras de medo e 12 figuras de proteção, constituído por 4 categorias: 1) Figuras de medo fantásticas: Ogro, Vampiro, Dragão, Morte, Diabo e Bruxa. 2) Figuras de medo concretas: Casal brigando, Ladrão, Avião caindo, Raio, Meninos brigando e Acidente de trânsito. 3) Figuras de proteção fantásticas: Papai Noel, Fada, Anjo, Mago, Homem Aranha e Urso. 4) Figuras de proteção concretas: Avós, Pai/Filho, Mãe/Filha, Família, Igrejas e Amigos. A amostra foi constituída por 400 crianças entre 6 e 10 anos, sendo 50% do sexo masculino e 50% do sexo feminino, de duas escolas, uma pública e uma particular da cidade de São Paulo. A pesquisa tem natureza quantitativa descritiva, a discussão dos resultados e a análise simbólica das figuras do baralho se encontram embasadas no referencial teórico da Psicologia Analítica. Nesta pesquisa buscou-se a validação do instrumento criado “Baralho de Figuras”. A fim de entender a percepção e a manifestação dos fatores de medo e dos fatores de proteção, foram consideradas duas hipóteses: 1) o medo é mais fantástico no início da infância e vai se tornando cada vez mais concreto; 2) as figuras de proteção, ao inverso, são mais concretas no início da vida e depois vão se tornando mais fantásticas. Foi possível constatar que no que se refere às figuras de medo, as figuras fantásticas foram mais escolhidas em relação às concretas, tanto pelos meninos como pelas meninas, em todas as idades, o que mostra a prevalência do mundo da fantasia na infância. Quanto às diferenças de gênero, observou-se que, na amostra total, os meninos escolhem mais as figuras de proteção fantásticas e as meninas escolhem mais as concretas, o que pode estar ligado às formas diferentes do brincar. No que diz respeito à idade, as figuras de medo fantásticas diminuem com a idade, enquanto que as figuras de medo concretas aumentam, o que está de acordo com a primeira hipótese. Em relação às figuras de proteção, as crianças, mesmo as mais velhas, permanecem muito ligadas às figuras de proteção concretas familiares, sendo que esses dados contrariam a segunda hipótese. Porém, a figura de proteção fantástica anjo foi a mais escolhida por todas as crianças, sendo que essa escolha aumentou com a idade. Quanto às diferenças de instituições de ensino, observa-se a escolha das figuras de medo concreto: ladrão e casal brigando foram mais escolhidas pelas crianças de escola pública, o que pode estar relacionado à violência maior do ambiente em que vivem. A escolha maior da Fada (figura de proteção fantástica) pela escola pública pode ser compreendida como uma compensação no mundo do imaginário para uma realidade que não está boa para a criança. Conclui-se, portanto, que o medo é um fator relacionado à sobrevivência e que o aprender a administrar situações que ocasionam medo é uma necessidade ao desenvolvimento psicológico da criança. Pela escolha das crianças dessa amostra, pode ser visto que a segurança que o núcleo familiar pode trazer é um fator de proteção preponderante

Recognized as one of the most prevalent and persistent concerns in cancer survivors, fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is defined as the "fear, worry, or concern relating to the possibility that cancer will come back or progress" (Lebel et al., 2016). Higher FCR severity leads to poor mental health, impaired functioning and reduced quality of life. It is well established that health behaviours can help reduce the risk of cancer recurrence in cancer survivors, but little is known about their relationship with FCR. The overall thesis objectives were: 1) to identify subgroups of cancer survivors by FCR severity and corresponding patient characteristics; 2) to explore the relationship between FCR and health behaviours (physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake) over time; and 3) to further examine the relationship between FCR severity subgroups and health behaviours using the Common-Sense Model (CSM). Data analyses were conducted on 2337 survivors of ten cancer sites who completed the American Cancer Society’s Studies of Cancer Survivorship-I survey at three time points (M =1.3, 2.2, and 8.8 years post-diagnosis). In study 1, group-based trajectory analyses revealed three FCR severity groups: low, moderate, and high. FCR significantly decreased from early to long-term survivorship and remained distinct for each group. Subsequently, repeated measures analysis of variance revealed that patient characteristics prevalent in the high FCR group were being female, of younger age, Hispanic ethnicity, having more advanced cancer stage (II-III) and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Across FCR groups, only a minority of survivors adhered to the recommended physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake. Survivors in the high FCR group reported significantly fewer of these health behaviours than other survivors. In study 2, cross-sectional path analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between FCR and health behaviours using the CSM framework across the FCR severity groups. Results indicated good-fitting models for the low, moderate, and high FCR groups. Engaging in physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake did not influence FCR in most participants. Yet, in the low FCR group, survivors reporting more health behaviours had lower FCR severity. In the low and moderate FCR groups, health behaviours were related to control over health and self-efficacy to manage health, suggesting that cancer survivors use health behaviours to manage illness outcomes. For survivors in the high FCR group, results suggest that self-efficacy to manage health is a better predictor of FCR than engaging in physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake In conclusion, most cancer survivors fail to meet the recommended physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake throughout cancer survivorship, with survivors in the high FCR group being at greater risk of engaging in fewer health behaviours. Health behaviours appear unrelated to FCR severity for most cancer survivors, except for survivors with low FCR, who might be experiencing less FCR when engaging in more health behaviours. Findings suggests that clinical interventions should be tailored by FCR severity groups and that health behaviour research among cancer survivors should account for FCR severity groups. Further investigations are required to assess cancer survivors’ perceived usefulness of health behaviours to manage the risk of cancer recurrence by FCR severity group

