Syftet med denna enkätstudie var att jämföra två olika förklaringsmodeller för tinnitusbesvär; fear avoidance och acceptans. Förutom att undersöka sambanden till tinnitusbesvär, testades även modellerna mot utfallsmåtten tinnitusvigilans och livskvalitet. Då nivå av depression och ångest är kända prediktorer för tinnitusbesvär, användes de som kontrollvariabler. Även processerna mindfulness och värderad riktning testades. Deltagare i studien var 362 patienter med tinnitus som någon gång mellan åren 2004-2011 varit i kontakt med Öronkliniken Hörselvården vid universitetssjukhuset i Linköping. Hierarkiska regressionsanalyser visade att både acceptans och fear avoidance förklarade unika bidrag till utfallsmåtten tinnitusbesvär och tinnitusvigilans. Värderad riktning förklarade unik varians i utfallsmåttet livskvalitet. Utifrån multipla mediationsanalyser visade det sig att både acceptans och fear avoidance medierade sambandet mellan ljudnivån av tinnitus och tinnitusbesvär samt sambandet mellan ljudnivån av tinnitus och tinnitusvigilans. Ingen av mediatorerna bidrog med signifikant mer förklaringsvärde än den andra. Slutsatsen är att acceptans och fear avoidance är två viktiga och kompletterande modeller för att förklara graden av tinnitusbesvär och tinnitusvigilans. Resultatet från denna studie kan ha implikationer för utvecklingen av mer effektiva behandlingar för tinnitus.

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The cranberry scare of 1959 was the first food scare in the United States involving food additives to have a national impact. It was also the first event to test the Delaney clause, part of a 1958 amendment to the 1938 Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act prohibiting cancer-causing chemicals in food. Although lasting only a few weeks, the scare significantly affected the cranberry industry and brought the regulation of chemical residues in food to the national stage. Generated by a complex interaction of legislation, technology, media, and science, the scare had far-reaching effects in all areas of the cranberry industry, food legislation, and the perception of the public toward additives and residues in their food. The ripples caused by the scare permanently altered the cranberry industry and, after numerous subsequent scares and challenges to the law, eventually resulted in the repeal of the Delaney clause. The goal of this investigation was to demonstrate how the social, scientific, and political climates in the United States interacted and led to such an event. It shows how science, politics, and contemporary social anxiety combined, with technology as a catalyst, and how the resulting scare left significant marks on the development of both legislation and industry. It also improves our understanding of this seminal event in American social history by exploring the events surrounding the scare, as well as by comparing the perspectives and reactions of the public, the Eisenhower administration, the cranberry industry, and other industries affected by the scare and its aftermath.

Viruses are microscopic biological organisms offensive in nature. Human beings have been combating viruses since times remote. Some battles were won, but never the war. One of the most eminent and destructive epidemics throughout human history is the bubonic plague, better known as the Black Death. Since its first attack on human beings, the casualty count produced by the bubonic plague has been astronomical. The epidemics not only inflict damage physically, but also psychologically on human beings. It is remarkable how such nearly invisible agents can instill so much fear in humans. Daniel Defoe¡¦s A Journal of the Plague Year is a masterpiece in journalistic fiction which brings literature, microbiology, and human behavioral psychology together. The book simply describes scenes from the 1665 London bubonic plague attack through the eyes of a narrator amidst the turmoil. However, it also serves as a guide book to human behavior in desperate times. Defoe vividly describes the plague, the suffering, the horror, and most importantly, the society, the people, and their reactions. With the Journal, Defoe blurred the line between factual and fictitious writing. He wrote a fiction based on factual data which very probably served as a warning aimed at public awareness towards epidemics. Some suspect that the Journal was merely an instrument of government propaganda; whichever the case, this book still constitutes as a milestone in epidemic literature as well as journalistic fiction. This thesis aims mainly at analyzing the relationship between the plague and humans. It is interesting to observe how the plague changed human behavior and induced some of the most common flaws in human character out of deep fear: mutual distrust, paranoia, superstition, opportunism, madness, anger, and hostility. The fragility and vulnerability of the human psyche are exposed in epidemic times such as in the recent SARS outbreak. Unavoidably, the destructiveness of the plague makes it evil in human eyes. However, it is possible to discover the positive and constructive sides of the plague instead of just the negative attributes. People tend to rely on religion in seeking comfort, explanation, and spiritual support. There are people who devote themselves to religion as well as those who choose a different path. At the end of the discussion, we take a look at how religion plays an important role in counteracting the epidemics¡¦ delirious effect on human beings.

