Due to an increase in the number of large-scale façade fires around the world the interest in the fire hazards of façades has also increased. The hazards of such fires have been acknowledged since earlier and many different test methods have therefore been developed to enable evaluation of the fire properties of wall assemblies. The purpose of this study is to map differences and similarities between existing full-scale test methods that are currently used to evaluate façade systems based on their performance when influenced by fire. The study also includes a review of previous research into parameters and conditions that influence a façade fire. Some past incidents will be used to enable comparison between the tests and a real fire scenario. The review of previous research has been focused in the areas fire spread, fire properties influencing the heat flux from a fire, and comparative studies evaluating differences between existing test methods. For the study of parameters in existing test methods 21 test methods have been identified and included in the study. A detailed compilation of information on each of the included test methods can be found in the tables included in appendix A. The mapping of the differences and similarities of the included methods has resulted in comparisons of wall and specimen specifications, ignition source parameters, measuring points and approval criteria. The increase in interest for façade fire hazards has also led to some new methods being developed and old methods being revised. New methods and unfinished revisions have not been included in the comparison study but are mentioned.  The conclusion of this study is that although the variation between the tests on the detailed methodology level are very high, if you consider the conditions used for approval and evaluation, they can all be linked to identified hazards of façade fires. However, there are some parameters that need to be re-examined. Previous research indicates that the fire load may be the parameter with most influence on the fire scenario. This is one of the parameters that vary the most and at same time it is likely to contribute to different results between the test methods. Another parameter is the influence of wall openings representing windows to overlaying compartments. This is a parameter that could have a significant effect on the outcome of a test.

Submitted by Biblioteca Central (biblioteca@unicap.br) on 2018-01-23T14:51:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Hilma_Oliveira_Santos_Ferreira.pdf: 4445450 bytes, checksum: 7f3fe5fa5de196751aecb8d205bd3d66 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-23T14:51:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hilma_Oliveira_Santos_Ferreira.pdf: 4445450 bytes, checksum: 7f3fe5fa5de196751aecb8d205bd3d66 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-03 / Due to real estate growth in Brazil, new technologies have arisen in the field of Civil Construction, mainly with the purpose of reducing the deadline for delivery of the work. The emergence of these technologies, which in turn is linked to the facade subsystem and the management of all the stages that precede its assembly. In this context, it is extremely important to obtain knowledge on the steps in the constructive process of glazed facades, and the objective is to present a methodology for project development, particularly for multidisciplinary teams performed in the new advanced technologies of this system. This work has the objective of establishing diagnostic recommendations for the design of glass façades in the unitized system of a work located in the city of Recife. From the bibliographic review, a survey was carried out on the main construction techniques, contemplating both management and technology, and incorporating contributions of professionals working in the production chain. After an analysis based on the façade system, it was possible to observe the importance and advantage in the execution of a specific project, compared with the evolution in productivity in the manufacturing processes, compatibilization and speed in its assembly. The results showed the possibility of drawing up a diagnosis of the sector, in order to propose technical recommendations and improvements, as well as to contribute to the improvement of the glass façade design process, besides providing subsidies in the stages and consulting as a whole; addressing aspects of process management for designers, consultants, coordinators and builders. / Devido ao crescimento imobiliário no Brasil, surgiram novas tecnologias noramo da Construção Civil, principalmente com a finalidade de reduzir o prazo de entrega da obra. O surgimento dessas tecnologias, que por sua vez está ligada ao subsistema de fachada eo gerenciamento de todas as etapas que antecedem sua montagem. Nesse contexto, é de suma importância que se obtenha conhecimento nas etapas no processo construtivo das fachadas envidraçadas, e o objetivo é apresentar uma metodologia para desenvolvimento de projeto, particularmente para equipes multidisciplinares desempenhada nas novas tecnologias avançadas desse sistema. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de estabelecer recomendações, a partir de diagnóstico, para projeto de fachadas de vidro, no sistema unitizado de uma obra localizada na cidade de Recife. A partir da revisão bibliográfica foi realizado um levantamento sobre as principais técnicas construtivas comtemplando tanto na gestão quanto na tecnologia, e incorporadas contribuições de profissionais atuantes na cadeia produtiva. Após uma análise baseado no sistema de fachada, foi possível observar a importância e vantagem na execução de um projeto específico, comparados com a evolução na produtividade nos processos de fabricação, compatibilização e velocidade em sua montagem. Os resultados mostraram a possibilidade de traçar um diagnóstico do setor, para propor recomendações técnicas e melhorias, assim como contribuir para o aprimoramento do processo no projeto de fachada de vidro, além de fornecer subsídios nas etapas e consultoria como um todo; abordando os aspectos de gestão do processo para projetistas, consultores, coordenadores e construtores.

