The paper will describe one of David Miller’s arguments for limiting immigration by concluding that immigration is a threat to a successful democratic welfare state. There is a threat to a democratic welfare state when there is lack of trust in a heterogeneous society. Immigration contributes to heterogeneity. The paper will present flaws in Miller’s argument, which include the unacknowledged concepts of ignorance and fear that can lead to mistrust in cultural heterogeneous communities. I will then consider Miller’s response to the critiques. Lastly, I will mention some proposals for increasing trust and addressing the real issues in a multicultural society.

There are a number of issues within the fear of crime literature, such as problems defining and measuring fear of crime, which continue to exist. Thus, the first aim of this thesis was to empirically test a new fear of crime model that consists of three components: fear of victimization (emotive), perceived risk (cognitive) and constrained behaviour (behavioural). The multiple component theory posits that a reciprocal relationship exists between the components that contribute to people feeling threatened by criminal victimization (also referred to as the threat of victimization). Past research has also indicated that gender is always a significant predictor of fear of crime, and therefore was included in the test to assess if women continue to feel threatened by victimization more than men in the new model. Finally two common theories used to explain why women fear crime more than men; specifically gender construction that equates femininity with vulnerability and masculinity with invulnerability and prior experience with intimate partner violence and stalking, were explored. The data came from the Statistics Canada General Social Survey 2004: Cycle 18, which is a Canadian telephone survey that measures fear of crime as well as various types of criminal victimization. A quantitative analysis was done using multiple logistic regressions to assess all three objectives. Results for this thesis indicate that a reciprocal relationship exists between all three components of the threat of victimization and must continue to be measured as separate constructs. Perceived risk and constrained behaviour are particularly influenced by gender construction and intimate partner violence and stalking victimization. It is concluded that accurate and consistent measures need to be created for each of the components of the threat of victimization to facilitate validity, replication and comparison. As well, (in)vulnerability linked to masculinity and femininity, appear to have negative implications for both women and men in relation to the threat of victimization, which need to be addressed through education and active resistance.

Objective: The increased survival rate amongst female breast cancer survivors creates a need for an understanding of chronic disability after surgery. The objective of this study is to explore the association between impairments (e.g., pain, mobility, strength) and the personality trait, fear of physical activity, and chronic daily activity limitations for women who had their surgery at least six months prior to the study. Hypothesis: The study hypothesis is that women with high levels of physical impairments and the personality trait of fear of physical activity will also have higher levels of daily activity limitations six months or more after their breast cancer surgery. Design: A cross-sectional design. Outcome Measures: Disabilities of Shoulder, Arm, and Hand (DASH), Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS-Pain), Fear Avoidance Belief Questionnaire – Physical Activity (FABQ-PA), and objective measures of shoulder mobility and strength. Participants: Women who had been diagnosed and undergone surgery for breast cancer, stage 1-3. They must have had their surgery at least six months previously and have completed chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Both English- and French-speaking women from the Ottawa-Gatineau region were eligible. Results: Data from twelve women were analysed with a mean age of 58.0±8.9 years and post-operative time of 4.0± 2.8 years. DASH scores mean was 12.2 ± 11.38. VAS-Pain (rs=0.819; p<.001), FABQ-Physical Activity (rs=0.746; p<.005) were significantly associated with DASH score, whereas non-significant associations were found with supraspinatus strength (rs = 0.182; p < .572) or infraspinatus strength (rs=0.553; p<.062) using the Spearman Rho test. Also, no significant relationships were observed between range of motion (hand-behind-back; p =.366; hand-behind-head; p=.390) and DASH scores using a Kruskal-Wallis test. Conclusion: The results of this exploratory study suggest that the reported daily activity limitations of women who have had breast cancer surgery may be related to the participant pain perception and/or fear of physical activity.