Abstract ¡§Sexual role¡¨ is that an individual shows the behavior form of his sex from the behavior of himself. Generally speaking, the female role that we expect belongs to obedience, dependence, and meekness, the sexual role ability related to the expression of human emotions, and the male role that we expect belongs to achievement and independence related to the character of initiative and implement. Therefore, the said ¡§ Traditional sexual role attitude¡¨ is to have the conception of polarization to the bisexual role and nature. The modern sexual role attitude considers that women can develop their career outward as well except taking care of their family, so the sexual role attitude is more flexible. According to the discovery of Horner¡¦s research (1965), expected success will bring the bad effect to women when they are in the circumstances of compitetion, for example, unpopularity, expelling of the society, loss of date and object of marriage, loss of female temperament, and sense of sin, etc., so they will constrain their motive of achievement, reduce their performance of achievement, and avoid the opportunity of success in their career. This phenomenon is called ¡§Fear of success¡¨ or the motive of avoiding success. ¡§Future development¡¨ is indicated the growth accumulated by the serial working experiences from the serial formal working role of an individual, or the subjective perception, felling, and attitude to the growth of the serial working experience. This research, taking the female officials as the object of research, is supposed mainly to understand the relation and the effect extent of sexual role attitude, fear of success, and future development of the female officials, and with the variables of interference of marriage and education, probe further the effect of interference to sexual role attitude, fear of success, and future development. This reseach is using the way of survey questionnaire, and analyzed with various methods of statistic analysis. The important discoveries are stated separately as follows: 1. The sexual role attitude of the female officials tends to the modern role, and the sexual role attitude becomes more flexible. 2. The female officials have fear of success, and the tendency of the fear of success which responds on the working pressure is the highest. 3. Although the female officials have fear of success, they still have the strong demands of promotion. 4. The human relationship has remarkable and positive influence on career and achievement. The demand of career development has the effect of intermediary between human relationship and the relation of career and achievement. 5. The effect of interference of marriage to sexual role attitude, fear of success, and future development. (1) The interaction of role attitude outside of the family with marriage has effect of interference to mission direction and power demand. The interaction of role attitude inside of the family with marriage has effect of interference to working challenge. (2) The interaction of family life, making friend and selecting spouse, getting along of spouse, and working pressure with marriage has effect of interference to demand of mission direction. 6. The effect of interference of education to sexual role attitude, fear of success, and future development. (1) The interaction of role attitude and stereotyped image outside of the family with role attitude and education inside of the family has effect of interference to power demand, working interest, and demand of working challenge. (2) The interaction of working pressure with education has effect of interferenc to demand of mission direction.

