Algoritmos exatos para fatoração estão limitados a funções Booleanas read-once, onde cada variável aparece uma vez na equação final. No entanto, estes algoritmos apresentam duas restrições principais: (1) eles não consideram funções Booleanas incompletamente especificadas, e (2) eles não são adequados para as funções binate. Para superar o primeiro inconveniente, é proposto um algoritmo que encontra equações read-once para funções Booleanas incompletamente especificadas, sempre que possível, é proposto. Com respeito à segunda limitação, é apresentada uma transformação de domínio que divide variáveis binate existentes em duas variáveis unate independentes. Tal transformação de domínio conduz a funções Booleanas incompletamente especificadas, que podem ser eficientemente fatoradas mediante a aplicação do algoritmo proposto. A combinação das duas contribuições dá resultados ótimos para uma nova classe de funções Booleanas chamada read-polarity-once, onde cada polaridade (positiva ou negativa) de uma variável aparece no máximo uma vez na forma fatorada da expressão Booleana. Resultados experimentais sobre circuitos ISCAS'85 mostrou que funções read-polarity-once são significativamente mais frequentes em circuitos reais quando comparado com a classe de funções read-once, a qual muitos trabalhos já foram dedicados na literatura. / Efficient exact factoring algorithms are limited to read-once functions, in which each variable appears once in the final Boolean equation. However, those algorithms present two main constraints: (1) they do not consider incompletely specified Boolean functions; and (2) they are not suitable for binate functions. To overcome the first drawback, it is proposed an algorithm that finds read-once formulas for incompletely specified Boolean functions, whenever possible. With respect to the second limitation, a domain transformation that splits existing binate variables into two independent unate variables is presented. Such domain transformation leads to incompletely specified Boolean functions, which can be efficiently factored by applying the proposed algorithm. The combination of both contributions gives optimal results for a novel broader class of Boolean functions named as read-polarity-once functions, where each polarity (positive or negative) of a variable appears at most once in the factored form. Experimental results over ISCAS'85 benchmark circuits have shown that read-polarityonce functions are significantly more frequent than read-once functions, for which many works have already been devoted in the literature.

Arbetet har genomförts i samarbete med Amfa Bank vars primära produkt är fakturaköp utan regress. Sedan 2006 har banken ett automatiskt attesteringssystem med möjlighet att, delvis eller helt, godkänna krediter i samband med fakturaköp utan ingripande från kredithandläggare. På grund av ett strikt uppsatt internt regelverk som attesteringssystemet följer kan endast en del av de fakturor som ankommer till banken attesteras automatiskt. Det finns en hög tilltro hos bankens ledning till attesteringssystemets förmåga att fatta säkra kreditbeslut men få förändringar har genomförts i systemet sedan implementationen på grund av osäkerhet kring vilket utfall förändringar kan väntas få. Detta examensarbete syftar till att genomföra en förstudie där möjligheten till simulering av attesteringssystemet undersöks samt skapa ett implementationsförslag för ett sådant system. Metoden som använts i denna studie har varit av explorativ karaktär. Detta inbegriper processbeskrivningar över företagets verksamhet relaterat till fakturaflödet, en omfattande dokumentation av processerna och funktionerna i det automatiska attesteringssystemet samt utformandet av ett implementationsförslag för ett simuleringssystem. Undersökningen visade att den automatiska attesteringsprocessen kan simuleras med rimliga utvecklingsinsatser genom tillämpa logiska delar från det befintliga attesteringssystemet. Undersökningen visade också att stora mängder komplett faktura-, kredit- och reskontradata finns tillgängligt vilket ger gediget simuleringsunderlag och hög reliabilitet i simuleringsresultatet. Rapporten och dess bilagor kan av banken användas som underlag för att implementera ett simuleringssystem. Resultatet från framtida simuleringar kommer ge ett omfattande men tydligt beslutsunderlag som kan användas för att optimera företagets automatiska attesteringssystem med förkortade ledtider och kostnadsbesparingar som följd. / This master thesis has been complied in cooperation with Amfa Bank. The bank has invoice factoring without recourse as their primary service. Since 2006, the bank has an automated credit approval system with the ability to, partially or completely approve credits in during the invoice purchase process, in some cases completely without intervention from any of the credit officers. Due to strict internal regulations of the credit approval system only a minor portion of the invoices that the Bank handles can be processed automatically. The managers of the bank have a high confidence in the credit approval systems ability to make correct credit decisions but few changes have been made since implementation due to uncertainty surrounding the effects of any changes. The aim of this thesis is to perform a feasibility study for simulation of the automated credit approval system and, if found feasible, create a proposal for how to properly implement such a system. The method used in this system includes process descriptions of the banks internal processes that are related to the handling of purchased invoices, an extensive documentation of the processes and functions of the automated credit approval system. The study found that the automated credit approval system could be simulated using a fair amount of developing resources, reusing large parts of the logic from the credit approval system. Complete invoice, credit and ledger data are available for simulation for over 400 000 invoices, providing a solid base for simulation and thereby giving the simulation a high reliability. This report and its appendices can be used by the bank as basis on which to implement a simulation system for its credit approval system. The result from future simulations will provide a comprehensive and clear basis for decisions to optimize the company's automated credit approval system with shorter lead time and cost savings as a result.

