After fifty years of challenges to the color line in Montgomery, Alabama, the Metropolitan Statistical Area is more integrated now than it was in 1950. Through exploring the effects of Brown v. Board of Education, the bus boycott, school integration court cases, re-segregation of schools in city and suburban districts, and federal open-housing policies, the volatile transformation appears to shows how, after fifty years, Montgomery has moved from a segregated dual society to a partially integrated society in spite of the massive resistance to integration.

Zugl.: Oestrich-Winkel, European Business School (EBS), Oestrich-Winkel, Diss., 2007.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-06T20:37:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BRUNO MOTA BRAGA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCS) 2018.pdf: 3222669 bytes, checksum: 47050a6ae3b322bd1bdeb0fd55dd6c73 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-06T20:37:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BRUNO MOTA BRAGA – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGCS) 2018.pdf: 3222669 bytes, checksum: 47050a6ae3b322bd1bdeb0fd55dd6c73 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08 / CNPq / Esta pesquisa pretende analisar, sob a perspectiva sociológica, como as novas configurações comerciais, a partir da inauguração do Centro Comercial Parque das Feiras, vêm imprimindo uma nova dinâmica àsrelações de trabalho, quanto às relações entre o formal e o informal. O Centro Comercial Parque das Feiras surgiu no ano de 2001 por iniciativa do Poder Público Municipal e Estadual, SEBRAE, SENAI e Empresários Locais, na tentativa de reorganização das práticas comerciais, frente à popular Feira da Sulanca, marcada historicamente pela informalidade. Do ponto de vista metodológico busca-se contemplar reciprocamente as dimensões objetivas e subjetivas (estruturas, processos e práticas) referidas à constituição história e mudanças recentes (endógenas e exógenas) assumidas nas relações de trabalho do Parque das Feiras e entorno. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, que se utilizou da combinação dos seguintes instrumentos: procedimentos de observação direta, análise documental e realização de entrevistas (feirantes, lojistas, representantes públicos, associações comerciais e sindicatos). / This research intends to analyze, under a sociological perspective, how the new commercial configurations denominated the Park of Markets Commercial Center shaped new work relationships referring to formal/informal dynamics. This Commercial Center was founded in 2001 by an effort of State and Municipality public power, SEBRAE, SENAI and local entrepreneurs trying to reorganize the street market called Feira da Sulanca which was historically informal. Regarding the methodology we search to cover both objective and subjective dimensions (structures, processes and practices), referring the historic constitution and recent inside and outside changes concerning this Commercial Center and surroundings. We did a qualitative research using direct observation, documental analysis and interviews with local entrepreneurs, street market sellers, public representatives, commercial associations and workers unions.

Submitted by Thiago Ferreira Prediger (thiagoprediger@gmail.com) on 2015-04-24T15:28:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Prediger - Exploring Attitudes and Behavioral Intention of Brazilian consumers towards Fair Trade and Fair Trade products.pdf: 1053923 bytes, checksum: aa7aeb5347c8b1046a0294506593cce5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luana Rodrigues (luana.rodrigues@fgv.br) on 2015-04-24T15:54:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Prediger - Exploring Attitudes and Behavioral Intention of Brazilian consumers towards Fair Trade and Fair Trade products.pdf: 1053923 bytes, checksum: aa7aeb5347c8b1046a0294506593cce5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-24T16:10:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Prediger - Exploring Attitudes and Behavioral Intention of Brazilian consumers towards Fair Trade and Fair Trade products.pdf: 1053923 bytes, checksum: aa7aeb5347c8b1046a0294506593cce5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Global sales of FT products have been growing consistently in the last years. According to the FLO, they jumped from less than €1 billion in 2004 to around €5,5 billion in 2013. Although the movement is still beginning in Brazil, some efforts aiming the institutionalization of FT are already being done. For instance, Schneider (2012) shows that there is a potential market for the FT products in Brazil, however the it is still not well developed. Therefore, there is a need to better understand the variables affecting purchase intention of these product. Past studies have identified factors that are considered predictors of Intention to Buy FT products. Considering these factors, this study aims to determine the variables that are most related to the consumers’ intention to buy and willingness to pay for FT products in Brazil. Based on the answers of 124 respondents, results show that intention to buy FT products in Brazil is linked to the consumers’ ethical consumption attitudes, product interest and quality, low skepticism and positive interest regarding the FT concept. The results also showed two antagonistic clusters of consumers regarding their attitudes. The group 'Activists' have positive attitudes, high intention to buy and willingness to pay. On the other hand, the 'Unbelievers' have negative attitudes, low intention to buy and are not willing to pay more. Based on the results of this study, organizations and individuals who aim to foster the FT market in Brazil can better understand the consumer and take more assertive marketing decisions, considering the relevance of factors affecting Intention to Buy, and differences between consumers. / As vendas globais de produtos FT cresceram de forma consistente nos últimos anos. De acordo com a FLO, as vendas cresceram de menos de € 1 bilhão em 2004 para cerca de € 5,5 bilhões em 2013. Apesar do movimento ainda estar engatinhando no Brasil, alguns esforços visando a institucionalização da FT estão sendo tomados. Por exemplo, o Schneider (2012) mostrou que existe um mercado potencial para os produtos FT no Brasil. Entretanto, ele ainda não é bem desenvolvido. Portanto, há uma necessidade de compreender melhor as variáveis que afetam a intenção de compra destes produtos. Estudos anteriores identificaram fatores que são considerados previsores de intenção de comprar produtos FT. Considerando esses fatores, o presente estudo tem como objetivo determinar as variáveis que estão mais relacionadas com a intenção de compra e disposição para pagar por produtos FT no Brasil. Com base nas respostas de 124 entrevistados, os resultados mostram que a intenção de compra de produtos FT no Brasil está ligada a atitudes de consumo éticas dos consumidores, o interesse e qualidade dos produtos, baixo ceticismo e percepção de relevância acerca do conceito FT. Os resultados também mostraram dois grupos antagônicos de consumidores a respeito de suas atitudes. O grupo dos 'ativistas' tem atitudes positivas, de alta intenção de compra e disposição a pagar mais. Por outro lado, os 'incrédulos' têm atitudes negativas, baixa intenção de compra e não estão dispostos a pagar mais. Com base nos resultados deste estudo, organizações e indivíduos que visam fomentar o mercado FT no Brasil podem entender melhor o consumidor e tomar decisões de marketing mais assertivas, considerando a relevância dos fatores que afetam a intenção de comprar, como também as diferenças entre os consumidores.