I developed a spatially explicit individual-based model (IBM) to capture the dynamic behavioral interaction between a fierce predator (killer whale, Orcinus orca) and a clever prey (dusky dolphin, Lagenorhynchus obscurus), and to answer the ultimate question of costs vs. benefits for dusky dolphins when making anti-predator decisions. Specifically, I was interested in calculating time/distance budgets for dusky dolphins in the presence/absence of killer whales and the presence/absence of movement and behavioral rules, which presumably evolved in response to spatial and temporal variations in predation risk. Results reveal that dusky dolphins rest less, travel more and have reduced foraging time when killer whales are present. These effects are more pronounced with increased presence of killer whales. The model suggests that a strong reason favoring the adoption of short and long-term anti-predator mechanisms is increased survival resulting from decreased encounters with killer whales. Further, a mother with calf rests less and travels more when killer whales are present relative to a dolphin without calf. However, a mother with calf on average, flee shorter distances and have fewer encounters with killer whales than a dolphin without calf. Thus, despite ecological costs, it makes evolutionary sense for dusky dolphins to adopt anti-predator rules. Bioenergetic consequences for dusky dolphins with and without calf were estimated as total energetic costs and foraging calories lost due to low/high presence of killer whales. I calculated total energy costs as: Foraging costs (FC) Locomotor costs (LC) (Travel) or LC (Travel) LC (Flee) based on the absence, as well as low/high presence of killer whales. Foraging costs contributed significantly to total energetic costs estimated. Travel costs are minimal owing to proximity to deep waters. The total energy costs were not significantly higher from low or high presence of killer whales for mother with calf, but increases by about 90 kcal/day for a dusky without calf. However, I estimate foraging calories lost due to increased killer whale presence is almost 5 times more for mother with calf. Therefore, it might be important to consider indirect predation risk effects by social type in future studies on animal bioenergetics.

This study examines whether hope appeal and fear appeal in service advertisements would significantly influence consumers¡¦ perception of innovation characteristics such as relative advantage, compatibility, and perceived risk, thus further influence the consumers¡¦ decision on whether to adopt the innovative service product or not. As to the literature support, the researcher advocate that when consumer perceives a stronger appeal of hope or fear, he/she will generate a selective exposure to the information from the specific advertisement, thus further influence the consumers¡¦ adoption decision. And by experimental design, besides the main effect of hope and fear appeal, the researcher also considered and included the negative reactivity of consumers and also the amount of benefit information within the advertisement to explore their moderating roles in the effects of emotional appeal on the customers¡¦ adaptation of service innovation. The results shows that except perceived risk, other perceived innovative characteristics (compatibility and relative advantages) are significantly affected by the hope and fear appeal. The result also shows that perceived innovative characteristics partially mediate the effect of emotional appeal on the customers¡¦ adaptation of service innovation. But unexpectedly, negative reactivity and the amount of benefits information within the advertisement do not show significant moderating effects on the relationship between emotional appeal and adaptation of service innovation.

Spiral of silence has been published for 30 years, and been tested in many areas, however these test are not all qualified. This study aims to interpret spiral of silence theory and to inspect if there are any misuse in these test. First, we interpret these theory form the origin of the theory and it¡¦s deducing process, and built an theory model. Then inspect those test based on this model. The result discovered that most of these test stressed on testing people¡¦s willingness to speak out, and misleaded to compare one¡¦s opinion and one¡¦s perception of majority. This comprehension gap may comes from the wrong variable definition in the operational models. For this sake, this study offered a theory model to overcome this gap.

