La presente investigación tiene como objetivo principal identificar las posibilidades y limitaciones que tiene el factoring como fuente de financiamiento PyMe para el sector específico de transporte de carga terrestre B2B. Para abordar este objetivo, en el marco teórico se presentan dos acápites. Primeramente, se aborda el tema del financiamiento para comprender su importancia y las diferentes funciones que cumple en la PyMe; así como también qué influye en su decisión de financiamiento. Adicionalmente, se identificará las diferentes modalidades de financiamiento y las limitaciones que tenga la PyMe para el acceso al crédito. Segundamente, se profundizará sobre el factoring, su concepto y rol, así como las condiciones necesarias para hacer uso de esta modalidad. Una vez realizado esto, se identificará a los actores y los diferentes tipos del factoring. El siguiente punto a tratar será el marco contextual, en este se presentará la situación del factoring en el Perú. Luego de eso, se pasará a detallar sobre el sector transporte de carga terrestre, mencionando qué es, los actores que intervienen en este, la competencia que existe y las necesidades de financiamiento que tienen las PyMe de dicho sector. Finalmente, se procederá a mencionar los hallazgos de la investigación, y las posibilidades y limitaciones del factoring para el sector mencionado, se verá si es que las condiciones para el uso de este tipo de financiamiento se encuentran presentes en dicho sector y si es recomendable hacer uso de este tipo de financiamiento.

Capital Express SAC es una empresa que inicia actividades en Perú desde el año 2018. Está enfocada en brindar servicios de factoring, opción de financiamiento que permite a las empresas obtener liquidez inmediata por las facturas que tengan por cobrar a través de entidades especializadas. El servicio está dirigido principalmente para las micros, pequeña y mediana empresa a nivel nacional. Desde el año 2019 como parte de sus fortalezas conformó parte de la APEFAC (Asociación Peruana de Factoring). La empresa tiene alta experiencia en el rubro desde el año 2009 donde se fundó la casa matriz en Chile, como parte de su crecimiento y en búsqueda de otorgar capital de trabajo para pymes mediante factoring a una porción de la población desatendida en el norte del Perú, marzo 2022 se apertura la primera sede en Trujillo. El objetivo de este business consulting es identificar el problema principal el cual no permite a Capital Express alcanzar sus objetivos. Para encontrar este problema clave se dieron diversas reuniones entre el grupo de consultores y los representantes de la organización, se utilizó diferentes metodologías y herramientas tales como la matriz de Complejidad versus Beneficio. Se realizó el Diagrama de Ishikawa para presentar las causas del problema y a través de las entrevistas y encuestas se realizaron los análisis cualitativos como cuantitativos. Se logró determinar las razones que originaron el problema clave, considerando como tal la ausencia de una metodología adecuada para la gestión de los riesgos operativos en toda la entidad. Estos resultados fueron contrastados con las gerencias de Capital Express involucradas en esta consultoría, teniendo como resultado la aprobación de la matriz y sus conclusiones. La consultoría realizada, se enfoca en proponer la elaboración e implementación de un plan de gestión de riesgos operativos tomando como referencia el marco normativo ISO 31000:2018 para que la empresa pueda lograr sus objetivos estratégicos en el área de operaciones. Para el cual se contempla una inversión de S/ 734,306, teniendo una tasa de retorno de inversión de 215 % y un VAN de S/.7,205,338 / Capital Express SAC is a company that started activities in Peru since 2018. It is focused on providing factoring services, a financing option that allows companies to obtain immediate liquidity for invoices that they have to collect through specialized entities. The service is aimed mainly at micro, small and medium-sized companies nationwide. Since 2019, as part of its strengths, it was part of APEFAC (Peruvian Factoring Association). The company has extensive experience in the field since 2009 where the parent company was founded in Chile, as part of its growth and in search of granting working capital for SMEs through factoring to a portion of the underserved population in northern Peru. In March 2022, the first headquarters in Trujillo opened. The aim of this business consulting is to identify the main problem which does not allow Capital Express to achieve its objectives. To find this key problem, various meetings were held between the group of consultants and the representatives of the organization, different methodologies and tools were used, such as the Complexity versus Benefit matrix. The Ishikawa Diagram was made to present the causes of the problem and through the interviews and surveys the qualitative and quantitative analyzes were carried out. It was possible to determine the reasons that originated the key problem, considering as such the absence of an adequate methodology for the management of operational risks throughout the entity. These results were compared with the Capital Express management area involved in this consultancy, it resulted in the approval of the matrix and its conclusions. The consultancy carried out focuses on proposing the preparation and implementation of an operational risk management plan taking the ISO 31000:2018 regulatory framework as a reference so that the company can achieve its strategic objectives in the area of operations. Therefore, an investment of S/ 734,306 per year is contemplated for the first year, having a rate of return on investment of 215 % and a NPV of S/ 7,205,338.

