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<p> 3D printing has established itself as a critical tool for manufacturing in all areas. It has evolved from a purely rapid prototyping technique into a feasible process for large-scale processing. A wide variety of 3D printing processes exist across an extreme range of size, from meters to nanometers. Much of the current technological advances come from pushing fabrication techniques to smaller and smaller scales. For 3D printing this has led to the rise of two-photon polymerization, a direct laser writing process with submicron structuring capabilities. Two-photon polymerization has proven its worth as a nanoscale 3D fabrication technique but is often considered slow and expensive, two undesirable qualities for high throughput manufacturing. Parallelization methods such as projection lithography are potential solutions to increasing the throughput capabilities of two-photon polymerization 3D printing. Additionally, the drive for further reducing the print size has inspired printing resolution enhancing strategies in two-photon polymerization printing by processes such as stimulated emission depletion (STED) and other STED-inspired pathways. This work will explore avenues for improving two-photon polymerization printing throughput and resolution.</p> <p> First, a two-photon polymerization printing system is constructed with a secondary laser for controlling polymerization inhibition. Through a STED process, a 65 nm wide printed line feature was achieved. Alongside this, a characterization and verification methodology for choosing new photoinitiator molecules for similar inhibition lithography processes is presented. Through implementation of tests such as Z-scan, fluorescence depletion, ultrafast transient spectroscopy and UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence measurements a promising new photoinitiator with 5-factor improvement in printing efficiency is found. </p> <p> Second, a projection lithography scheme is developed for rapid two-photon 3D printing. A digital micro-mirror device (DMD) is utilized for dynamic pattern generation and the effects of its dispersion properties are considered. Through a spatiotemporal focusing process, continuous 3D printing is achieved at vertical prints speeds of 1 mm s-1. Simulations performed representing this rapid printing process indicate a ~1 µm layer print feature size for large areas of exposure. Comparably, a printed vertical feature size of ~ 1 µm was achieved. Lateral feature sizes ~200 nm were also demonstrated in fabrication. A variety of complex 3D structures are printed for demonstration of the spatiotemporal focusing projection lithography process including millimeter scale objects with micrometer scale 3D features.</p> <p> Finally, resolution enhancing strategies are implemented into the continuous, projection two-photon lithography technique. An investigation of the inhibition properties of a variety of photoinitiator systems for inhibiting polymerization achieved with low repetition rate laser exposure is presented. A planar polymerization inhibiting region is generated by creating a light sheet propagating perpendicularly to the projection printing plane. </p>

Thesis (PhD)--Macquarie University, Division of Environmental & Life Sciences, Dept. of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences, 2009. / Bibliography: p. 200-212. / Introduction -- Shotgun proteomic analysis of rat liver membrane proteins -- A combination of immobilised pH gradients improve membrane proteomics -- Affects of tumor-induced inflammation on membrane proteins abundance in the mouse liver -- Affects of tumor-induced inflammation on biochemical pathways in the mouse liver -- General discussion -- References. / The aim of this thesis was to develop a proteomics methodology that improves the identification of membrane proteomes from mammalian liver. Shotgun proteomics is a method that allows the analysis of proteins from cells, tissues and organs and provides comprehensive characterisation of proteomes of interest. The method developed in this thesis uses separation of peptides from trypsin digested membrane proteins by immobilised pH gradient isoelectric focusing (IPG-IEF) as the first dimension of two dimensional shotgun proteomics. In this thesis, peptide IPG-IEF was shown to be a highly reproducible, high resolution analytical separation that provided the identification of over 4,000 individual protein identifications from rat liver membrane samples. Furthermore, this shotgun proteomics strategy provided the identification of approximately 1,100 integral membrane proteins from the rat liver. The advantages of using peptide IPG-IEF as a shotgun proteomics separation dimension in conjunction with label-free quantification was applied to a biological question: namely, does the presence of a spatially unrelated benign tumor affect the abundance of mouse liver proteins. IPG-IEF shotgun proteomics provided comprehensive coverage of the mouse liver membrane proteome with 1,569 quantified proteins. In addition, the presence of an Englebreth-Holm-Swarm sarcoma induced changes in abundance of proteins in the mouse liver, including many integral membrane proteins. Changes in the abundance of liver proteins was observed in key liver metabolic processes such as fatty acid metabolism, fatty acid transport, xenobiotic metabolism and clearance. These results provide compelling evidence that the developed shotgun proteomics methodology allows for the comprehensive analysis of mammalian liver membrane proteins and detailed some of the underlying changes in liver metabolism induced by the presence of a tumor. This model may reflect changes that could occur in the livers of cancer patients and has implications for drug treatments. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / 609 p. ill. (some col.)

