The theoretical part deals with system fair trade, cultivate and produce of fair trade and organic cotton. Following there are describe standards for small fair trade cotton producers and fair trade textile standard. There are presented some czech producers of organic cotton and some fair trade cotton farmers. The practical part contains results of questionnaires, which show views of consumers on organic and fair trade cotton. Futhermore the are analyse offers of organic and fair trade cotton in selected retail chains.

Thesis (LLM. (Management and Development)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / Every accused person has the right to a fair trial which encompasses the right to adduce and challenge evidence in court. Whilst the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa confers the right to legal representation, an accused person may still opt to conduct his or her own defence. Once an unrepresented accused opts to conduct his or her own defence, the presiding officer then becomes obliged to assist the undefended accused to present his or her own case. South Africa adheres to the accusatorial / adversarial system. Under the accusatorial / adversarial system the presiding judicial officer is in the role of a detached umpire, who should not descend the arena of the duel between the state and the defence for fear of becoming partial or of losing perspective as a result of the dust caused by the affray between the state and the defence. Under the accusatorial/adversarial system, a presiding officer may find it challenging to assist an unrepresented accused or may inadequately assist him or her. This may be so because a fair trial is not determined by ensuring exercise of one of the rights to a fair trial but all the rights to a fair trial. This mini-dissertation, on the injunction of section 35 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa which makes provision for the rights to a fair trial, covers the different rights of an unrepresented accused. This is done alongside related provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act 51 of 1977 and pertinent case law. The fat that an unrepresented accused has waived legal representation at the expense of the state and has opted to conduct his or her own defence should not be to his or her peril. The court has a constitutional injunction to protect and advance the rights of an unrepresented accused. Justice must not only be done but must also be seen to be done.

Syftet med vår uppsats är att ta reda på vad organisationen Rättvisemärkt vill kommunicera med sitt varumärke och hur en grupp mottagare uppfattar det. Genom att göra intervjuer med kommunikationsansvarige på Rättvisemärkt samt personer som via sina organisationer/företag medverkat i Rättvisemärkts kampanj ”Vi dricker Rättvisemärkt kaffe”, utreder vi våra frågeställningar för att kunna uppnå undersökningens syfte. Rättvisemärkt är ett varumärke eller snarare en produktmärkning, vilket innebär att endast produkter kan vara märkta, inte företag, platser eller annat. Det är ett mervärde åt företag eller produkter. Varumärket Rättvisemärkt påträffas på bland annat kaffe, kakao, apelsiner och textiler. För att få använda varumärket krävs ett skriftligt avtal med organisationen Rättvisemärkt. Avtalet innebär dels att endast produkter från producenter som är registrerade av organisationen Rättvisemärkt skall köpas och rapportering av inköpta varor men även regler för användning av märket. Teoretiska utgångspunkter som vi har använt oss av i studien är kommunikation och varumärke. Kommunikation, för att få en djupare förståelse av överföring av ett meddelande fungerar, vilket är grunden för varumärkeskommunikation och varumärkesbyggande. Metoden vi använt för vår undersökning är en kvalitativ analys av intervjuer, där vi tolkat och sökt efter de framträdande synpunkterna bland intervjuerna. Vårat resultat bygger på fem övergripande teman med tillhörande underkategorier och citat. Slutsatsen med vår undersökning är att organisationen Rättvisemärkt vill, genom sitt varumärke, förmedla sina kärnvärden samt att det ska vara enkelt att välja rättvisemärkta produkter. Vidare att den grupp mottagare som vi har intervjuat till stor del associerar varumärket till organisationen Rättvisemärkts kärnvärden. Två aspekter bör dock has i åtanke, dels att gruppen av mottagare som intervjuats är en grupp medvetna konsumenter och att resultatet av undersökningen hade kunnat få ett annat innehåll om andra konsumenter hade undersökt. Även att den undersökta gruppen även associerade varumärket till faktorer som organisationen Rättvisemärkt inte vill bli förknippad med. / The aim with this study is to investigate what Fairtrade intend to communicate with their brand and how the receivers interpret the brand. To fulfill the purpose of this thesis interviews with the head of communication at Fairtrade Sweden, and a group of receivers involved in Fairtrade by their employers were conducted. The brand Fairtrade is a product label, which means that only products can be labeled, not companies. It adds value to other companies and products. The label is mainly located on products such as coffee, cacao, bananas, oranges and fabrics. To get the permission to have the label on a product, an agreement has to bee settled with Fairtrade. This agreement involves that the company must buy products from producers that are registered by Fairtrade. Further demands are that the company has to continuously report regarding their purchases. This agreement also includes rules on how the companies should use the brand. The theoretical framework in this study regards theories about communication and branding. The reason why communication theories are included is due to the fact that they are the basis for branding and brand building. These theories help us to reach the aim whit the study. A qualitative method is the basis for this study. The interviews were performed based on a qualitative method and the analysis of the answers from interviews is also qualitative. We have transcribed the interviews and searched for the most significant aspects in the data. The results of this study are based on five different themes which also have sub categories. The themes and sub-categories are built on citations from the interviews. Conclusions that have been made are that the Fairtrade organisation intends to communicate the core values of their brand and that the group of receivers associates these core values with Fairtrade. We could also see that the group of receivers cognize the brand Fairtrade in the same way that the organization want them to do. However there are some aspects to be aware of. Firstly, the interviewed persons constitute a group of well-aware consumers and the results can be affected by that. Secondly the group of receivers did associate Fairtrade with other factors than the organization Fairtrade wanted to be associated with.

