Hintergründe und Ziele: Vorhofflimmern (VHF) ist ein häufiger Auslöser zerebraler Ischämien. Asymptomatisches paroxysmales Vorhofflimmern wird durch die Standard-Diagnostik häufig übersehen. Die Detektion des Vorhofflimmerns führt zu einer Änderung der sekundärprophylaktischen Therapie. Diese Dissertationsarbeit basiert auf drei Originalpublikationen zur Verbesserung der Detektion und Prädiktion von paroxysmalem Vorhofflimmern bei Patienten mit akuter zerebraler Ischämie. In „Enhanced Detection of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation by Early and Prolonged Continuous Holter Monitoring in Patients with Cerebral Ischemia Presenting in Sinus Rhythm” ermittelten wir die diagnostische Wertigkeit eines frühzeitig applizierten 7-Tage-Langzeit-EKGs. In “Age-dependent yield of screening for undetected atrial fibrillation in stroke patients: the Find-AF study” untersuchten wir die Altersverteilung des paroxysmalen Vorhofflimmerns um herauszufinden, welche Altersgruppe vornehmlich von dem eingesetzten Monitoring-Verfahren profitiert. In “Excessive Supraventricular Ectopic Activity Is Indicative of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Cerebral Ischemia“ evaluierten wir die prädiktive Wertigkeit von gehäuften supraventrikulären Extrasystolen (SVES) und prolongierten supraventrikulären (SV-) Salven. Methoden: In die prospektive monozentrische Observationsstudie „Find-AF“ (ISRCTN 46104198) wurden Patienten mit akuter zerebraler Ischämie eingeschlossen. Diejenigen ohne Vorhofflimmern bei Aufnahme erhielten ein frühzeitiges, prolongiertes Langzeit-EKG. Um die Altersverteilung des paroxysmalen Vorhofflimmerns zu untersuchen, wurde die Detektionsrate in 5-Jahres-Gruppen von 60 bis 85 Jahren ermittelt. Die Marker einer exzessiven supraventrikulären ektopen Aktivität wurden in einem 24-Stunden-Langzeit-EKG-Intervall ohne Vorhofflimmern bestimmt. Als Cut-Off-Wert wurde der Median gewählt. Ergebnisse: 281 Patienten wurden eingeschlossen. 44 (15,7 %) hatten bei Aufnahme Vorhofflimmern. Die verbliebenen Patienten erhielten ein frühzeitiges (Median 5,5 Stunden nach Aufnahme) und prolongiertes (Median 6,7 Tage Laufzeit) Langzeit-EKG. Bei 28 (12,5 %) von 224 Patienten wurde erstmals ein paroxysmales VHF diagnostiziert, signifikant mehr als in jedem 48-Stunden-Intervall (6,4%, p = 0,023) oder 24-Stunden-Intervall (4,8 %, p = 0,015). Zwischen den einzelnen sieben 24-Stunden-Intervallen gab es hinsichtlich der Detektionsrate keine signifikanten Unterschiede. Die Detektionsrate stieg mit dem Alter an (p = 0,004), während die number needed to screen um einen Patienten mit paroxysmalem Vorhofflimmern zu identifizieren von 18 (< 60 Jahre) auf 3 (≥ 85 Jahre) abnahm. Patienten mit gehäuften SVES (> 4/Stunde) und solche mit prolongierten SV-Salven (> 5 Schläge) hatten signifikant häufiger paroxysmales VHF: 19,6 % vs. 2,8 % für gehäufte SVES (p = 0,001) und 17,0 % vs. 4,9 % für prolongierte SV-Salven (p = 0,003). Multivariate Analysen mit verschiedenen klinischen Vorhofflimmer-Prädiktoren bestätigten die unabhängige prädiktive Wertigkeit beider Marker. Schlussfolgerungen: 1.) Bei Patienten mit akuter zerebraler Ischämie führt die Prolongation des Langzeit-EKG-Intervalls zu einer signifikant höheren Detektionsrate von paroxysmalem Vorhofflimmern. Der frühzeitige Beginn erscheint weniger relevant. 2.) Die Detektionsrate paroxysmalen Vorhofflimmerns nimmt mit dem Alter zu, daher ist das prolongierte Langzeit-EKG bei älteren Patienten am effektivsten. 3.) Gehäufte SVES und prolongierte SV-Salven sind valide Prädiktoren für das Vorliegen eines paroxysmalen Vorhofflimmerns bei Patienten mit akuter zerebraler Ischämie.