Memorization of a method is a commonly used re-factoring wherein developer modules the code of a method to save return values for some or all incoming parameter values. Whenever a parameter-tuple is received for the second or subsequent time, the method's execution can be elided and the corresponding saved value can be returned. It is quite challenging for developers to identify suitable methods for memorization, as these may not necessarily be the methods that account for a high fraction of the running time in the program. What are really sought are the methods that cumulatively incur signi_cant execution time in invocations that receive repeat parameter values. Our primary contribution is a novel dynamic analysis approach that emits a report that contains, for each method in an application, an estimate of the execution time savings to be expected from memorizing this method. The key technical novelty of our approach is a set of design elements that allow our approach to target real-world programs, and to compute the estimates in a re-grained manner. We describe our approach in detail, and evaluate an implementation of it on several real-world programs. Our evaluation reveals that there do exist many methods with good estimated savings that the approach is reasonably ancient, and that it has good precision (relative to actual savings).

This thesis is aimed towards overview of current possibilities of financing of an investment project. First part of the thesis is concentrated towards explaining of the terms such as financing, division of sources of financing into individual groups, there are also stated basic information regarding sources of financing. In the practical part, there are noted individual possibilities of financing of a selected investment program based on deliveries of an investment unit into Russian Federation. In the final part of the thesis, there is carried out a comparison of specific possibilities of financing of an investment program, its evaluation from the utility point of view is summarized and there is a recommendation of an optimal variation of financing of the mentioned investment unit.

Abstract Master Thesis in Business Finance, School of Economics, Linnaeus University Authors: Adis Cikotic and Eric Hörnell Supervisor: Magnus Willesson Examiner: Andreas Jansson   Title: "Liquidity is not a matter of life and death, it is more important than that"   Background: One of the biggest concerns for Swedish small and medium businesses is their lack of capital, which might lead to lower profitability. A significant reason behind this is said to be the buyer's long payment terms contrary to the supplier's payment terms for their own expenses, which increases the risk of an imbalance between the inflows and outflows of money. This situation occurs due to, for example, power relations and institutional factors, which might affect a firm's Cash Conversion Cycle and furthermore the firm's profitability.    Purpose: The primary purpose of the thesis is to examine whether the length of a firm's Cash Conversion Cycle has an impact on the profitability of Swedish SMEs. Moreover, the purpose is to determine if the presence of Buyers Power affects a firm's profitability.    Method: The thesis has a deductive research approach where the theories applied, Cash Conversion Cycle and Buyers Power, lead to the formulated hypotheses. The quantitative research methodology is based on a data set of approximately 38 000 Swedish SME's between the years 2015-2018.    Conclusions: It could be seen that there is a concave relationship between firm's Cash Conversion Cycle and a firm's profitability for Swedish SMEs. The interpretation is therefore that both too short and too long Cash Conversion Cycle is not optimal, and the optimal length of the Cash Conversion Cycle is 36 days for Swedish SMEs. Moreover, the result showed that a presence of Buyers Power has a positive relationship with profitability, meaning that a larger ratio between a firm's accounts receivables and accounts payables increases the firm's profitability.

