Fear among caregivers in mental health care has always existed. Fear is a basic feeling that will protect us from dangerous situations and it makes itself constantly reminded in the care of mentally ill patients. The feeling makes the carer distanced in the relationship. A distancemean consequences for the patient. When the caregiver don´t relieve the patients suffering, the health process stops and she remains in her suffering. The study is a qualitative literature review with latent content analysis of seven scientific articles. The results revealed three categories that describe the meaning of the caregivers fear and how it affects the caring relationship. The first category is about that caregivers is forced by their duty where it is found that caregivers, despite their fear, acts out of her duty as a constraint, or inside as a virtue. The second category includes the other's frightening world where caregivers is fear ofwhat is experienced as and incomprehensible. The third and final category is about mutual powerlessness where caregiver experience fear for the unpredictable and uncontrollable that can´t be foreseen. The powerlessness make the caregiver to question her professionalism andcompetence. The result showed that carers experienced fear of people with mental illness. Carers had difficulty understanding the patients life-world when it experienced incomprehensible and frightening. There was also fear in carers losing control and not to be sufficiently skilled in their profession. When the caregiver felt that she could not maintaincontrol, she was compelling in its approach to the patient and took the control to respond to her, witch affected the relationship negatively. It was found that caregivers were feared of being injured by patients. The results also showed that fear was making the caregiver rejective. This fear blocks the caring relationship. When the caregiver instead affirms her fearand accept it the conditions increase for the establishment of a caring relationship with the patient.

The expectations of a successful outcome are great during childbirth. The overall objective of prenatal care and birth care is that midwives contribute in creating the most positive experience of pregnancy, child birth and infancy as possible. During the past 30 years there has been a significant increase in sectiofrequency both in Sweden and the rest of the Western world. More parents feel an overall insecurity when it comes to child labour. The purpose of this study was to describe how midwives experience the work of creating a sense of security and good nursing when meeting the expectant parents. A phenomenological approach was chosen with the use of eleven qualitative interviews that were analyzed with Giorgis' method of analysis. The result revealed three themes: organizational - professional conditions, the communicative ability and the reflective - emotional competence. Trusting your inner sensibility and intuition was something that characterized all the interviews and was the essence of the results. The way work was lead and organized, as well as the utilization of competence effected the midwives’ possibility of contributing to a sense of security and good care. When the communication was based on sensibility, midwives’ could create a good and trustful relationship with the expectant parents. The emotional involvement was an essential requirement for carrying out the work in a satisfying way. A question for the future is how inner knowledge based on practical experience can benefit new personnel and how the organization and education for healthcare givers can utilize the specialist knowledge of midwives with experience. / Förväntningarna i samband med barnafödande är stora på att en graviditet ska sluta lyckligt. Det övergripande målet inom mödrahälsovård och förlossningsvård är för barnmorskor att medverka till en så positiv upplevelse av graviditet, förlossning och spädbarnstid som möjligt. De sista trettio åren har sectiofrekvensen ökat betydligt både i Sverige och västvärlden. Fler föräldrapar upplever idag en allmän otrygghet i samband med barnafödande. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva barnmorskors upplevelser av att förmedla trygghet och en god omvårdnad i mötet med det blivande föräldraparet. Fenomenologisk ansats valdes med elva kvalitativa intervjuer som analyserades enligt Giorgis analysmetod. Resultatet visade tre teman: Organisatoriska - professionella förutsättningar, den kommunikativa förmågan och den reflektiva - emotionella kompetensen. Att lita på sin inre känsla och intuition var en upplevelse som genomsyrade hela intervjumaterialet och blev resultatets essens. Hur arbetet leds och organiseras och hur kompetens tillvaratas påverkade i hög grad barnmorskors möjligheter att förmedla trygghet och en god omvårdnad. Genom att vara lyhörd i sitt sätt att kommunicera kunde en god och förtroendefull relation skapas mellan barnmorskor och det blivande föräldraparet. Det känslomässiga engagemanget var en nödvändig förutsättning för att utföra ett bra jobb. En fråga inför framtiden är på vilket sätt den erfarenhetsbaserade inre kunskapen kan komma ny personal tillgodo och hur omvårdnadsarbetets organisation och vårdutbildningar kan ta tillvara det expertmässiga kunnandet hos erfarna barnmorskor.

Background: Cancer-related pain is a major problem worldwide. Studies indicate that patients do not get an adequate pain relief. This creates a large suffering and results in major problems for the patient and their families. In order to minimize this kind of suffering caregivers need to understand how cancer-related pain is experienced by these patients, what it does to them and how it impacts their daily life.   Aim: The aim of this study was to describe patients´ experience of living with cancer-related pain. Method: The method used for this study was a qualitative literature study. Nine articles from 2002 to 2012 and from five different countries were analyzed. Results: The results of this study are presented in four main themes and ten subthemes. The main themes were: A feeling of powerlessness; Fears that limit; A change in daily life and Seeking for meaning and an end to the suffering. All themes and subthemes give a description of patients´ experience of living with cancer-related pain. Conclusion: It is a great suffering to have cancer and it is even a greater suffering experiencing pain on a daily basis. Despite this, some patients still could see their situation as something positive and wellbeing was created. The nurses’ role in this kind of situations is essential in order to understand what the patient is experiencing, how it impacts on the patient and its life and how wellbeing can be formed.