Les mutations du gène SCN5A, codant la sous-unité ? du canal Na+ cardiaque Nav1.5, sont responsables d'arythmies cardiaques héréditaires. La pénétrance incomplète observée dans ces maladies suggère l'existence d'autres facteurs modulant le phénotype associé à ces mutations. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons caractérisé deux mutations identifiées dans SCN5A. Le mutant R104W, identifié chez un patient atteint du syndrome de Brugada, est retenu dans le réticulum endoplasmique (RE), dégradé par le protéasome et abolit le courant Na+. Co-exprimé avec le canal sauvage, R104W conduit à la rétention de celui-ci dans le RE, résultant en un effet dominant négatif sur les canaux sauvages. Nous avons démontré que ce nouveau mécanisme mettait en jeu une interaction entre les sous-unités ? de Nav1.5. La mutation R1860Gfs*12 a été identifiée dans une famille présentant des arythmies auriculaires. Dans un système d'expression hétérologue, ce mutant induit à la fois une perte et un gain de fonction de Nav1.5. La modélisation informatique nous a permis de montrer que la perte de fonction était plus prononcée dans les cellules auriculaires que ventriculaires. De plus, nous avons montré que la présence de polymorphismes en amont du gène PITX2 dans cette famille pouvait expliquer la variabilité des phénotypes observés. En conclusion, l'interaction entre les sous-unités ? de Nav1.5, les propriétés électriques différentes entre oreillette et ventricule et la présence de polymorphismes chez les patients porteurs de mutations SCN5A sont des facteurs importants dans l'interprétation des effets fonctionnels de ces mutations, contribuant à la variabilité phénotypique des canalopathies Na+.

Trois essais cliniques ARISTOTLE, RE-LY et ROCKET-AF, sont réalisés sur les quatre nouveaux anticoagulants oraux qui sont l’Apixaban, le Dabigatran 110mg, Dabigatran 150mg et le Rivaroxaban, afin d’améliorer la prise en charge de la fibrillation auriculaire (FA). Ils ne permettent pas de déterminer la meilleure option thérapeutique. L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer une approche d’aide multicritère à la décision pour la problématique du choix thérapeutique appliquée au cas de la FA afin d’évaluer ces quatre options thérapeutiques médicamenteuses. La méthodologie d’aide multicritère développée, PROMETHEE-GAIA appliquée à la FA permet de comparer ces quatre nouveaux anticoagulants (l’Apixaban, le Dabigatran 110mg, Dabigatran 150mg et le Rivaroxaban) en se basant sur les cinq critères essentiels élaborés selon un processus de concertation cadrée, qui sont l’efficacité, la sécurité, la fonction rénale, l’observance et le prix. Les résultats de l’évaluation de ces quatre nouveaux anticoagulants est un classement de ces options thérapeutiques par leur ordre de performance dans la prise en charge des patients de la FA selon ces cinq critères en considération.

Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice, is a major source of morbidity and mortality, and is highly associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. In the present study, we show that acute exposure of mice atrial tissue to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) increases susceptibility to AF. We further show that acute exposure to TNF-α led to increased spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium release and generated triggered activities in isolated mice atrial myocytes. This increase in spontaneous SR calcium activity was found to be due to elevated reactive oxygen species production from mitochondria and NADPH oxidase sources triggered by TNF-α. Hence we concluded that acute exposure to TNF-α leads to elevated oxidative stress that increases spontaneous SR Ca2+ release and triggered activity through which it can lead to AF induction and maintenance

Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common arrhythmia encountered in clinical practice, is a major source of morbidity and mortality, and is highly associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. In the present study, we show that acute exposure of mice atrial tissue to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) increases susceptibility to AF. We further show that acute exposure to TNF-α led to increased spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium release and generated triggered activities in isolated mice atrial myocytes. This increase in spontaneous SR calcium activity was found to be due to elevated reactive oxygen species production from mitochondria and NADPH oxidase sources triggered by TNF-α. Hence we concluded that acute exposure to TNF-α leads to elevated oxidative stress that increases spontaneous SR Ca2+ release and triggered activity through which it can lead to AF induction and maintenance