El presente estudio surge a raíz del auge de los emprendimientos en Perú, como consecuencia de las elevadas tasas de desempleo originadas por el COVID-19. Esta crisis afecta principalmente a las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas (MIPYME), las cuales representan el 99.5% del total de empresas formales del país. Sin embargo, las MIPYME se enfrentan a diario a distintos problemas para poder consolidarse como principales motores de la economía peruana, siendo uno de estos, la falta de liquidez debido al limitado acceso a fuentes de financiamiento. La presente investigación ahonda en el proceso de cobro de facturas cuando brindan un producto o servicio a otras empresas, las cuales suelen ser pagadas en períodos mayores a 30, 60, 90 o 120 días, ocasionando la posibilidad de no poder cumplir con obligaciones de pago y, por ende, la consolidación de sus negocios o emprendimientos. Para profundizar en esta problemática se recurrió a la revisión de literatura enfocada en el tema, así como al uso del método científico y metodologías ágiles para encontrar una solución a la misma, acorde a las necesidades y preferencias de las MIPYME. Es así como surge Negocia.Pe, plataforma financiera de factoring colaborativo, la cual brindará la posibilidad de autogestionar sus facturas negociables a través de una plataforma digital integrada por todos los proveedores que intervienen en el proceso crediticio. Asimismo, posibilita que otros emprendedores puedan rentabilizar sus excedentes a tasas competitivas en el mercado a través de la compra de facturas. / This study arises from the surge in entrepreneurship in Peru, as a consequence of the high unemployment rates caused by COVID-19. This crisis mainly affects micro, small and medium-sized companies (MIPYME), which represent 99.5% of the total number of formal companies in the country. However, MIPYME faces specific challenges on a daily basis in order to survive as the main drivers of the Peruvian economy, one of these being the lack of liquidity due to limited access to financing sources. This investigation will delve into the process of collecting payment when they provide a product or service to other companies, which are usually paid within periods of 30, 60, 90 or 120 days. This increases the risk of not being able to comply with payment obligations, and, therefore, threatening the sustainability of their businesses or ventures. To analyse this problem, a literature review focused on the subject was used, as well as the use of the scientific method and agile methodologies to find a solution to best accommodate the needs of MIPYME. This is how Negocia.Pe arises, a collaborative factoring financial platform, which will offer the possibility of self-managing business invoices through a digital platform integrated by all the providers involved in the process. Likewise, it enables other entrepreneurs to be more profitable at competitive rates in the market through the purchase of their invoices.

Diploma thesis Innominate Contracts in Business Relations deals with a legal basis of innominate contracts in the Czech private law. It focuses mainly on so the called Modern innominate contracts. The purpose of the thesis was to answer whether leasing, factoring and franchising contracts should be codified. Consequently, it aimed to prove or disprove that the Czech legal regulation does not reflect the recent developments in business environment. The thesis is divided into two parts. In the first chapter an analysis is carried out on the legal regulation of innominate contracts in the Czech business law, civil law, labour law and international private law. The legality of innominate contracts and the applicability of an analogy is discussed in this part. Based on the Czech legal regulations and court decisions it was concluded that innominate contracts were valid and that courts may use analogy when deciding on civil or commercial contracts. The second chapter deals with the contents of leasing, factoring and franchising contracts. It concludes that there are reasons against the codification of the above mentioned contracts. The content of an operating leasing agreement very much resembles a rental contract which might be used for this kind of leasing contract.A leasing purchase contract does not present any new answers to issues which had already been dealt with by court decisions. The substance of a factoring contract -- assignment of a receivable is already regulated by the Civil Code. A franchising agreement involves parts of many types of codified contracts and interlocks with multiple legal areas. Moreover, all the above mentioned contracts are challenged by a fast pace of development therefore a codification could hamper the progress or it could become obsolete. Based on the above mentioned facts the thesis concludes that leasing, factoring and franchising contracts should not be codified in the Czech private law as separate contract types and therefore disproves the primary proposition of this thesis and subsequently infers that the Czech legal regulations do not reflect a recent business development.

