This study was conducted on-site in Istanbul, Turkey, to determine the effects that mass media has on citizens' perceptions about fear of crime, in particular, and fear, in general. Specifically, the study was designed to (1) determine the tendency of citizens' media consumption, (2) determine the level of fear of crime among Turkish citizens, (3) establish the effect of media on citizens' fear of crime, and (4) determine if gender, age, educational level, neighborhood, and monthly income have an independent effect on fear of crime. To achieve this purpose, after administering a survey in Istanbul, the researcher collected appropriate data and then utilized regression analysis to examine the relationship between media variables and fear of crime. A survey consisting of three parts was administered to 545 Turkish citizens over the age of 18 who currently reside in Istanbul, Turkey. In Part I of the survey, respondents were asked to identify their trends in relation to media consumption, and in Part II respondents were asked to report their feelings about fear of crime. Finally, Part III consisted of socio-demographic characteristics including gender, age, marital status, level of education, and income. The media variables used for this study were, general TV viewing, watching crime drama, watching TV news, listening to radio news, reading newspaper news, and reading Internet news. Regarding the independent effects of socio-demographic variables on fear of crime, only gender was found to be significantly related thereby supporting the research hypothesis. From six media variables, only watching crime drama show and reading Internet news found to be related with individuals' fear of crime; however, this relation disappeared after controlling with socio-demographic variables. In addition, no cultivation effect could be found among the sub-groups of sample.

The aim of this experiment was to study the role of (un)predictability in a fear conditioning paradigm: analyzing the differences in both cue and context conditioning. For this reason, we manipulated the presentation of the unconditional stimulus (US) using two conditions: a paired presentation of the US-CS (predictable) and an unpaired presentation of the US (unpredictable). We manipulated the context using the lightning of the experimental room: dark and light conditions. Our dependent variables were the skin conductance response (SCR) and the startle reflex measurement. Participants were 65 students from the University of Leuven. Results showed more context conditioning in the unpaired block (unpredictable) compared to the paired one and cue conditioning in the paired block (predictable). / El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el rol de la (im)predictabilidad en el paradigma de condicionamiento de miedo, al analizar las diferencias tanto en el condicionamiento específico (cue) como en el contextual. Por consiguiente, se manipuló la presentación del estímulo incondicionado (EI) utilizando dos condiciones: una presentación apareada del EI con el estímulo condicionado —EC en adelante— (predecible) y una presentación no apareada del EI (impredecible). Se manipuló el contexto utilizando la luz central del cuarto experimental: condiciones de oscuridad y claridad. Las variables independientes fueron la respuesta de conductancia de la piel y la medición de la respuesta de sobresalto. Los participantes fueron 65 alumnos de primer año de psicología. Los resultados muestran más condicionamiento contextual en el bloque no apareado (impredecible) comparado con el apareado, y condicionamiento específico en el bloque apareado (predecible).