Syfte: För att skapa väl fungerade städer som främjar mångfaldigt liv påstår C/O City (2017) att ekosystemtjänster måste implementeras. En ökad befolkning och förtätning har lett till bristande grönstruktur i urbana miljöer. Detta påverkar miljön och social-ekologin negativt. För att skapa hållbara, resilienta och attraktiva städer måste mångfunktionella gröna lösningar skapas och bidra med ekosystemtjänster. Målet med arbetet är därför att tillföra mer kunskap om stadens ekosystemtjänster och hur vertikala växtväggar kan förbättrar stadsmiljön. Metod: Den kvalitativa datan som analyseras i denna undersökning utgörs av intervjuer, enkäter, en dokument- och litteraturstudie. Intervjuerna används för att ge en djupgående förståelse för kommuners och byggherrars arbete med vertikala växtväggar samt ekosystemtjänster. Enkätundersökningen används för att översiktligt kartlägga kommuners arbete med vertikala växtväggar. I dokument- och litteraturstudien studeras verkliga exempel och hur de har utförts. Resultat: Vertikala växtväggar har möjligheten att stärka den urbana miljön i staden. Dessa gröna väggar kan bidra med stödjande-, reglerande-, kulturella- och försörjande ekosystemtjänster. I nuläget kan vertikala växtväggar påverka och förbättra mikroklimatet, besmycka hårda miljöer och till viss del stärka den biologiska mångfalden. För att motivera en storskalig etablering måste priset för levande väggar minskas och först då skulle en förbättring av stadsmiljön kunna ske. Konsekvenser: I många fall överskrider kostnaden incitamentet för etablering av levande väggar. Det presenteras en större vilja att stärka stadens horisontella grönstruktur och befintlig parkmark. I dagsläget ger växtväggarna främst ekosystemtjänster i ett mikroperspektiv.  Det behövs en storskalig etablering för att påverka staden och befolkningen i sin helhet. I framtiden kan arbetsprocessen förbättras genom att öka kommunikationen mellan aktörer, ställa krav på grönytefaktorn samt motivera både byggherrar och individen att prioritera ekosystemtjänster högre. Rapporten ska sprida ljus över problemet och främja förbättring. Med rapporten som underlag kan förbättring av kommuners arbetsprocess ske. Begränsningar: Studien utreder inte hur vertikala växtväggar är konstruerade, tekniken bakom dem, ekonomiska faktorer eller växtväggar konstruerade inomhus. Den insamlade empirin tyder däremot på att ekonomi har en betydelse i frågan. Urvalet för enkätundersökningen har begränsats till Sveriges 50 största kommuner, utifrån invånare. Trots att urvalet begränsats geografiskt anses resultatet vara generellt. Den insamlade empirin tyder på att åsikterna kring ämnet är samstämmiga, och kan därav spegla de generella åsikterna om vertikal växtlighet i Sverige. / Purpose: To create well-functioning cities that promote diversity of life C/O City (2017) claims that ecosystem services must be implemented. An increased population and urbanization have led to a lack of green areas in urban environments. This has a negative effect on the environment and social ecology. To create sustainable, resilient and attractive cities, multifunctional green solutions must be implemented and contribute to ecosystem services. The aim of the thesis is therefore to give more knowledge about the city's ecosystem services and how vertical vegetation can improve the urban environment.  Method: The qualitative data analyzed in this thesis consists of interviews, survey, a document- and literature study. The interviews are used to provide an in-depth understanding of municipalities and developers work with vertical vegetation as well ecosystem services. The survey is used to map municipalities work with vertical vegetation. The document- and literature study analyzes real examples and how they have been executed. Findings: Vertical vegetation have the potential to strengthen the urban environment in the city. These green walls can provide supporting, regulatory, cultural and provisoning ecosystem services. At present, vertical vegetation can influence and improve the microclimate, embellish harsh environments and to some extent strengthen biodiversity. To justify a large-scale establishment, the price of living walls must be reduced and only then could an improvement of the urban environment take place. Implications: In many cases, the cost exceeds the incentive for establishing living walls. A greater willingness is presented to strengthen the city's horizontal green structure and existing parks. At present, vertical vegetation mainly provide ecosystem services in a micro perspective. A large-scale establishment is needed to influence the city and the population as a whole. In the future, the work process can be improved by increasing communication between actors, establish requirements for the green space factor and motivating both developers and the individual to give higher priority to ecosystem services. The thesis should shed light on the problem and promote improvement. With the thesis as a basis, the municipalities work process can be improved. Limitations: The thesis doesn’t investigate how vertical vegetation are constructed, the technology, economic factors or vertical vegetation constructed indoors. The collected empirical evidence, on the other hand, indicates that economics has a significance in the matter. The sample for the survey has been limited to Sweden's 50 largest municipalities, based on inhabitants. Although the selection is limited geographically, the result is considered to be general. The collected empirical evidence indicates that the views on the subject are consistent and may therefore reflect the general views on vertical vegetation in Sweden.