As the field of computer science continues to grow, the number of students enrolled in related programs will grow as well. Though one-on-one tutoring is one of the more effective means of teaching, computer science instructors will have less and less time to devote to individual students. To address this growing concern, many tools that automate parts of an instructor’s job have been proposed. These tools can assist instructors in presenting concepts and grading student work, and they can help students learn to program more effectively. A growing group of intelligent tutoring systems attempts to tie all of this functionality into a single tool that is meant to be used throughout an entire CS course or series of courses. To contribute to this emerging area, the Factoring Problem Generator (FPG) is presented in this work. The FPG creates and grades problems in C in which students search for and extract blocks of repeated code into individual functions, learning to utilize parameters and return values as they do so. The problems created by the FPG are highly configurable by instructors such that the difficulty can be finely tuned to suit students’ individual needs. Instructors can choose whether or not to include arrays, pointers, certain elemental data types, certain operators, or certain kinds of statements, among other things. The FPG is additionally capable of generating a set of test cases for each generated problem. These test cases fully exercise students’ solutions by covering all branches of execution, and they ensure that program functionality does not change as students factor code into functions. Initial experimentation with the system has suggested that the FPG can be integrated into a beginning CS curriculum and with further refinement could become a standard tool in the CS classroom.

The structure of the master's thesis includes an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and applications. The first chapter deals with the theoretical aspects of planning and control of funds in business entities. In the second chapter, an assessment and analysis of the cash budgeting system in JSC RN-Nyaganneftegaz was carried out. In the third chapter, a practical method has been developed to improve the process of formation and control over the execution of the cash flow budget of JSC RN-Nyaganneftegaz. In conclusion, the main conclusions are formed. / Структура магистерской диссертации включает в себя введение, три главы, заключение, список использованных источников и приложения. В первой главе рассмотрены Теоретические аспекты планирования и контроля денежных средств хозяйствующих субъектах. Во второй главе проведены оценка и анализ системы формирования бюджета денежных средств в АО «РН-Няганьнефтегаз». В третьей главе разработан практический метод совершенствования процесса формирования и контроля исполнения бюджета движения денежных средств АО «РН-Няганьнефтегаз». В заключении сформированы основные выводы.

El sector de transporte de carga terrestre es un tipo de transporte indispensable para la economía puesto que se encuentra presente a lo largo de toda la cadena logística y no solo se limita a aparecer en una etapa, y complementa a otros tipos de transporte como el ferroviario y aéreo. Asimismo, es un sector dinámico, debido a su versatilidad, accesibilidad y recepción de mercadería frente a otras modalidades de transporte. Además, una limitación de las empresas del sector es que cobran a crédito, pero necesitan de liquidez para satisfacer sus gastos operativos diarios. Debido a lo anterior, el factoring se presenta como opción; no obstante, aún no ha cobrado tanta relevancia en el mercado peruano, y, en esa misma línea, no es la única opción de financiamiento a corto plazo. En este sentido, la presente investigación tiene como objetivo general determinar si el factoring es el instrumento de financiamiento de corto plazo más eficiente para mejorar la liquidez de la empresa Consorcio Nex Perú, en adelante Nex, del sector de transporte de carga terrestre business to business (B2B). A fin de lograrlo, la investigación tiene un alcance correlacional y parcialmente descriptivo, puesto que solo aplica para el caso de estudio y sus resultados no son extrapolables. Adicionalmente, tiene un enfoque principalmente cuantitativo, el cual se complementa con un enfoque cualitativo. Así, se realizó un análisis de sensibilidad, el cual consideró 3 escenarios, actual o conservador, intermedio y optimista, empleando el préstamo para capital de trabajo, el factoring con recurso o descuento de facturas negociables y el confirming en cada escenario, en ese orden. Asimismo, se realizó el análisis de ratios financieros de liquidez, para obtener información sobre cómo se encontraba la empresa y el impacto que podría haber tenido el uso del financiamiento de cuenta por cobrar. Finalmente, se mostraron conclusiones para cada uno de los objetivos de la investigación y recomendaciones tanto para la empresa en cuestión, Nex, como para futuras investigaciones, basadas en el financiamiento de cuentas por cobrar.