Bakgrund: Mässan som den ser ut idag har varit en mötesplats för säljare och köpare sedan 1850-talet. Marknadsföring grundar sig på den öppna dialogen och samspelet mellan köparen och säljaren och är därmed viktiga byggstenar i hela marknadsföringsprocessen. Syfte: Vårt syfte är att undersöka hur effektivt marknadsföringsinstrument en mässa är, dels från det besökande fackfolkets utgångspunkt, dels från utställarnas perspektiv. Vi vill även ta reda på vad som lockar fackfolk till att besöka mässan. Metod: Genom att använda oss av såväl ett kvantitativt som ett kvalitativt perspektiv, var vår förhoppning att täcka ett tillräckligt stort område för att kunna dra så giltiga slutsatser som möjligt. En kvantitativ enkät tillsammans med kvalitativa samtalsintervjuer och en djupintervju kombinerade de två perspektiven och gav oss en bred samling data att arbeta med. Resultat: Vår undersökning visar att utställarna i stor utsträckning uppnår de mål som satts upp inför en mässa, främst genom att exponera sig på marknaden och locka nya kunder. Vi har även kunnat dra slutsatsen att besökarna förbereder sig mindre inför mässan än vad vi från början trodde. Anledningen till varför de besöker mässan påverkas dock inte av de undermåliga förberedelserna då besökarna, liksom utställarna, ofta har ett mål med sitt mässdeltagande. / Background: Trade fairs as we know them today have been meeting grounds for merchants and buyers since the 1850’s. Marketing is based upon the open dialogue and the interaction between the buyer and the salesperson, and are therefore important building blocks in the entire marketing process. Purpose: Our purpose is to study how effective a trade fair is as a marketing tool. We intend to look at this phenomenon both from the visitor as well as the exhibitor’s perspective. We also want to find out what elements attract people in the business to visit the fair. Method: By using both a quantitative and a qualitative approach, we hoped to cover as much ground as possible in order to draw as valid conclusions as possible. A quantitative questionnaire along with our qualitative interviews combined the two approaches and gave us a broad spectrum of data to work with. Result: Our study shows that the goals that the exhibitors set up are reached, primarily through exposure on the market and attracting new clients. We have also come to the conclusion that the visitors prepare themselves before the fair to a less extent than what we originally thought. However, this did not interfere with the visitors’ prime objective as to why they attended the fair.