<p>The expectations of a successful outcome are great during childbirth. The overall objective of prenatal care and birth care is that midwives contribute in creating the most positive experience of pregnancy, child birth and infancy as possible. During the past 30 years there has been a significant increase in sectiofrequency both in Sweden and the rest of the Western world. More parents feel an overall insecurity when it comes to child labour. The purpose of this study was to describe how midwives experience the work of creating a sense of security and good nursing when meeting the expectant parents. A phenomenological approach was chosen with the use of eleven qualitative interviews that were analyzed with Giorgis' method of analysis. The result revealed three themes: organizational - professional conditions, the communicative ability and the reflective - emotional competence. Trusting your inner sensibility and intuition was something that characterized all the interviews and was the essence of the results. The way work was lead and organized, as well as the utilization of competence effected the midwives’ possibility of contributing to a sense of security and good care. When the communication was based on sensibility, midwives’ could create a good and trustful relationship with the expectant parents. The emotional involvement was an essential requirement for carrying out the work in a satisfying way. A question for the future is how inner knowledge based on practical experience can benefit new personnel and how the organization and education for healthcare givers can utilize the specialist knowledge of midwives with experience.</p> / <p>Förväntningarna i samband med barnafödande är stora på att en graviditet ska sluta lyckligt. Det övergripande målet inom mödrahälsovård och förlossningsvård är för barnmorskor att medverka till en så positiv upplevelse av graviditet, förlossning och spädbarnstid som möjligt. De sista trettio åren har sectiofrekvensen ökat betydligt både i Sverige och västvärlden. Fler föräldrapar upplever idag en allmän otrygghet i samband med barnafödande. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva barnmorskors upplevelser av att förmedla trygghet och en god omvårdnad i mötet med det blivande föräldraparet. Fenomenologisk ansats valdes med elva kvalitativa intervjuer som analyserades enligt Giorgis analysmetod. Resultatet visade tre teman: Organisatoriska - professionella förutsättningar, den kommunikativa förmågan och den reflektiva - emotionella kompetensen. Att lita på sin inre känsla och intuition var en upplevelse som genomsyrade hela intervjumaterialet och blev resultatets essens. Hur arbetet leds och organiseras och hur kompetens tillvaratas påverkade i hög grad barnmorskors möjligheter att förmedla trygghet och en god omvårdnad. Genom att vara lyhörd i sitt sätt att kommunicera kunde en god och förtroendefull relation skapas mellan barnmorskor och det blivande föräldraparet. Det känslomässiga engagemanget var en nödvändig förutsättning för att utföra ett bra jobb. En fråga inför framtiden är på vilket sätt den erfarenhetsbaserade inre kunskapen kan komma ny personal tillgodo och hur omvårdnadsarbetets organisation och vårdutbildningar kan ta tillvara det expertmässiga kunnandet hos erfarna barnmorskor.</p>

<p>Stigmatisering kring människor som lever med humant immunbristvirus (HIV) är utbredd. Patienter som lever med viruset har inte bara symptomen av infektionen att ta itu med, de måste också handskas med den diskriminering och de fördomar som finns. Tidigare studier har visat att kunskapsnivån om hiv är låg bland hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal och att de är rädda för att själva smittas när de vårdar hivsmittade patienter. Tidigare studier visar även att sjukvårdpersonal dömer människor med HIV på grund av fördomar kring människors bakgrund och livsstil. Syftet med denna studie var att belysa patienter med HIV/AIDS upplevelser av mötet med vården. En kvalitativ metod användes för att samla in och analysera data som bestod av fyra självbiografier och fjorton berättelser. Ur analysen formades fyra huvudteman och två subteman. Huvudteman är: Kränkt i sin sjukdom, bekräftad i stunden, att inte få rätt information och skyldig enligt lag. Resultatet visade att patienterna kände sig kränkta och behandlade utan respekt när vårdpersonalen agerade med okunskap och rädsla. Patienterna kände otrygghet inför att söka konsultation på grund av att personalen har rapporteringsskyldighet enligt Smittskyddslagen. Resultaten i studien kan öka sjuksköterskan förståelse för patienter som lever med HIV/AIDS och därmed förbättra vårdgivare -patient relationen.</p> / <p>Stigma around people living with Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is widespread. Patients living with HIV not only have to deal with the symptoms of the infection but also with the discrimination and prejudice. Previous studies have shown that knowledge about HIV is low among healthcare professionals and that they are afraid of being infected themselves when they care for HIV patients. Previous studies also show that healthcare givers judge people with HIV because of prejudges concerning patients background and lifestyle. The aim of this study was to enlighten patients with HIV/AIDS experiences when meeting healthcare. A qualitative method was used to collect and analyze the data which consist of four autobiographies and fourteen stories. The analysis revealed four main themes and two sub themes. The main themes are: Violated within the illness, confirmed within the moment, not getting the right information and obligated by law. The results showed that patient’s felt violated and treated without respect when nursing staff acted with ignorance and fear. Patients felt insecure when seeking consultation because of the staff’s reporting obligation. These results may increase the nurses understanding of patients living with HIV/AIDS and thereby improve the caregiver-patient relationship.</p>