I studien deltog 235 personer, 231 av dessa deltog i jämförelsen mellan könen. Syftet var att undersöka om Fear of Missing Out [FoMO] spelar roll i hur nöjd man är med livet (Satisfaction with Life Scale) [SWLS] både i gruppen som helhet samt uppdelat mellan kön. Utöver detta ämnade studien undersöka om det fanns något samband mellan FoMO och ålder, både i gruppen som helhet och uppdelat mellan kön. Vidare var syftet också att se om det fanns några könsskillnader när det kommer till FoMO samt SWLS. Studien kunde visa på ett negativt samband mellan självskattad SWLS och självskattad FoMO för gruppen män. För gruppen kvinnor fanns det inget samband mellan självskattad SWLS och självskattad FoMO. För gruppen som helhet fanns det också ett negativt samband mellan självskattad SWLS och självskattad FoMO. Man bör dock uppmärksamma att det är gruppen män som gör att det blir ett negativt samband mellan FoMO och SWLS vad gäller gruppen som helhet. Studien har också kunnat visa på att det finns ett negativt samband mellan FoMO och ålder både i gruppen som helhet samt för kvinnor och män. Ju äldre deltagarna var, desto lägre självskattad FoMO. Slutligen kunde studien inte visa på några könsskillnader i självskattad FoMO, inte heller i SWLS. / In this study a total of 235 people participated, whereof 231 of these participated in comparisons between genders. The purpose of this study was to see if Fear of Missing Out [FoMO] plays a role in how satisfied you are with your life (Satisfaction with Life Scale) [SWLS], amongst all participants but also compared between gender. In addition, this study wanted to see if there were any connection between FoMO and age among all participants as well as between genders. Furthermore, the study wanted to see if there were any differences in FoMO and SWLS between genders. The results showed that there was a significant negative correlation between self-reported SWLS and self-reported FoMO for men. But there was no correlation between self-reported SWLS and self-reported FoMO for women. Though there were a negative correlation between self-reported SWLS and self-reported FoMO for all participants, this indicates that the significant correlation in the whole group was indeed caused by the male participants since there were no significant correlations for women. This study could also show a significant negative correlation between FoMO and age for all participants as well as for men and women separately. Older participants reported lower FoMO. Finally, this study did not find any differences in gender when it comes to self-reported FoMO, nor self-reported SWLS.

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Studiens syfte var att undersöka relationen mellan personlighetsdragen i femfaktormodellen (Extraversion, Tillmötesgående, Ordningsamhet, Emotionell stabilitet och Öppenhet) och det psykologiska fenomenet Fear of Failure hos tjänstemän (N = 115). En enkät skickades ut till en kommunal organisation i Sverige. Enkäten bestod av The Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory för att mäta graden av Generell Fear of Failure och Ten Item Personality Inventory för att mäta respondenternas personlighetsdrag. Resultatet visade att de fem personlighetsdragen tillsammans som modell signifikant förklarade 29% av variansen i Generell Fear of Failure. Emotionell stabilitet och Ordningsamhet bidrog signifikant till modellen och Emotionell stabilitet predicerade Generell Fear of Failure i högst grad. Extraversion, Tillmötesgående och Öppenhet bidrog inte signifikant till förklaringen av variansen i Generell Fear of Failure. / The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between the Big Five personality traits (Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness) and the psychological phenomenon Fear of Failure among white-collar workers (N = 115). A survey was sent to a municipal organization in Sweden. The survey was based on The Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory to measure General Fear of Failure and Ten Item Personality Inventory to measure the respondents’ personality traits. The results showed that the five personality traits together as a model significantly explained 29% of the variance in General Fear of Failure. Emotional Stability and Conscientiousness significantly contributed to the model and Emotional Stability predicted General Fear of Failure the strongest. Extraversion, Agreeableness and Openness did not significantly contribute to the explanation of the variance in General Fear of Failure.

The problem of the study was the effect of fear-arousing communications upon junior high school students' cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses within the context of a dental hygiene program. Analysis of the data revealed that the personal performance scores, were initially, significantly (p <= .05) different for the recommendations and low-fear groups. They had cleaner teeth. The recommendations elicited the most positive change, and this extended for a longer period of time. There were no significant differences in any of the other variables. The results were more questionable in cases where threat appeals were used for volunteer subjects. Fear messages elicited less positive change and were seen as being unnecessary in teaching dental hygiene. Behavior, cognition, and emotion, as components of an attitude, were explained as being idependent in threat-appeal research where behavior may change but not attitudes.

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This study is a single case study to investigate the connection between women's fear of sexual violence, human rights, and the state's responsibility to protect women from the fear of sexual violence. The thesis accomplishes this by combining existing research on sexual violence and fear of sexual violence, as well as its relationship to human rights, with a case study based on the Haga Man, a serial rapist in Sweden. The Social Contract Theory was utilized as a theoretical framework to assess the government's responsibility to its citizens. Article 5 of the ECHR is used in this study to argue for the need for state protection. The findings indicate that Sweden as a state has a responsibility to protect women from the threat of sexual violence. This thesis adds to previous research pointing to the necessity to consider sexual assault and the fear of sexual violence as a human rights concern.