This diploma thesis deals with the study of resistance of ETICS surface treatments to biotic attack. The theoretical part elaborates a research focused on biotic attack of facades of buildings insulated by contact insulation systems ETICS. Based on the information obtained during the elaboration of the bachelor thesis and further study, the optimization methodology of ETICS surface treatment resistance to biotic attack proposed in 2018 is elaborated. In the practical part, the proposed methodology is verified, evaluated and recommendations concerning the suitability of using the proposed methodology in construction practice are implemented.

The Thesis deals with a design and project documentation for the public library in Ivanovice na Hané. The construction was designed as the four-floor object with a partial cellar. The ground plan creates a rectangle. The object is roofed with a warm deck flat roof. In the basement, an archive area and a utility room prevail. On the first floor of above-ground, there is a space for public and employees. In the separated area, the Confectionery equipped with own sanitary facility for customers and employees is located. There is a spacious entry hall with the access to individual floors. On the second floor, the free library and the children´s department are situated including a lecture hall with own facilities above the Confectionery. On the third floor, there are the library headquarters and the reading area. You can find the sanitary facilities for public on each floor. The object structure is made of a monolithic reinforced concrete skeleton filled with the masonry from acoustic ceramic tiles on the above-grounded floors. In the basement, the structure is created by reinforced concrete walls and walls from the formwork. The ceiling is made of reinforced concrete prestressed panels. The object is based on the ground slabs. In the area of lift shafts, the structure is from the reinforced concrete slab. The walls in the basement are insulated with the XPS polystyrene; in the above-ground area by mineral wood boards and ventilated facades.

The new built showroom and carservice, with two floors, a pent roof and an aluminium systems for facades. It is situated near the centre of Ostrava.

The thesis project is a two-storey motorshow in Ostrava Poruba. It is a detached building with a second floor just above the ground brick part of the ground floor . The building is designed for sales and service of car . In front of the first floor is a shop with WC intended for the customers. Behind this section is on the first floor the facilities for employees , WC , kitchen, two showers and changing rooms . There is also a quick intake for 2 cars. On the second floor are located the office with separate WC . For this part of the building is the last part of a car dealership and service. Here you will find desktop with three separate workning places , part intended for minor repairs , drive trough car wash , paint shop , utility room and a spare parts warehouse . The structural system of the building consists of a steel construction with reinforcing brick core . The cladding of first floor consists from infill brickwork Heluz 20 with contact insulation system . The cladding of second floor from bearing brickwork Heluz P15 30 with a contact insulation system . The construction of the roof deck consists of single-layer straight roof . The supporting structure is made of concrete slab concreting trapezoidal sheet metal deposited on steel lattice girders. The roof deck is insulated with polystyrene EPS 150S . The waterproofing layer is made of two layers of modified bitumen sheet with reinforcements.