First chapter explains the concept of SME in terms of providing of the state support, and points out their contribution to economy and society. Second chapter provides a brief overview of the activities of EU towards SME sector and state support of cross-border activities of SME. Third chapter provides an overview of commercial and alternative forms of financing of SME's activities, such as activities of commercial banks towards SMEs, factoring, leasing and private equity). Fourth chapter is an analysis of impact of crisis on financing of SME, concentrated on governmental anticrisis measurements and their real impact on financing of export with state support.

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the main drivers of economic growth and employment. African SMEs are constrained by a lack of access to finance. In line with the pecking order theory, capital-constrained SMEs are expected to seek external finance. However, due to credit rationing, African SMEs have limited success raising finance. Factoring could enable African SMEs to gain access to finance, as underwriters mainly place the risk on the receivables as opposed to the firm itself. Despite its benefits, factoring has not taken root in sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the obstacles and prospects to stimulating awareness, availability, acceptance, and utilization of factoring in Africa. Data on the lived experiences of 22 executives providing or promoting factoring in 16 African countries were collected through semistructured interviews; these data were analyzed using the Braun and Clarke thematic approach. Four themes emerged: supply-side conditions, demand-side conditions, business environment conditions, and facilitating institutions and industries. Results suggest high factoring prospects, legal and regulatory impediments, low awareness levels, reluctance of banks to avail factoring, high entry barriers for nonbank factors, a lack of credit insurance, and a lack of an open account trade culture. A framework was recommended, based on these findings, along with actions for factoring development in Africa. Implications for positive social change include increased awareness which may boost factoring availability, acceptance, and utilization. Improved financing options may yield improved African SME competitiveness, which in turn, may result in improved job opportunities, household incomes, quality of life, and more broadly, Africa's economic growth.

The thesis is divided into two parts -- theoretical and practical. In first part hedging instruments, namely the Letter of Credit, Documentary Collection, Bill of Exchange, Factoring, Forfaiting and Bank Guarantee are analyzed. The aim of analysis is to describe the basic characteristics of instruments and course of these instruments. Subsequently, the instruments are compared to each other on the basis of the advantages and disadvatages they bring to participants. The next part is devoted to an analysis of charges associated with the use of particular hedging instruments in selected banks and the comparison of instruments based on selected criteria. The specific use of the hedging instrument is shown in the case study.

Master’s thesis "Financial insolvency of the firm and methods of solution to this problem" deals with management of receivables. The first part describes tools which can be used for the management of receivables after maturity or prevention before this type of receivables. In the second part the work is focused on management of receivables in the company. In this section the current status of this area in the company is summarized and more types of debt collection are proposed. Finally, ideas for improvement of management of receivables are suggested, e.g. in the area of client communication by sales representatives. Recommendations are also made for tools usage, e.g. sale of bad debts of transfer of risk to other subject.

This diploma thesis deals with the choice of a suitable form of an external financing for the selected company. Individual banking products and services are generally defined in the theoretical part. Defined banking products are then compared within the analytical part of this work. Analytical part of this work contains also some calculations. The most suitable financing method for the selected company is recommended within the last part of this work.

Memoria para optar al grado de Licenciado en Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales / El objetivo central de esta tesis es realizar un análisis descriptivo de las operaciones mercantiles a las cuales pueden acceder las pequeñas y medianas empresas, reflexionando sobre el hecho de que estas, en el proceso de toma de decisiones, optan en su mayoría por métodos tradicionales de financiamiento, a saber, préstamos de particulares o productos de la banca. De esta forma, el presente estudio pretende una reflexión teórica sobre otros mecanismos de financiamiento, resaltando sus ventajas, desventajas y riesgos asociados. Palabras clave: Financiamiento, pequeña empresa, medianaempresa, crédito de consumo, tarjeta de crédito, factoring, leasing, securitización, confirming, crowdfunding. / 31 julio de 2020