No description available.

Las MIPYME (micro, pequeña y mediana empresas) en el Perú, son el principal motor de la economía, pues antes de la pandemia representaban más del 99 % de las empresas registradas aportando el 32% del Producto Bruto Interno (en adelante PBI) y un 85% de la fuerza laboral (CIEN, 2019). En el 2020 se publicó el reglamento D.U. 013- 2020, que aclaraba las reglas para el uso de herramientas financieras, en especial el factoring, y con ello convertirla en una fuente confiable y rápida de financiamiento alternativo para las micro y pequeñas empresas. El presente trabajo se realizó para demostrar la factibilidad que las PYME y microempresas tengan una alternativa para conseguir liquidez de manera inmediata a tasas de descuento competitivas, en comparación a un crédito tradicional del sistema financiero, para el desarrollo de sus negocios. Asimismo, les permitirá realizar los pagos a sus proveedores microempresarios. De esa manera se aporta al fortalecimiento de la cadena de pagos, usando conceptos de “factoring” y “confirming” con herramientas tecnológicas basadas en fintech y blockchain. “Factufirming” es una plataforma fintech que 1) brinda liquidez inmediata para las PYME y sus proveedores para que puedan prosperar de manera sostenible, y 2) ofrece a los inversionistas un portafolio de inversiones seguras en factoring y confirming. Los resultados obtenidos del análisis financiero a cinco años demuestran la factibilidad económica de este proyecto. La inversión inicial es de USD 166,000 con capital de los socios e inversionistas, para las ratios financieras a cinco años se calculó un costo de oportunidad del capitual (COK) de 6.58%, se obtuvo un valor actual neto (VAN) de USD 727,306, una Tasa interna de retorno (TIR) de 66.50%, y un VAN Social de USD 427,213, además generando beneficios a las PYME mediante su integración al sistema financiero. / MSME (micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises) in Peru are the main engine of the economy, since before the pandemic they represented more than 99% of registered companies, contributing 32% of the Gross Domestic Product (hereinafter GDP) and 85% of the labor force (CIEN, 2019). In 2020, was published the Emergency Decree 013-2020, which clarified the rules for the use of financial tools, especially factoring, and thereby make it a reliable and fast source of alternative financing for micro and small businesses. The current thesis was carried out to demonstrate the feasibility that SME (small, and medium-sized enterprises) and micro-enterprises have an alternative to obtain liquidity immediately at competitive discount rates, compared to a traditional credit from the financial system, for the development of their businesses. Likewise, it will allow them to make payments to their micro-entrepreneurial suppliers. In this way, it contributes to the strengthening of the payment chain, using concepts of "factoring" and "confirming" with technological tools based on fintech and blockchain. “Factufirming” is a fintech platform that 1) provides immediate liquidity for SME and their suppliers so they can prosper sustainably, and 2) offers investors a portfolio of secure factoring and confirming investments. The results obtained from the five-year financial analysis demonstrate the economic feasibility of this project. The initial investment is USD 166,000 with capital from the partners and investors, for the five-year financial ratios a Opportunity Cost of Capital of 6.58% was calculated, a Net Present Value (NPV) of USD 727,306 was obtained, an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 66.50%, and a Social NPV of USD 427,213, also generating benefits for SME through their integration into the financial system.