The object consists of 3 volumes: two 6-storey academic buildings, interconnected with public space. Simple geometry of complex is formed by the existing urban development. Repeating street directions and continuing visual contact with the housing of the Law Faculty, the building in terms of shape represents letter V and forms enclosed courtyards. In the lower part of the building of the Faculty of Fine Arts there are workrooms, library and repository that are loaded from the north facade. The first three floors are connected by a corridor with a recreational area of public space created for a comfortable communicating and solitary classes. On the other floors there are workshops, studios and studio offices of ceramics, sculpture, metal, photography, printing and 3D-graphics, cabinets of deanery and classrooms. On the top floor, that is 6 m height, there are art studios, additionaly lightened by lanterns on the roof. The housing is designed in that way that it has the open airy atrium, which, along with half-transparent facades, provides natural light in most interiors. Facade structure is highlighted with the shell of the vertical and horizontal aluminum fins and shelves, which gives to a compex an interesting and constantly changing pattern. Unified composition is also highlighted with shades of warm and cold colors of the spectrum. Four underground floors are used for car parking, and the ground flloor of them is given for the operation of the university. In the future, the project also envisages planting of greenery of building facades and of the surrounding area.

Complex software systems are usually developed as systems of systems (SoS’s) in which multiple constituent applications are composed and coordinated to fulfill desired system-level requirements. The constituent applications must be augmented with suitable coordination-specific interfaces, through which they can participate in coordinated interactions. Such interfaces as well as coordination rules have a crosscutting nature. Therefore, to increase the reusability of the applications and to increase the comprehensibility of SoS’s, suitable mechanisms are required to modularize the coordination rules and interfaces from the constituent applications. We introduce a new abstraction named as architectural event modules (AEMs), which facilitate defining constituent applications and desired coordination rules as modules of SoS’s. AEMs augment the constituent applications with event-based facades to let them participate in coordinated interactions. We introduce the EventArch language in which the concept of AEMs is implemented, and illustrate its suitability using a case study.

Glass has sophisticated front properties and are used as facades in high buildings. During cold periods, these glass facades could cause thermal discomfort, due to cold downdraught. Cold downdraught can be countered by placing heaters under glass surfaces. Nowadays technology offers highly insulating windows, which is why there is an interest to investigate the indoor climate with only underfloor heating. The research in this area is limited, and few empirical methods are available. Theoretical analysis has begun but it still brand new. The aim of this investigation was to present the thermal indoor climate influenced by various parameters, such as outdoor temperature, U-value and the glass height. The results were also meant to be used as reference tools in future projects. A reference building was modeled in simulation software called CFD Star-CCM+. The assignment was initiated by Incoord, a leading consulting company in energy, indoor climate and installation planning. The results showed that the air velocity increases with decreasing outdoor temperature and decreases with increasing thermal insulation (lower U-value). At the edges of the glass the air velocity becomes twice as large compared to the velocity of the air in the middle of the atrium. The air velocity (maximum and average) at 0.1 m above the floor is always higher than at 2.0 m. The lowest air velocities start from about 0.25 m/s at 0 ℃ and reaches to 0.60 m/s at -20 ℃. That means these air velocities are too high for what is accepted as a good indoor climate, where the maximum allowable air velocity is 0.15 m/s. The outdoor temperatures and the glass facade’s U-value also have an effect on the surface temperature of the glass facade. This decreases the surface temperature with decreased outdoor temperature, and the surface temperature increases at lower U-value. The height of the glass facades proved to affect both the air velocity in the occupied zone and in the glass surface temperature. The air velocity increases with the glass’ height. The increase is higher at 0.1 m than at 2.0 m above the floor. The result shows also that the average air velocity is lower than 0,15 m/s at window height lower than 5 m. But, at the same height the maximum air velocity is higher than 0.3 m/s. The surface temperature of the glass facades increases with the glass’ height. This is because the indoor heat transfer coefficient increases with height. The outdoor heat transfer coefficient is a function of the wind speed and was assumed to be constant. The underfloor heating, which is represented in the simulations with a floor surface temperature of 27 ℃, is not enough to maintain a good indoor climate in any of simulations. The results of this thesis showed a strong relation between indoor climate, outdoor temperature, U-value and the glass height. This study also showed that the floor heating is not enough to counteract the cold draft during extreme cold periods, in high glass buildings. The presented results can be used as a reference tool for the assessment of air velocities and surface temperatures, in similar high buildings.