Estudo dos temas da fortuna e da superstição no Tratado teológico-político de Espinosa. Na primeira parte, estudo o sentido destes temas no prefácio, texto cuja forma é retórica. Na segunda parte, estudo como os mesmos temas reaparecem em capítulos do Tratado teológico-político, textos que têm forma demonstrativa. / Study of the themes of fortune and superstition on the Spinoza\'s Theological- political treatise. In the first part, I study the meaning of these themes in preface whose form is rethoric. In the second part, i study how the same themes are treated in chapters of the Theological-political treatise, texts whose form is demonstrative.

Background: Fear of falling is now recognized as an independent fall risk factor due to its prevalence in older adults. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of fear of falling levels in community-dwelling older adults before and after attending a fall prevention clinic. Methods: An explanatory sequential mixed methods design was used. The Falls Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) tool assessed fear of falling levels before and after attending a fall prevention clinic (n=32). Semi-structured interviews were then conducted in a sample of these participants (n=12). Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the before (M=30.44, SD=9.8) and after (M=31.72, SD=8.3) FES-I scores. Three themes emerged from the qualitative analysis: 1. Concerns about falling, 2. Decreased concerns about falling and 3. An increased self-awareness of fall risks. Conclusion: Further use of cognitive-behavioural therapy should be considered in falls risk reduction interventions for community-dwelling older adults with fear of falling.