<p>Syftet med vår uppsats är att ta reda på vad organisationen Rättvisemärkt vill kommunicera med sitt varumärke och hur en grupp mottagare uppfattar det. Genom att göra intervjuer med kommunikationsansvarige på Rättvisemärkt samt personer som via sina organisationer/företag medverkat i Rättvisemärkts kampanj ”Vi dricker Rättvisemärkt kaffe”, utreder vi våra frågeställningar för att kunna uppnå undersökningens syfte.</p><p>Rättvisemärkt är ett varumärke eller snarare en produktmärkning, vilket innebär att endast produkter kan vara märkta, inte företag, platser eller annat. Det är ett mervärde åt företag eller produkter. Varumärket Rättvisemärkt påträffas på bland annat kaffe, kakao, apelsiner och textiler. För att få använda varumärket krävs ett skriftligt avtal med organisationen Rättvisemärkt. Avtalet innebär dels att endast produkter från producenter som är registrerade av organisationen Rättvisemärkt skall köpas och rapportering av inköpta varor men även regler för användning av märket.</p><p>Teoretiska utgångspunkter som vi har använt oss av i studien är kommunikation och varumärke. Kommunikation, för att få en djupare förståelse av överföring av ett meddelande fungerar, vilket är grunden för varumärkeskommunikation och varumärkesbyggande.</p><p>Metoden vi använt för vår undersökning är en kvalitativ analys av intervjuer, där vi tolkat och sökt efter de framträdande synpunkterna bland intervjuerna. Vårat resultat bygger på fem övergripande teman med tillhörande underkategorier och citat.</p><p>Slutsatsen med vår undersökning är att organisationen Rättvisemärkt vill, genom sitt varumärke, förmedla sina kärnvärden samt att det ska vara enkelt att välja rättvisemärkta produkter. Vidare att den grupp mottagare som vi har intervjuat till stor del associerar varumärket till organisationen Rättvisemärkts kärnvärden. Två aspekter bör dock has i åtanke, dels att gruppen av mottagare som intervjuats är en grupp medvetna konsumenter och att resultatet av undersökningen hade kunnat få ett annat innehåll om andra konsumenter hade undersökt. Även att den undersökta gruppen även associerade varumärket till faktorer som organisationen Rättvisemärkt inte vill bli förknippad med.</p> / <p>The aim with this study is to investigate what Fairtrade intend to communicate with their brand and how the receivers interpret the brand. To fulfill the purpose of this thesis interviews with the head of communication at Fairtrade Sweden, and a group of receivers involved in Fairtrade by their employers were conducted.</p><p>The brand Fairtrade is a product label, which means that only products can be labeled, not companies. It adds value to other companies and products. The label is mainly located on products such as coffee, cacao, bananas, oranges and fabrics. To get the permission to have the label on a product, an agreement has to bee settled with Fairtrade. This agreement involves that the company must buy products from producers that are registered by Fairtrade. Further demands are that the company has to continuously report regarding their purchases. This agreement also includes rules on how the companies should use the brand.</p><p>The theoretical framework in this study regards theories about communication and branding. The reason why communication theories are included is due to the fact that they are the basis for branding and brand building. These theories help us to reach the aim whit the study.</p><p>A qualitative method is the basis for this study. The interviews were performed based on a qualitative method and the analysis of the answers from interviews is also qualitative. We have transcribed the interviews and searched for the most significant aspects in the data. The results of this study are based on five different themes which also have sub categories. The themes and sub-categories are built on citations from the interviews.</p><p>Conclusions that have been made are that the Fairtrade organisation intends to communicate the core values of their brand and that the group of receivers associates these core values with Fairtrade. We could also see that the group of receivers cognize the brand Fairtrade in the same way that the organization want them to do. However there are some aspects to be aware of. Firstly, the interviewed persons constitute a group of well-aware consumers and the results can be affected by that. Secondly the group of receivers did associate Fairtrade with other factors than the organization Fairtrade wanted to be associated with.</p>

<p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Mässan som den ser ut idag har varit en mötesplats för säljare och köpare sedan 1850-talet. Marknadsföring grundar sig på den öppna dialogen och samspelet mellan köparen och säljaren och är därmed viktiga byggstenar i hela marknadsföringsprocessen. <strong>Syfte:</strong> Vårt syfte är att undersöka hur effektivt marknadsföringsinstrument en mässa är, dels från det besökande fackfolkets utgångspunkt, dels från utställarnas perspektiv. Vi vill även ta reda på vad som lockar fackfolk till att besöka mässan. <strong>Metod:</strong> Genom att använda oss av såväl ett kvantitativt som ett kvalitativt perspektiv, var vår förhoppning att täcka ett tillräckligt stort område för att kunna dra så giltiga slutsatser som möjligt. En kvantitativ enkät tillsammans med kvalitativa samtalsintervjuer och en djupintervju kombinerade de två perspektiven och gav oss en bred samling data att arbeta med. <strong>Resultat:</strong> Vår undersökning visar att utställarna i stor utsträckning uppnår de mål som satts upp inför en mässa, främst genom att exponera sig på marknaden och locka nya kunder. Vi har även kunnat dra slutsatsen att besökarna förbereder sig mindre inför mässan än vad vi från början trodde. Anledningen till varför de besöker mässan påverkas dock inte av de undermåliga förberedelserna då besökarna, liksom utställarna, ofta har ett mål med sitt mässdeltagande.</p> / <p><strong>Background:</strong> Trade fairs as we know them today have been meeting grounds for merchants and buyers since the 1850’s. Marketing is based upon the open dialogue and the interaction between the buyer and the salesperson, and are therefore important building blocks in the entire marketing process. <strong>Purpose: </strong>Our purpose is to study how effective a trade fair is as a marketing tool. We intend to look at this phenomenon both from the visitor as well as the exhibitor’s perspective. We also want to find out what elements attract people in the business to visit the fair. <strong>Method:</strong> By using both a quantitative and a qualitative approach, we hoped to cover as much ground as possible in order to draw as valid conclusions as possible. A quantitative questionnaire along with our qualitative interviews combined the two approaches and gave us a broad spectrum of data to work with. <strong>Result:</strong> Our study shows that the goals that the exhibitors set up are reached, primarily through exposure on the market and attracting new clients. We have also come to the conclusion that the visitors prepare themselves before the fair to a less extent than what we originally thought. However, this did not interfere with the visitors’ prime objective as to why they attended the fair.</p>