Alla omvårdnadssituationer kan skapa rädsla och hur stark rädslan uppfattas och hur den uttrycks, är individuellt och beror på patienternas tidigare upplevelser och erfarenheter genom livet. Arbetet genomfördes som en litteraturstudie där 13 vetenskapliga artiklar utgjorde grunden för resultatet. Studiens syfte var att belysa vad rädsla kan vara inom omvårdnad. Patienterna kunde uppleva flera olika slags rädslor som exempelvis rädsla för sjukdomslidande och död, rädsla för sjukdom och behandling eller rädsla för att bli misstrodd eller bli beroende av andra. Stöd och information sågs av patienterna som viktigt för att minska rädsla och känna trygghet, men lika viktigt var små gester som att få ett glas vatten, ett vänligt leende eller beröring. Sjuksköterskor har en viktig uppgift att fånga upp patienters rädsla och med information kunna lindra den. För att stödja patienterna finns vetenskapliga modeller för att begränsa patienternas lidande i form av rädsla. Det är av vikt med vidare forskning om rädslans uttryck, samt att integrera kunskapen i den kliniska omvårdnaden och i vårdutbildningar på grund- och specialistnivå. / All nursing situations can create fear and how strong the fear is perceived and how it is expressed, is individual and depends on the patients' previous experiences through life. The work was conducted as a literature study which 13 scientific papers were the basis for the results. The study's purpose was to highlight what fear can be in nursing. Patients could experience several different kinds of fears such as fear of disease suffering and death, fear of disease and treatment or fear of being discredited or become dependent on others. Support and information seen by patients as important in reducing fear and sense of security, but equally important was small gestures like getting a glass of water, a friendly smile or touch. Nurses have an important task to capture patients' fears and information to relieve it. To support patients are scientific models to limit suffering of patients in the form of fear. It is important to further research on fear expression, and to integrate knowledge into clinical care and in nursing programs at the undergraduate and specialist levels.

Bakgrund: I Sverige uppskattas cirka 7-15% av befolkningen lida av stickrädsla, varav många är barn. Stickrädsla kan ge upphov till fysiska och känslomässiga reaktioner och uppkommer vid exempelvis provtagning, insättning av perifer venkateter och injektioner. Barnet reagerar med skrik, panikattack och känslan av att förlora kontrollen samt svimning när rädslan är oövervinnerlig. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att belysa allmänsjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att möta barn med stickrädsla. Metod: Metoden är en kvalitativ litteraturbaserad studie. Datamaterialet består av sex kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Fyra kategorier med tio subkategorier identifierades. De fyra kategorierna var: Förbereda barnet inför nålproceduren, informera och involvera barnet inför och under nålproceduren, stödja föräldrarnas närvaro och skapa åtgärder som distraherar barnet. Förberedelse i hemmiljö och skapa en trygg atmosfär är viktiga förutsättningar för barnets förberedelse. Att förklara nålprocedurens tillvägagångssätt för att främja förståelse och lugn, observera barnets kroppsspråk och aktivera barnets medverkan är viktiga för barnets förståelse. Föräldrar har en essentiell roll vad gäller stöd och närvaro för barnet. Sjuksköterskor bör medvetandegöra föräldrarna om närhet för barnets trygghet. Åtgärder som distraherar innefattar att avleda barnet genom enkla ord, lek och beröm efter nålproceduren. Konklusion: Bemötandet identifieras som något som återkommer i denna studie och är betydelsefullt för att nålproceduren ska bli så god som möjligt för det stickrädda barnet. Att sjuksköterskor erkänner barnets rädsla identifierades även vara betydelsefullt för det goda mötets resultat. / Background: Fear of needles is estimated to 7-15 % of the population in Sweden and among them there are many children with that specific fear.  Fear of needles in children describes as physical and emotional reactions and arises during for an example blood sampling, peripheral venous insertion and injections. The reactions include screaming, panic attacks and the feeling of losing control. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe nurses’ experiences of meeting children with fear of needles. Method: The chosen method was a qualitative literature based study. The data material consisted of six qualitative articles. Findings: Four categories and ten subcategories were identified. The categories were: Prepare the child before the procedure, inform and make the child involved before and during the procedure, support presence of parents and create distraction techniques. Preparation at home and creating a safe atmosphere for the child are important preconditions for good preparation. To explain the approach of the procedure and make the child involved in their own care are important to make sure that the child understands. Parents have an essential role of supporting their child and nurses should raise awareness among parents about proximity for their child. Create distraction techniques such as words, play and praise afterwards are identified. Conclusion: The response from nurses is something that is important and to recognize the fear was also identified as important and could contribute to better conditions for a good meeting between nurses and children with fear of needles.