Background: Fear of birth (FOB) is becoming increasingly recognised as a clinical issue that can have profound effects on the mother and her experience of pregnancy and birth. Failure to identify women with FOB could potentially lead to them feeling isolated and unsupported, and impact on their psychological health and the health of their baby. Aim: The main aim of this study was to gain an understanding of FOB and the associated impact on health professional practice, clinical outcomes and women's experiences of birth. The objectives were to: identify the most effective way of measuring FOB in clinical practice; investigate the most appropriate antenatal intervention to support women who fear childbirth; inform the study design for an RCT to assess the effectiveness of the intervention; and assess the most meaningful outcomes to include in future work. Methods: An explanatory mixed-methods study design was used. The first phase was a two-part online survey sent to Heads of Midwifery at 202 maternity units in the UK via Survey Monkey. Respondents were asked to give details of their unit in part 1 and service provision and evaluation for women with FOB in part 2. The second phase was a prospective cohort study of 148 women who had not experienced childbirth who were consecutively attending the Elisabeth Garrett Anderson and Obstetric Hospital, London or St Mary's Hospital, Manchester. Demographic data and details of sources of information on pregnancy were collected from participants in the first trimester along with their score on the tool chosen to measure FOB, the Fear Of Birth Scale (FOBS), and a saliva sample to measure cortisol level. In the third trimester, a second FOBS score and saliva sample were collected, and the Personal Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) were administered to measure depression and anxiety respectively. Birth outcomes for the participants were collected from clinical records. In the third phase, 15 women participating in the second phase were purposively selected to reflect a range of FOBS scores and interviewed by telephone using a semi-structured interview to find out their experiences of pregnancy, being part of the study and service provision. Results: Response rates for the online survey were 63% for part 1 and 54% for part 2. Consultant obstetricians 25% had the most involvement in the care of women with FOB, followed by consultant midwives 21% and 30% had a designated midwife for dealing with FOB and only 32% provided specialist midwifery-led services for women with FOB, with 16% referring to a consultant obstetrician and 47% providing no specialist provision. No unit provided an evaluation of their services, although 19% had undertaken local audits. In the cohort study, using a cut-off of 54 for the FOBS, 30/148 (20%) had a FOB in the first trimester while 21/80 (26%) had a FOB in the third trimester. Compared with the first trimester, 51/80 women showed an increase in FOBS score, with 14 gaining and 7 losing a FOB. FOBS scores were not correlated with salivary cortisol in either trimester but they were correlated with PQH-9 and GAD-7 scores in the third trimester. They were also associated with a previous history of depression but only in the first trimester (p=0.011). FOBS scores showed considerable variability and a high measurement error, indicating a need for further refinement and psychometric testing. The qualitative interviews identified three themes underlying FOB: fearing the worst (pain, fear for the baby and fear of the unknown and complications), pathways to fear (friend-induced fear, mother-induced fear or reassurance and media-induced fear) and igniting or reducing fear (sources of information, support and communication). Conclusions: The FOBS is a potentially effective way of measuring FOB in clinical practice and research, but it requires enhancement informed by the themes identified by this study and psychometric testing in all three trimesters. An enhanced version of the FOBS could be used as the primary outcome to measure FOB during pregnancy in an RCT assessing the effectiveness of a suitable intervention, with the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 as secondary outcomes to measure depression and anxiety during pregnancy. An intervention to support primiparous women with FOB should be developed informed by the findings of this study, including components such as psychological education, relaxation, social support, reliable information sources and continuity of carer.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:40:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 josgrilberg_e_dr_arafo.pdf: 1774679 bytes, checksum: ae031b6add35dd8be0e61381e81747cc (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar os estados emocionais indicativos de medo/ansiedade da criança com (CE) ou sem experiência odontológica prévia (SE) frente à utilização de três diferentes formas de realização de preparos cavitários: ultra-som (Sistema CVDentus®), sistema de abrasão a ar (Rondoflex®) e alta rotação (Kavo). Quarenta e oito crianças de 7-11 anos de idade foram divididas aleatoriamente em 2 grupos (CE e SE). O tratamento odontológico compreendeu o preparo cavitário de lesões de cárie oclusal nos dentes 16 e 26, realizados em duas sessões, utilizando Alta Rotação e o Abrasão a ar ou Ultra-som. Durante a consulta a freqüência cardíaca da criança foi aferida nas seguintes situações: sala de espera, ao sentar na cadeira, anestesia, isolamento absoluto, cinco minutos após o início do tratamento e ao final da consulta. Além disso, foi aplicada a escala “Facial Image to assess child dental anxiety - FIS”, antes e após cada atendimento. Para a avaliação do medo da criança foi utilizado o teste “Children Fear Survey Schedule- Dental Subscale (CFSSDS)”. Para a avaliação do comportamento infantil foi utilizada a escala de Frankl. Os resultados obtidos do Teste de Friedman para freqüência cardíaca e para a escala “FIS” não apontaram diferença estatística entre os grupos CE e SE e entre as três tecnologias utilizadas. Entretanto, houve aumento nos batimentos cardíacos ao sentar na cadeira odontológica (p < 0,05). Os resultados obtidos pelo teste CFSS-DS apontou uma amostra homogênea com baixos níveis de medo/ansiedade odontológica. Nenhuma criança apresentou comportamento definitivamente negativo ou negativo. Conclui-se o medo/ansiedade da criança aumenta quando ela senta na cadeira odontológica, porém tende a diminuir no decorrer do tratamento independente da tecnologia utilizada para o preparo cavitário. / The aim of this study was to identify fear/anxiety in children with past dental experience (CE) or not (SE) using three different manner of dental cavity preparation: ultrasound (Sistema CVDentus®), air abrasion system (Rondoflex®) and rotatory instrument (Kavo). Forty eight children, with 8- 12 years old were randomly divided into 2 groups (CE e SE). Dental treatment was realized in two sessions, including dental cavity preparation of occlusal caries on 16 e 26 tooth, using Rotatory Instrument and o Air Abrasion System or Ultrasound. During dental procedures children heart rate was taken, on following situations: waiting room, seating on dental chair, anesthesia, when using rubber dam, 5 minutes after the treatment beginning and on final session. Additionally, a “Facial Image to assess child dental anxiety” (FIS) was uses before and after treatment. To evaluate children dental fear was used the questionnaire “Children Fear Survey Schedule- Dental Subscale (CFSS- DS)”. The comparison of the two groups (CE and SE) and the three technologies use for dental cavity preparation in heart rate study and FIS, submitted to Friedman’s test resulted on no significant difference. However, it was observed higher heart rate when children seats on dental chair (p < 0.05). CFSS-DS results demonstrate a homogeneous sample with lower dental fear/anxiety. It was concluded that children anxiety and fear are higher on sitting on dental chair and tend to diminish during technological devices free treatment.