Objectives: Contemporary data are lacking with respect to the incidence rates of, factors associated with, and impact of cardiac arrest from ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia (VF-CA) on hospital survival in patients admitted with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). The objectives of this multinational study were to characterize trends in the magnitude of in-hospital VF-CA complicating an ACS and describe its impact over time on hospital prognosis. Methods: The study population consisted of 59,161 patients enrolled in the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events Study between 2000 and 2007. Overall, 3,618 patients (6.2%) developed VF-CA during their hospitalization for an ACS. Incidence rates of VF-CA declined over time, albeit in an inconsistent manner. Patients who experienced VF-CA were on average older and had a greater burden of cardiovascular disease, yet were less likely to receive evidence-based cardiac therapies than patients in whom VF-CA did not occur. Hospital death rates were 55.3% and 1.5% in patients with and without VF-CA, respectively. There was a greater than 50% decline in the hospital death rates associated with VF-CA during the years under study. Patients with a VF-CA occurring after 48 hours were at especially high risk for dying during hospitalization (82.8%). Conclusions: Despite reductions in the magnitude of, and short-term mortality from, VF-CA between 2000 and 2007, VF-CA continues to exert a significant adverse effect on survival among patients hospitalized with an ACS. Opportunities exist to improve the identification and treatment of ACS patients at risk for VF-CA to reduce the incidence of, and mortality from, this serious arrhythmic disturbance.

The current period is characterized by profound scientific and technological progress not only in the medicine but also in the field of nursing, which is now based more on scientific knowledge than ever before. Nursing as a science requires professionally trained nurses providing high quality nursing care. Therefore, the development of modern medicine, particularly in the field of cardiology, justifies the need to change the perception and status of nurses with respect to patient care together with strengthening the prestige and status of nurses in society. The main research intention of the dissertation was to determine how the nursing behaviour in connection with the procedure of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) due to atrial fibrillation (AF) is perceived by nurses and patients, what is the impact of the RFA on the life quality of patients with AF, and what is the level of education in patients with AF. To meet these goals the research, the empirical part was divided into two phases. In the first phase, a non-standardized questionnaire was used, role of which was to assess the needs of patients with AF before and after RFA comparing baseline and 1 year follow-up data. In the second phase, which only examined the conditions 1 year after the RFA, a standardized questionnaire CBI - 24 (Caring Behaviour Inventory) was additionally used together with another form with questions investigating education of patients. Further data were obtained from nurses taking care for patients during the medical intervention. The research results show that quality of life of patients with AF before ablation was reduced. Patients´ most common problem areas included pain, physical and mental problems. Our research also showed that if we compared meeting patients´ physical and mental needs, meeting physical needs was evaluated better. Another area under consideration was the education of patients. Evaluated results showed the fact that education was focused on its content rather than its form. Evaluation of the perception of nursing care from the perspective of patients and nurses was the last part of the research. The results of the survey showed that nurses evaluated technical competence better than the humanistic approach to patients. It was also discovered that patients evaluated areas focused on performance of nurses better than creating a relationship of security and safety for patients. Finally, the results indicated that communication is also problematic area. We managed to meet the set goals and gain both theoretical and practical recommendations. Analyzing the results, we found out that there is a need to support humanistic approach in nursing care for cardiac patients, communication and education.