Θέμα της παρούσας εργασίας είναι η υλοποίηση και εξομοίωση δίκαιων αλγόριθμων χρονοπρογραμματισμού σε Grids και η σύγκρισή τους με κλασικούς αλγόριθμους χρονοπρογραμματισμού. Η βασική ιδέα πίσω από την τεχνολογία Grid και τις υπηρεσίες που παρέχει είναι η ενοποίηση υπολογιστικών και αποθηκευτικών πόρων και η συνολική θεώρηση τους από τους χρήστες. Με τον τρόπο αυτό γίνεται δυνατή η ανάπτυξη πολύπλοκων και απαιτητικών εφαρμογών, τόσο στον χώρο της επιστημονικής έρευνας, όσο και στα πλαίσια της παραγωγής εμπορικών λύσεων. Ένα τέτοιο σύστημα απαιτεί διαμοιρασμό των υπολογιστικών και άλλων πόρων καθώς και μεγάλες ταχύτητες σύνδεσης μεταξύ τους. Οι αλγόριθμοι χρονοπρογραμματισμού αναλαμβάνουν τον αποδοτικό διαμοιρασμό των πόρων ώστε να επιτυγχάνεται καλύτερη ποιότητα υπηρεσίας. Η αποτελεσματικότητα ενός αλγόριθμου χρονοπρογραμματισμού εξαρτάται από την συνάρτηση που θέλουμε να βελτιστοποιήσουμε, που με τη σειρά της εξαρτάται από τεχνο-οικονομικά κριτήρια. Στην προσπάθεια βελτιστοποίησης της εκάστοτε συνάρτησης ευνοούνται κάποιες προς εκτέλεση διεργασίες έναντι άλλων. Ένας δίκαιος αλγόριθμος χρονοπρογραμματισμού όμως θα πρέπει να συμπεριφέρεται με τον ίδιο τρόπο σε όλες τις διεργασίες ανεξαρτήτως των χαρακτηριστικών τους. Στην εργασία που θα παρουσιάσουμε, αναλύουμε δύο δίκαιους αλγόριθμους χρονοπρογραμματισμού, τον Fair Completion Time (Ordering) και τον Fair Completion Time Estimation (Assignment). Κατόπιν τους υλοποιούμε και τους εξομοιώνουμε με το GridSim Toolkit και συγκρίνουμε την απόδοση τους με κλασικούς αλγόριθμους χρονοπρογραμματισμού. / The subject of this thesis is the implementation and simulation of fair scheduling algorithms applied on Computational Grids and their comparison with the classic scheduling algorithms. The basic idea of the Grid Technology and the services it provides, is the unification of computational and storage resources. This way it is possible to serve sophisticated applications, in fields like scientific research and trading. A Grid Network demands the sharing of the computational and storage resources, and high bandwidth connections between them. Scheduling algorithms are responsible for the efficient assignment of tasks to resources for better quality of service. Evaluating the efficiency of a scheduling algorithm depends on a utility function that we seek to optimize which in turns depends on techno-economic criteria. As a result of trying to optimize the utility function, some tasks with specific characteristics are favoured against others. A fair scheduling algorithm however should treat all tasks in the same way regardless of their characteristics. In this thesis we study the Fair Completion Time Ordering Algorithm and suggest a new fair scheduling algorithm called Fair Completion Time Estimation Assignment Algorithm. We implement and simulate these algorithms using the GridSim Toolkit and compare them with the classic scheduling algorithms.