Tidigare studier har visat på sambandet mellan oräddhet, psykopati, aggressivitet och antisocialt beteende. Denna studie undersökte fenotypiska och genetiska relationer mellan komponenter i the skin conductance fear conditioning task och i psykopatiska personlighetsdrag. Data hämtades från den longitudinella studien; Tvillingstudie om riskfaktorer för antisocialt beteende (RFAB) vid University of Southern California och data från pågående tillfälle 5 inkluderades i studien. Resultatet visade på betydelsen av både genetiska och icke-gemensamma miljö influenser förklarade variansen i obetingad respons. I överensstämmelse med tidigare forskning visade resultaten att individer som visade på högre nivåer av manipulativt och svekfullt beteende också uppvisade större brister i rädslobetingelser. / Previous studies have shown a relationship among fearlessness, psychopathy, aggression and antisocial behavior. This study examined the phenotypic and genetic relationships among components of the skin conductance fear conditioning task and psychopathic personality traits. Data were retrieved from a longitudinal study; the Twin Study of Risk Factor for Antisocial Behavior at the University of Southern California. The present study included data from the ongoing Wave 5. Results indicated the importance of both genetic and non-shared environmental influences in explaining the variance in the unconditioned response. Consistent with previous research, the results showed that individuals who displayed higher levels of manipulative and deceitful traits also showed deficits in fear conditioning.

No description available.

The basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA) is a key component of the neuronal circuitry underlying the acquisition and the extinction of Pavlovian conditioned fear. The present series of experiments examined the role of neuronal activity and NMDA receptors (NMDAr) activation in the BLA on learning and relearning context conditioned fear and its extinction. Disruption of neuronal activity in the BLA prevented the acquisition of fear responses to a novel, a moderately familiar or a highly familiar context. It also prevented the reacquisition of fear responses to a conditioned or an extinguished context. Local blockade of NMDAr containing the NR2B subunit prior to training extinction or re-extinction impaired the short- and long-term loss of fear responses. In contrast, a similar blockade subsequent to training extinction or re-extinction left the long-term loss of fear responses unaffected. Disruption of neuronal activity in the BLA prior to training extinction and re-extinction depressed fear responses. It impaired the long-term loss of fear produced by extinction training but spared and even facilitated the long-loss of fear produced by re-extinction training when extinction had already been learned. The exact same outcome was observed when neuronal activity in the BLA was disrupted subsequent to training extinction and re-extinction. These findings suggest that the BLA is critical for both learning and relearning context conditioned fear. In contrast, the BLA is necessary for learning but not relearning extinction of conditioned fear. This implies that once extinction has been learned, others structures support the retrieval and the expression of extinction memory. This is consistent with current neural model of extinction that involves interactions between several neural substrates including the BLA and the medial prefrontal cortex.

Eight experiments examined the role of the intertrial interval in the extinction of conditioned fear to a context. Rats were shocked in one context (A) but not in another (B) and freezing responses to Context A were extinguished. The interval between extinction trials was spent in the home cages. Experiments 1a and 1b showed that massed extinction trials produced better response loss but worse learning than spaced trials. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the interval between the final extinction trial and test mediated the level of responding on a test exposure. Experiments 3 and 4 showed that the duration of the extinction trial affected long term response loss, whereby long durations facilitate response loss compared to shorter durations. Subsequent experiments (Experiments 5 to 8) demonstrated that the first in the series of massed extinction trials reduced the associability of subsequent trials. Associability was restored by alternating extinction trials between Context A and Context B. The results are discussed in terms of the role accorded to self-generated priming in the models developed by A. R. Wagner (1978; 1981).

The experiments reported in this thesis studied the mechanisms of expression of overexpectation of conditioned fear, as measured by freezing. In Stage I, rats were conditioned to fear a tone and a flashing light conditioned stimulus (CS) through pairings with a 0.5 mA, 1 s shock. In Stage II, overexpectation was trained by the reinforcement of a compound of these CSs with a shock of the same magnitude. Two compound ?? shock pairings produced an overexpectation effect, as measured by freezing to presentations of the tone alone, while further Stage II training caused over-training of overexpectation. Expression of the overexpectation effect produced by two compound ?? shock pairings could be prevented by pre-test injection of the benzodiazepine partial inverse agonist FG7142. This effect was dose-dependent and not due to state-dependent memory. Control experiments suggested that it was also not due to any general effect of FG7142 on the Pavlovian freezing response. Freezing to a tone that had been conditioned, but not subjected to any decremental training procedures, was unaffected by administration of FG7142 before either the conditioning or test session. FG7142 also did not affect freezing to a tone that had been subjected to an associative blocking procedure. The hypothesis that overexpectation of conditioned fear may be context-dependent was also tested. However, renewal was not observed. Rats that received Stage II training in a context distinct from the Stage I training context showed equivalent expression of overexpectation regardless of whether testing was conducted in the Stage I or Stage II training context. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that overexpectation, like extinction, leads to the imposition of a GABAA receptor-mediated mask on the fear CR. Moreover, they suggest that this masking of fear is the specific consequence of negative predictive error.