Surgical myocardial revascularization remains the standard of care for patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease. A growing body of evidence indicates that systemic inflammation and myocardial oxidative stress are associated with the development of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) and low cardiac output syndrome in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Statins have been shown to exert rapid anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects by inhibiting myocardial NOX2 oxidases and by increasing the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO). However, whether these so-called pleiotropic effects of statins result in improved patient outcomes remains to be established. To provide further insights into the mechanisms of action and impact on clinical outcomes of peri-operative statin treatment in patients undergoing cardiac surgery, I studied the molecular mechanisms underlying the myocardial nitroso-redox balance in samples of the right atrial appendages (RAA) obtained before (PRE) and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and reperfusion (POST) and setup two double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trials: 1) STARR (Statin Treatment on Atrial Refractoriness and Reperfusion injury), which tested the effect of Atorvastatin (80 mg once daily for up to 6 days before surgery and 5 days after) on the atrial effective refractory period (AERP, over 4 post-operative days) and superoxide production in paired PRE- and POST- RAA samples from 60 patients 2) STICS (Statin Treatment In Cardiac Surgery), which assessed the effects of peri-operative treatment with Rosuvastatin (20mg od) on POAF (assessed by continuous holter ECG monitoring for 5 days postoperatively) and myocardial injury (assessed by serial troponin I measurements) in 1922 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery. I observed that atrial superoxide production increased significantly after reperfusion due to increased mitochondrial and NOX2 oxidase activity and to uncoupling of NOS activity. NOS activity in RAA samples decreased significantly after reperfusion (by 60&percnt;), but this reduction was not prevented by BH4 supplementation (10 &mu;M) or NOX2 inhibition. Instead, I identified increased endothelial NOS S-glutathionylation as the main mechanism responsible for NOS uncoupling after reperfusion. In STARR, atorvastatin prevented increase in RAA superoxide production, maintained the functionally coupled status of NOS and NO bioavailability after reperfusion but had no measurable effect on postoperative AERP. In STICS, treatment with rosuvastatin significantly reduced LDL-C concentration by 48 hours after surgery but had no effect on the incidence of POAF (203 (21&percnt;) of the Rosuvastatinallocated patients vs. 197 (20&percnt;) of the placebo-allocated patients) or on perioperative myocardial damage (P = 0.80). Pre-defined subgroup analyses (age, sex, prior statin use, baseline troponin concentration, duration of randomized treatment before surgery, type of cardiac surgery, and postoperative use of anti-inflammatory drugs) did not identify any category of patient who benefited from perioperative rosuvastatin treatment. Nor were there beneficial effects on any of the other in-hospital clinical outcomes that were assessed. In conclusion, cardiac surgery on CPB is associated with myocardial nitroso redox imbalance that is reversed by perioperative intensive therapy with statins. However, these effects have no beneficial effects on common in-hospital complications after elective cardiac surgery. Although the benefits of long-term statin therapy in patients requiring myocardial revascularization are well established, the work presented in this thesis does not support routine use of perioperative intensive therapy with statins for the prevention of postoperative complications in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery.

Computer-based decision support is an important tool in business and management areas, being today essential for medical diagnosis. This dissertation presents a new electrocardiogram ventricular flutter and fibrillation detector algorithm, named DALUZ, and comparing its quality evaluation with seven other ventricular fibrillation detection algorithms. The evaluation was based on two of the three recommended electrocardiogram standard databases for this purpose. The results show that it is useful to provide decision support for biomedical equipment such as defibrillators and heart monitors to ventricular fibrillation diagnoses. / O apoio à decisão com o uso de computadores é uma importante ferramenta em áreas de planejamento estratégico, controle gerencial e controle operacional, sendo hoje essencial como apoio ao diagnóstico médico. A presente dissertação apresenta um novo algoritmo detector de flutter e fibrilação ventricular (FV) em eletrocardiograma (ECG), chamado DALUZ, e expõe sua qualidade comparada à de sete outros algoritmos detectores de FV. Para avaliá-lo, foram utilizadas duas das três bases de eletrocardiogramas padrão para este fim. Os resultados demonstram que DALUZ é útil para o auxílio ao diagnóstico desta arritmia em equipamentos biomédicos tais como monitores e desfibriladores.

abstract: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common abnormal heart rhythm, affecting nearly 2% of the world’s population at a cost of $26 Billion in the United States annually, and incalculable costs worldwide. AF causes no symptoms for some people. However, others with AF experience uncomfortable symptoms including palpitations, breathlessness, dizziness, and fatigue. AF can severely diminish quality of life for both AF sufferers and their loved ones. Beyond uncomfortable symptoms, AF is also linked to congestive heart failure and stroke, both of which can cause premature death. Medications often fail to control AF, leading patients and healthcare providers to seek other cures, including catheter ablation. To date, catheter ablation has yielded uneven results, but garners much attention in research and innovation in pursuit of a cure for AF. This dissertation examines the historical development and contemporary practices of AF ablation to identify opportunities to improve the innovation system for the disease. First, I trace the history of AF and AF ablation knowledge from the 2nd century B.C.E. through the present. This historical look identifies patterns of knowledge co-development between science, technology, and technique, as well as publication patterns impacting knowledge dissemination. Second, I examine the current practices of AF ablation knowledge translation from the perspective of clinical practitioners to characterize the demand-side of knowledge translation in real-world practice. Demand-side knowledge translation occurs in nested patterns, and requires data, experience, and trust in order to incorporate knowledge into a practice paradigm. Third, I use social network mapping and analysis to represent the full AF ablation knowledge-practice system and identify opportunities to modify research and innovation practice in AF ablation based on i measures of centrality and power. Finally, I outline six linked recommendations using raw data capture during ablation procedures and open big data analytics, coupled with multi-stakeholder social networking approaches, to maximize innovation potential in AF ablation research and practice. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Human and Social Dimensions of Science and Technology 2016