Much is known about childbirth fear in Sweden including its relationship to caesarean birth. Less is understood about this in Australia. Sweden has half the rate of caesarean birth compared to Australia. Little has been reported about women’s beliefs and attitudes to birth in either country. The contribution of psychosocial factors such as fear, attitudes and beliefs about childbirth to the global escalation of caesarean birth in high-income countries is an important topic of debate. The overall aim of this thesis is to investigate the prevalence and impact of fear on birthing outcomes in two cohorts of pregnant women from Australia and Sweden and to explore the birth attitudes and beliefs of these women.   A prospective longitudinal cohort study from two towns in Australia and Sweden (N=509) was undertaken in the years 2007-2009. Pregnant women completed self-report questionnaires at mid-pregnancy, late pregnancy and two months after birth. Fear of birth was measured in mid-pregnancy with a tool developed in this study: the Fear of Birth Scale (FOBS). The FOBS showed promise as a clinically practical way to identify women with significant fear. A similar prevalence of fear of birth (30 percent) was found in the Australian and Swedish cohorts (Paper I).  The Swedish women had attitudes indicating a greater concern for the personal impacts of birth and a belief system that situated birth as a natural event when compared to the Australian women (Paper II). Finally, when women’s attitudes and levels of fear were combined, three profiles were identified: Self determiners, Take it as it comes and Fearful (Paper III). Belonging to the Fearful profile had the most negative outcomes for women including higher rates of elective caesarean, more negative feelings in pregnancy and post birth and poorer perceptions of the quality of their antenatal and intra-partum care (Paper IV).

Bakgrund: Inom sjukvården uppstår det ständigt situationer där patienters rädsla hamnar i fokus och vårdpersonalens förmåga att lindra rädsla behöver förbättras. Genom att ha en förståelse för fenomenet rädsla skapas goda förutsättningar för att kunna lindra rädslan. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskestudenters uppfattning om hur patienters rädsla kan lindras. Metod: Studien genomfördes på sjuksköterskestudenter och data insamlades från fyra fokussamtal. Materialet analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras utifrån tre teman; ”Att identifiera rädslan hos patienten”,” Att vara i mötet med den som är rädd” och ”Att överblicka det som skall hända tillsammans med patienten”. Diskussion: För att kunna lindra rädsla måste den först identifieras vilket kan göras i ett bra möte där vårdpersonalens känslighet är av stor vikt. I mötet har vårdpersonalen möjlighet att rusta patienten för att han eller hon ska kunna bemästra sin situation. Slutsats: Vårdpersonalen behöver ha känsligheten som förmåga för att kunna identifiera och lindra rädslan som patienten upplever. / Background: Within healthcare situations constantly occurs situations where patients' fear is in focus, and the ability to ease fear need to be improved. To create more favorable conditions to ease the fear it is important to understand the base of the phenomenon. Aim: The aim was to describe nursing students´ perception of how patients' fears can be eased. Method: The study was conducted on nursing students and data were collected from four focus interviews. The material was analyzed by a content analysis. Results: The results are presented on three themes: "Identifying the fear of the patient", "To face those who are afraid" and "Overview of what is happening together with the patient." Discussion: In order to ease the fear, the fear must be identified which can be done in a good meeting where health professionals´ sensitivity is of great importance. In the meeting, the nursing staff have the opportunity to prepare the patient so that he or she should be able to cope with their situation. Conclusion: Health professionals need to have the sensitivity and the ability to identify and ease the fear that the patient experience.

<p>An inescapable component to survival in a dynamic environment is detecting and reacting to signals of danger. One of the most elegant processes animals possess to handle this complex task is classical conditioning, wherein stimuli associated with an aversive event acquire the capacity to elicit defensive behaviors. This process helps ensure quick reactions prior to the occurrence of an imminent threat. A problem of living in a dynamic environment, however, is that reliable signals of danger are rarely re-encountered in the exact same form from one situation to the next. Thus, to be truly adaptive it is imperative for defensive responses to extend beyond a specific instance towards other exemplars that might portend the same negative outcome. While the phenomenon of stimulus generalization was recognized in the earliest studies of conditioning from Pavlov's laboratory, a century of conditioning research has not resolved how humans and other animals actually meet this challenge. The research presented herein employs a combination of psychophysiological and functional imaging methods to examine how humans recruit neurocognitive systems to determine what stimuli do (and do not) pose a threat. Results show that human fear generalization is a complex phenomenon affected by the perceptual and conceptual nature of the stimulus. Brain regions and functional networks involved in fear generalization comprise cortical areas involved in coding the representation of conditioned stimuli and subcortical regions involved conditioned learning and the production of behavioral responses, most notably the amygdala. These results reveal the importance of stimulus-specific factors in fear learning and generalization, provide support for anatomically constrained models of fear generalization, and contribute to the development of model systems of fear generalization processes in human anxiety disorders.</p> / Dissertation