Syftet med denna studie är att öka kunskapen om beslutsprocessen och användningen av beslutsunderlag vid förvärv som genomförs av investmentbolag och riskkapitalbolag. Syftet uppfylls genom att kartlägga beslutsprocessen och identifiera beslutsunderlag vid förvärv av portföljbolag på lång respektive kort sikt, samt förklara de skillnader och likheter som går att urskilja mellan långsiktiga och kortsiktiga förvärv av portföljbolag vad gäller beslutsprocessen och dess beslutsunderlag. / The objective of this paper is to contribute with knowledge about the decision-making process and decision criterias in private equity firms focusing on long- term and short-term acquisitions of portfolio companies. The objective is met by mapping and identifying the decision-making process and its criterias in private equity firms carrying out long-term vs short-term investments. Further, relevant similarities and differences that can be distinguished are identified and explained.

[EN] The aim of this work is to demonstrate theoretically and experimentally how acoustic wave propagation can be controlled by temperature gradients. Starting with the simplest case of two hot wires in air the study extends over periodic structures known as Sonic Crystals (SCs). The Finite Elements Method (FEM) has been employed to perform numerical simulations in order to demonstrate collimation and focusing effect of acoustic waves in two-dimensional (2D) SC whose filling fraction is adjusted by temperature gradients. As a part of the research, Bragg reflection and Fabry-Perot type of acoustic effects are investigated for the proposed type of SC. As example, a SC with desired transmittance can be tailored. Also, gradient index (GRIN) 2D sonic lenses are studied. Using parallel rows of heated wires whose temperatures vary according to a prefixed gradient index law a GRIN lens can be designed with a given performance. Moreover, by changing the temperature of the wires a change in the filling fraction inside the GRIN SC can be achieved. Thus, the local refraction index, which is directly related to the filling fraction, is changed too and an index gradient variation inside the GRIN SC is obtained. This GRIN SC is a direct analogy of gradient media observed in nature. Like their optical counterparts, the investigated 2D GRIN SC lenses have flat surfaces and are easier for fabrication than curved SC lenses. The bending of sound waves obtained by GRIN acoustics structures can be used to focusing and collimating acoustic waves. Another aspect of this work is about tuning some SC properties as effective refractive index, effective mass density, etc. in order to obtain a SC with prefixed properties. Since active tuning of the phononic band gaps is certainly desirable for future applications with enhanced functionalities, few attempts have been made to develop tunable SCs thus far. By controlling the incident angle or operating frequency, a GRIN SC can dynamically adjust the curved trajectory of acoustic wave propagation inside the SC structure. Among the last studies of tunable SCs, the filling fractions were tuned either by direct physical deformation of the structure or external stimuli. The former is impractical for most applications and the latter often requires very strong stimuli to produce only modest adjustment. In this work another way to tune the SC properties is proposed. Hot and cold media have different density, speed of sound, refractive index, etc. in comparison with the same properties at normal conditions, so inserting temperature gradients inside the medium can be used to tune the SC properties in certain limits. The proposed way to obtain temperature gradients inside SC is by wires made of Nicrom which are heated by electrical currents. There are some important advantages of this method. First, changing the electrical current intensity through the wires the SC properties can be changed dynamically. Second, it is relatively easier to change the filling fraction simply by adjusting the current intensity than physically changing the structure or applying strong electric or magnetic fields. In conclusion, the method proposed in this thesis allows us, in principle, to get materials and structures with dynamically adjustable acoustic properties using the temperature control through electric current in the wires, within certain limits. Thus, it is easy to carry out experiments of wave propagation phenomena in a macroscopic scale similar to those that occur in microscopic structures for the propagation of electromagnetic waves of high frequency (microwaves and light). / [ES] El objetivo de este trabajo es demostrar teoréticamente y experimentalmente como la propagación de ondas acústicas puede ser controlada por gradientes de temperatura. Empezando con el caso más simple de dos hilos calientes en aire, el estudio se extiende sobre estructuras periódicas conocidas como cristales sónicos (CS). Se ha utilizado el Método de Elementos Finitos (FEM) para realizar