O propósito deste estudo é de compreender como a frustração e o medo se expressam no cotidiano do trabalho de executivos financeiros que atuam em instituições financeiras. A partir das idéias, principalmente, de Bauman e Sennett, procurou-se verificar quais são as principais formas de manifestação da frustração e do medo no dia-a-dia destes profissionais e quais são os principais mecanismos de enfrentamento de tais sentimentos. A pesquisa exploratória foi realizada através de entrevistas guiadas pelo roteiro básico, onde os entrevistados puderam falar sobre suas experiências e percepções sobre o tema. As entrevistas foram realizadas com executivos financeiros de instituições financeiras localizadas no município de São Paulo. As frustrações relativas às atividades desempenhadas no trabalho, à falta de reconhecimento e ao sucesso alheio; e os medos relativos a perder o emprego, à condução dos negócios, à qualificação ou bagagem profissional, previstos pelos diversos autores que discutem o “mundo-líquido” em vigência atualmente, foram encontrados na realidade do trabalho bancário nem sempre compartilhada. As formas com que os executivos lidam com eles é que se mostrou imediata, intensa e ineficaz. / The purpose of this study is to comprehend how the frustration and the fear are expressed in the daily routine of senior executives who work for financial institutions. Mainly based on the ideas of Bauman and Sennett, it was seeked to verify which are the main manifestations of frustration and fear, and which are the main mechanisms used to face these feelings. The exploratory research was conducted through a guided interview, where the interviewees could share their experiences and perceptions about the subject. The interviews were conduct with professionals located in the city of São Paulo. The frustrations related to banking activities such as the performance in business, lack of recognition and third party success; and fears related to unemployment, qualification or past experience, predicted by several authors that discuss the current “liquid-world” have been found in the answers. The ways of facing these feelings presented themselves immediate, intense, but ineffective.

Programa de Doctorado de Enfermería: Práctica y Educación.

The safety signal hypothesis suggests that during the absence of stimuli predicting impending shock, the organism is not fearful. The stimuli which predict the absence of shock are therefore called safety signals. The purpose of the present study was to investigate some critical properties of safety signals. Such stimuli in an avoidance or escape situation, according to the opponent process model, are expected to acquire hedonic value opposite to shock. This study examined differences in conditioning variables between safety signals predicting different intensities of shock, and between safety signals present in procedures using predicted shock, and procedures using unpredicted shock. Additionally, the effects of inescapable unpredicted shock with no safety signals present were examined. The general procedure involved exposing pigeons to aversive Pavlovian conditioning and subsequently autoshaping these birds to stimuli which had predicted safety in the aversive situation. Dependent measures included trials to acquisition of the autoshaped response and subsequent rate of keypecking. In the six experimental groups, pigeons were repeatedly and inescapably shocked at either 30 or 90 volts. Each individual 0.5 sec shock was (a) predicted by a specific stimulus or (b) not predicted. Additionally and explicitly unpaired with the shock, a safety signal was presented. For each voltage level, a control group was repeatedly shocked with no stimuli presented at any time. Control groups were included which (a) received no aversive conditioning, (b) were autoshaped to a stimulus which had previously predicted shock, (c) received the aversive conditioning, and (4) were exposed to various stimuli but received no aversive reinforcement. The principal finding was that preexposure to strong shock resulted in delays in response acquisition during subsequent autoshaping. This suggests that the learned helplessness hypothesis obtains with classically conditioned responding. Additionally, the importance of shock-alone control groups in the study of transfer effects is critical. Due to the lack of statistical power, the study was not definitive regarding the nature of safety signals or appetitive-to-appetitive transfers. Statistically significant differences were only found on acquisition measures, and no such differences were found on performance measures.

The overarching goal of the present thesis was to study women’s perceptions of sexual assault perpetrators and how those perceptions relate to fear of sexual assault. Previous researchers have developed a substantial literature on predictors and correlates of sexual assault perpetration. What is not known is how accurate women’s perceptions are of these predictors. Rationale from both evolutionary mismatch theory and social psychological stereotype theory suggests that women’s perceptions may be inaccurate. In the present thesis, I tested a set of hypotheses designed to examine individual differences in women’s perceptions of sexual assault perpetrators and how these perceptions relate to fear of rape. A total of 128 women completed a survey assessing their perceptions of characteristics of sexual assault perpetrators, their fears about sexual assault, their perceived risk of sexual assault, and their previous sexual assault related experiences. Results indicated that women’s perceptions of perpetrator characteristics were generally inaccurate. Furthermore, women’s overall level of accuracy was not predictive of their fear nor risk of stranger or acquaintance rape. However, women’s perceived risk of either stranger or acquaintance rape was predictive of their fear of each respective assault. These findings provide evidence for both evolutionary mismatch theory and social psychological stereotype theory. Implications regarding women’s sexual assault education and fear reduction are discussed.