A utilidade da contabilidade para o processo de decisão está relacionada à mensuração e divulgação apropriada de informações que, realmente, reflitam a situação econômicofinanceira dos negócios. O valor justo (fair value) tem sido apresentado como medida de avaliação de certos ativos específicos, entre eles, os biológicos, que são dotados de vida e por isso estão sujeitos a transformações biológicas (nascimento, crescimento, degeneração e morte) as quais afetam significativamente o seu valor, não sendo o custo histórico capaz de refletir fielmente todos os ganhos ou perdas de valor. Diante deste cenário, esta pesquisa terá por finalidade responder à questão: Quais restrições podem ser encontradas na aplicação do valor justo na atividade de pecuária no Brasil, considerando a subjetividade implícita nas escolhas dos métodos de avaliação?; e, consequentemente, seu objetivo é estudar a subjetividade encontrada na aplicação do valor justo na mensuração dos ativos biológicos na atividade pecuária bovina no Brasil, considerando os aspectos conceituais e as regras determinadas pelo Pronunciamento CPC 29. O foco do estudo foi a pecuária bovina de corte em função de sua importância econômica nacional e por existir mercado ativo para os animais em várias fases da vida. A pesquisa revisou os principais conceitos pertinentes ao tema, além dos estudos que permeiam o valor justo, buscando examinar a aplicabilidade, restrições, críticas, vantagens e graus de subjetividade. O estudo de caso foi o método utilizado para conhecer os sistemas em uso na avaliação de ativos biológicos, os quais foram comparados a uma lista de requisitos exigidos pelo valor justo. Os resultados obtidos apontam que é possível ser aplicado o valor justo na atividade agropecuária no Brasil, para o caso estudado, entretanto em algumas fases da vida do animal, principalmente quando não existem valores de mercado disponíveis, tal aplicação encontra maiores restrições além de proporcionar maior subjetividade. / The usefulness of Accounting for decision making is related to measurement and appropriate disclosure of information that really reflect the economic and financial situation of the business. The fair value has been presented as a way of assessment of certain specific assets, including the biological, which are endowed with life and, therefore, are liable to biological transformations (birth, growth, degeneration and death) which affect significantly their value and the historical cost is not able to faithfully reflect every values gains or losts. Under this scenario, this research aims to answer the question: What restrictions can be found in the application of fair value in the activity of cattle raising in Brazil, considering the implicit subjectivity in the choice of assessment methods? And, consequently, the present work aim to study the subjectivity found in the application of fair value in biological assets measurement in cattle raising in Brazil, considering the conceptual aspects and rules determined by the Standard CPC 29. The focus of this study was the beef cattle farming because of its importance for national economic and the existence of active market for these animals at various stages of life. The study reviewed the main concepts that are relevant to the subject, besides the studies that underlie the fair value, seeking to consider the applicability, limitations, criticisms, advantages and degrees of subjectivity. The case study was the method used to know the systems in use in the assessment of biological assets, which were compared to a list of requirements required by the fair value. The results indicates that it is possible to apply the fair value in agriculture and cattle raising activity in Brazil, for the case studied, however in some phases of this animals life, especially when there are no market values available, such application finds further restrictions besides providing greater subjectivity.

The present study asked two important questions: Does prejudicial pretrial publicity produce bias which may impair juror objectivity and, if it does, can voir dire remedy its untoward effects? Subjects were 68 college undergraduates whose political attitudes had been assessed and who had or had not read case-specific pretrial publicity one week before viewing a murder trial. Trial proceedings took place at the University of Miami law school. Voir dire, trial viewing, and deliberations were conducted in UM's moot courtroom. As predicted, analyses revealed main effects for both voir dire and pretrial publicity such that pretrial publicity increased conviction rate and the extended voir dire decreased conviction rate, but the extended voir dire failed to reduce the specific prejudicial effect of pretrial publicity. These findings suggest that prejudgment of a general nature (e.g., confusion about legal concepts) may be neutralized by an extended voir dire but that prejudice specifically created by exposure to inflammatory news stories is not offset by an extended voir dire format. There is reason to believe, however, that with more time spent explaining case facts and with greater attention to individual jurors, voir dire could eliminate even the specific prejudice created by pretrial publicity.

Using the example of three commodities and three countries, the purpose of the thesis "Trade with selected commodities with focus on fair trade" is to analyse a chosen commodity market in different states. Focusing on developing countries, the work aims to confirm the validity of theoretical models of the international trade. Moreover, extra attention is paid to the alternative concept of fair trade. The thesis is divided into four chapters with the first giving the theoretical basis for the consequential analysis. The second chapter deals with the fair trade movement, the third part examines the concrete industry in the particular country, and the last chapter studies the consequences of fair trade on producers in the Sub-Saharan region.