simulaciones numéricas con el objetivo de demonstrar la colimación y focalización de ondas acústicas en CS bidimensionales (2D) cuya fracción de llenado es ajustable mediante gradientes de temperatura. Como parte de la investigación se ha analizado la reflexión de Bragg y el efecto de tipo Fabry-Perot asociados con los CSs estudiados. Entre los ejemplos tratados figuran un CS con una transmitancia ajustable a voluntad, dentro de ciertos límites. También se han estudiado lentes acústicas bidimensionales de gradiente de índice, basadas en gradiente de temperatura. Utilizando cortinas paralelas de hilos calientes cuya temperatura varía según una ley dada se puede diseñar una lente GRIN con propiedades determinadas. Por otra parte, cambiando la temperatura de los hilos se puede lograr un cambio en la fracción de llenado dentro del GRIN CS. Así, el índice de refracción local, que está directamente relacionado con la fracción de llenado, se cambia también y se obtiene una variación de gradiente de índice dentro del GRIN CS. Este GRIN CS es una analogía directa de medios con gradiente, observados en la naturaleza. Otro aspecto de este trabajo trata sobre el ajuste de algunas propiedades de un SC como el índice de refracción efectivo o la densidad efectiva con el objetivo de obtener unas propiedades deseadas del cristal. Como el ajuste activo de los bandgaps fonónicos es ciertamente deseado para futuras aplicaciones con funcionalidades mejoradas, hasta ahora se han hecho varios intentos de desarrollar CSs de características ajustables. Controlando el ángulo de incidencia o la frecuencia de funcionamiento, un GRIN CS puede ajustar dinámicamente la curvatura de la trayectoria de propagación dentro de la estructura CS. Entre los últimos estudios de CSs las fracciones de llenado se ajustaron mediante una deformación física directa de la estructura o mediante estímulos externos (por ejemplo campos eléctricos o magnéticos). El primero es poco práctico para una gran parte de las aplicaciones y el segundo a menudo requiere estímulos muy fuertes para ajustes modestos. En este trabajo se propone otra forma de ajustar las propiedades de un CS. Las propiedades acústicas del medio de propagación (densidad, índice de refracción) dependen de la temperatura, por tanto, introduciendo gradientes de temperatura dentro de dicho medio pueden ajustarse a voluntad las propiedades del CS dentro de ciertos límites. La manera de obtener gradientes de temperatura dentro del CS, propuesta en este estudio, es mediante hilos de nicrom calentados con corrientes eléctricas. Hay algunas ventajas importantes de este método. En primer lugar, cambiando la intensidad de corriente eléctrica que circula por los hilos se puede conseguir cambiar dinámicamente las propiedades del CS. En segundo lugar, es relativamente más fácil de cambiar la fracción de llenado simplemente ajustando la intensidad de la corriente eléctrica que modificar físicamente la estructura o aplicar fuertes campos eléctricos o magnéticos. En conclusión, el método propuesto en esta tesis permite, en principio, conseguir materiales y estructuras con propiedades acústicas ajustables dinámicamente mediante el control de la temperatura a través de la corriente eléctrica en los hilos, dentro de ciertos límites. De esta forma se puede experimentar fácilmente a escala macroscópica fenómenos de propagación de ondas análogos a los que ocurren en estructuras microscópicas para la propagación de ondas electromagnéticas de alta frecuencia (microondas y l / [CAT] L'objectiu d'este treball és demostrar teorèticament i experimentalment com la propagació d'ones acústiques pot ser controlada per gradients de temperatura. Començant amb el cas més simple de dos fils calents en aire, l'estudi s'estén sobre estructures periòdiques conegudes com a cristalls sónics (CS) . S'ha utilitzat el Mètode d'Elements Finits (FEM) per a realitzar simulacions numèriques amb l'objectiu de demonstrar la col¿limació i focalització d'ones acústiques en CS bidimensionals (2D) la fracció de omplit de la qual és ajustable per mitjà de gradients de temperatura. Com a part de la investigació s'ha analitzat la reflexió de Bragg i l'efecte de tipus Fabry-Perot associats amb els CSs estudiats. Entre els exemples tractats figuren un CS amb una transmitancia ajustable a voluntat, dins de certs límits. També s'han estudiat lents acústiques bidimensionals de gradient d'índex, basades en gradient de temperatura. Utilitzant cortines paral¿leles de fils calents la temperatura de la qual varia segons una llei donada es pot dissenyar una lent GRIN amb propietats determinades. D'altra banda, canviant la temperatura dels fils es pot aconseguir un canvi en la fracció d'ompliment dins del GRIN CS. Així, l'índex de refracció local, que està directament relacionat amb la fracció d'ompliment, es canvia també i s'obté una variació de gradient d'índex dins del GRIN CS. Este GRIN CS és una analogia directa de mitjans amb gradient, observats en la naturalesa. Com