The paper will describe one of David Miller’s arguments for limiting immigration by concluding that immigration is a threat to a successful democratic welfare state. There is a threat to a democratic welfare state when there is lack of trust in a heterogeneous society. Immigration contributes to heterogeneity. The paper will present flaws in Miller’s argument, which include the unacknowledged concepts of ignorance and fear that can lead to mistrust in cultural heterogeneous communities. I will then consider Miller’s response to the critiques. Lastly, I will mention some proposals for increasing trust and addressing the real issues in a multicultural society.

In this thesis, I present a computational neural model that reproduces the high-level behavioural results of well-known fear conditioning experiments: first-order conditioning, second-order conditioning, sensory preconditioning, context conditioning, blocking, first-order extinction and renewal (AAB, ABC, ABA), and extinction and renewal after second-order conditioning and sensory preconditioning. The simulated neural populations used to account for the behaviour observed in these experiments correspond to known anatomical regions of the mammalian brain. Parts of the amygdala, periaqueductal gray, cortex and thalamus, and hippocampus are included and are connected to each other in a biologically plausible manner. The model was built using the principles of the Neural Engineering Framework (NEF): a mathematical framework that allows information to be encoded and manipulated in populations of neurons. Each population represents information via the spiking activity of simulated neurons, and is connected to one or more other populations; these connections allow computations to be performed on the information being represented. By specifying which populations are connected to which, and what functions these connections perform, I developed an information processing system that behaves analogously to the fear conditioning circuit in the brain.

Creating an environment that is both physically and psychologically safe is one of the biggest challenges of the 21st century. Our contemporary society have become to be known as the “fear society”, in which fear and anxiety occupies a growing part from our lives then ever been seen before, we fear from the “other”, fear from epidemics, fear from godless, fear from crime and terrorism etc. Not every fear is common to all, while some fears are built in and are universal, others are the result of the culture that we live in and exist in a specific region or time. Another important difference to mention is between the private fear and the political one.The political fear is emerging from the society or have implications on the society while the private fear is concerning the person that is experiencing the fear. It is easier to control and lead a group that is shearing the same fears.Those in society who inform us must be committed to maintaining a perspective based on realistic assessments of risk, rather than an agenda based on politics or profit. My investigation of fear stretched from the human relations to the living environment, our urban planning and houses ,to our everyday surrounding and products . I was looking for the connection between our fears and the products that being design and invente and study the field of design for safety. As the city, the urban spaces became a center of violence in the last decades, the discussions on the connection between the urban environment and planing to prevent violence started in the 20th century in their physical context, behavioural context and processive context. To began with the theory Defensible Space in 1972, with an emphasis on the natural surveillance, territorial concerns and access control in the neighbourhood, to the “Broken Windows” theory which argues that vandalism and negligent in the city can encourage the “violation” of other norms of behaviour. And from the urban environment and the secure space of the private home to the use of product that surround us in our everyday lives, indoors and out. There I have found designers that give us practical solution for future safety and others that are offering us objects that will help us feel secure. Unfortunately, it is still not possible to protect us from all kind of crime or criminal.The good news is that design can help in making us feel secure and keeping us safe in mind. We definitely need the illusion of safety, so that we can live in a healthy way

Thyroid hormones are well known important to be in development and growth in birds and that signaling of thyrotropin (TSH) regulates the photo induced seasonal reproduction. A mutation at the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene in domestic breeds of chicken could be involved in the release of the photoperiodic regulation. Furthermore, TSH can affect a wide range of domestication related phenotypes, such as behaviour, growth rate and pigmentation. The aim of this study was to investigate the behaviours expressed in the different genotypes on the TSHR gene in chickens. Four standard tests were conducted, aerial predator, fear of human, social dominance and tonic immobility. An advanced intercross line of chickens between red junglefowl and White leghorn was used. Male domestic type chickens explored more, showed more less fear behaviours and showed least fear behaviours in the fear of human test. Increased activity and flight response has been interpreted as a lower fear response, which is in line with this study. The wild type chickens showed more social dominance than domestic type chickens which are in line with previous results. In tonic immobility there was a difference between the wild type male and heterozygous male chickens in latency until first head movement. The conclusion of this study is that there is a difference between the wild type and domestic type chickens. This indicates that the TSHR gene is involved in behavioural changes during domestication, but whether it is due to passive or active selection is the question.