les seues analogies òptiques, les lents, estudiades en este treball, tenen les superfícies planes i són més fàcils de fabricar que les lents corbades. La deflexión de les ones acústiques obtinguda per mitjà d'una lent de gradient GRIN es pot utilitzar per a focalitzar o colimar feixos de so. Un altre aspecte d'este treball tracta sobre l'ajust d'algunes propietats d'un SC com l'índex de refracció efectiu o la densitat efectiva amb l'objectiu d'obtindre unes propietats desitjades del cristall. Com l'ajust actiu dels bandgaps fonónicos és certament desitjat per a futures aplicacions amb funcionalitats millorades, fins ara s'han fet diversos intents de desenrotllar CSs de característiques ajustables. Controlant l'angle d'incidència o la freqüència de funcionament, un GRIN CS pot ajustar dinàmicament la curvatura de la trajectòria de propagació dins de l'estructura CS. Entre els últims estudis de CSs les fraccions d'ompliment es van ajustar per mitjà d'una deformació física directa de l'estructura o per mitjà d'estímuls externs. El primer és poc pràctic per a una gran part de les aplicacions i el segon sovint requerix estímuls molt forts per a ajustos modestos. En este treball es proposa una altra forma d'ajustar les propietats d'un CS. Les propietats acústiques del mig de propagació (densitat, índex de refracció) depenen de la temperatura, per tant, introduint gradients de temperatura dins del dit mitjà poden ajustar-se a voluntat les propietats del CS dins de certs límits. La manera d'obtindre gradients de temperatura dins del CS, proposta en este estudi, és per mitjà de fils de Nicrom calfats amb corrents elèctrics. Hi ha alguns avantatges importants d'este mètode. En primer lloc, canviant la intensitat de corrent elèctric que circula pels fils es pot aconseguir canviar dinàmicament les propietats del CS. En segon lloc, és relativament més fàcil de canviar la fracció d'ompliment simplement ajustant la intensitat del corrent elèctric que modificar físicament l'estructura o aplicar forts camps elèctrics o magnètics. En conclusió, el mètode proposat en esta tesi permet, en principi, aconseguir materials i estructures amb propietats acústiques ajustables dinàmicament per mitjà del control de la temperatura a través del corrent elèctric en els fils, dins de certs límits. D'esta manera es pot experimentar fàcilment a escala macroscòpica fenòmens de propagació d'ones anàlegs a què ocorren e / Ivanov Angelov, M. (2016). Sound Scattering by Lattices of Heated Wires [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/63275 / TESIS

Master of Science / Department of Chemistry / Christopher T. Culbertson / Capillary isoelectric focusing (cIEF) is one of several electrophoretic separation techniques for proteins and various other bio - molecules widely used in biochemistry laboratories. A wide range of analytes separable by the different modes of Capillary Electrophoresis (CE) includes from a small organic or an inorganic molecule to the complex bio-molecules such as protein, peptides, cell organelles, and live microorganisms (e.g. bacteria and viruses). Of the various modes of electrophoresis, Isoelectric focusing (IEF) is a good method for the separation of large amphoteric molecules such as peptides and proteins because of the attainment of overall surface charge depending up on its environment pH. This thesis mainly focuses on application of cIEF for proteins separation and viruses’ detection, which is one of the biggest concerns of human and animal health because of viral outbreak causing loss of thousands of lives and property every year. In chapter one of this thesis, the principles and mechanisms of separation of CE, cIEF, comparative advantages of dynamic coatings over static coating, and advantages of Whole Column Imaging Detection (WCID) over On - olumn Single Point Detection have been discussed. Chapter two includes experimental procedure and calculations for EOF determination. The results of cIEF experiments with standard proteins to develop calibration curve followed by UV absorbance detection of two bacteriophage viruses TR4 and T1 are presented in the chapter three. Final chapter four includes the conclusion and discussion on future direction for the project. The main motivation for this work was to develop a method which is less labor intensive and requires shorter detection time compared to traditional detection methods such as virus culture in serology (7days), polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis (6hrs to 2days). A commercially available dynamic coating reagent, EoTrol LN® copolymer used our CE experiments found to be more convenient and efficient than commonly used surface modifiers for example silane-based reagents. Preliminary determination of the pIs of these T1 and TR4 by cIEF was 3.1 ± 1.0 and 6.8 ± 1.0 respectively. The pI of viruses can differ by their strains and the phase of virus - growth. The viruses, though closely related, are easily distinguishable by their different pIs.