Law / LL.M.

Fair Trade is an international movement which aims to strengthen the livelihoods of producers in the South, and to give the opportunity for conscious customers in the North to buy socially and environmentally friendly products. The conventional trade system is criticised, as well as the efficiency of aid to support developing countries. The core idea of Fair Trade is therefore “Trade not Aid”, where marginalised producers are given the chance to improve their living conditions by fair wages, market access and improved working conditions. The aim of the thesis is to investigate the potential of Fair Trade to contribute to sustainable development and empowerment, which therefore also act as the theoretical frameworks for this thesis. Sustainable development is investigated by its division into economic, social and environmental sustainable development. Fair Trade is furthermore investigated through specific key elements connected to these theories, by performing interviews with managers and producers within five separate Fair Trade organisations in India and Sri Lanka.  The main findings within this study reveal how Fair Trade does have the potential to contribute to sustainable development and empowerment to a certain degree. It is specifically prominent regarding social development and empowerment, while economic development occurs mainly on an individual level. The contribution to environmental development is also possible to detect, even though it remains clear how the initiative to do so might not always be fully related to environmental causes. / Fair Trade är en internationell rörelse som fokuserar på att förbättra livssituationen för producenter i Syd, och att ge medvetna konsumenter i Nord möjligheten att köpa produkter med miljöhänsyn och socialt ansvar. Det konventionella handelssystemet kritiseras, såväl som effektiviteten för bistånd att stödja utvecklingsländer. Grundtanken med Fair Trade är därmed “Trade not Aid”, då marginaliserade producenter får möjligheten att förbättra sina livssituationer genom rättvisa löner, tillgång till en marknad och förbättrade arbetsförhållanden. Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka Fair Trades potential att bidra till hållbar utveckling och empowerment, vilket därmed är det teoretiska ramverket för den här studien. Hållbar utveckling undersöks även genom att dela upp det i ekonomisk, social och miljömässig hållbar utveckling. Fair Trade utreds även utifrån specifika indikatorer kopplade till dessa teorier, genom intervjuer med managers och producenter inom fem separata Fair Trade-organisationer i Indien och Sri Lanka. De huvudsakliga upptäckterna inom denna studie visar hur Fair Trade har potentialen att bidra till hållbar utveckling och empowerment i viss utsträckning. Det är speciellt framträdande vad gäller social utveckling och empowerment, medan ekonomisk utveckling främst sker på individnivå. Det är även möjligt att observera hur rörelsen kan bidra till miljömässig utveckling, även om det är tydligt att initiativet till att göra så inte alltid är av en miljörelaterad anledning.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antecedents and reinforcements of fairtrade purchase intention and to examine the effect of reporting good fairtrade practices on consumers’ punishment behavior. A stratified sample of 240 English-speaking, American, adult subjects was collected online. First, the Behavioral Perspective Model (BPM) (Foxall, G., 2007) was modified and four manipulations varying luxury/commodity product type and open/closed purchase settings were presented. The results of paired-sample t-tests demonstrated closed purchase settings did not increase luxury purchase intention by itself. A split-plot ANOVA combining closed setting and the participant’s fairtrade learning history did not produce significant results, but post-hoc testing revealed a significant effect of positive learning history on purchase intention. Two separate, repeated-measures ANOVA found that utilitarian reinforcement was not affected by purchase setting, but informational reinforcement was significantly increased by the presence of others. Second, four manipulations of good/bad press events were presented without/without the firm’s fairtrade performance history mentioned in a news article. A two-way, between-subjects ANOVA produced insignificant results for the effect of information on willingness to pay. Importantly, the type of event significantly affected willingness to pay, accounting for 18% of the variation, with positive events generating higher willingness to pay than negative, regardless of whether fairtrade performance information was included. This study suggested firms would benefit from including cues for the social reward aspect of luxury fairtrade purchasing in marketing efforts and from preventing missteps rather than bragging about past practices. Future research suggestions included further analyzing the effect of information on punishment of bad corporate actors, investigating the credibility of self-declaration of fairtrade certification versus independent certification labels, and incorporating the effect of culture into the BPM.

Le proton est décrit par les facteurs de forme électrique et magnétique qui caractérisent sa structure interne. Le moyen de mesurer les facteurs de forme consiste à mesurer la distribution angulaire de la diffusion élastique e-p: dans cette région dite espace q^2 est négatif. En utilisant la réaction croisée pbar p<--> e+ e-, on atteint une autre région cinématique appelée région temps où q^2>0. Cependant, à cause du seuil q^2_{th} de les réactions pbar p <--> e+e-, seul le domaine cinématique q^2>q^2_{th}>0 est autorisé. Pour atteindre la région non physique, on utilise la réaction pbar p --> pi0e+e- où le pi0 emporte une partie de l'énergie autorisant ainsi q^2 à varier entre q^2_{th} et presque 0. Cette thèse vise à démontrer la faisabilité de ces mesures avec le détecteur PANDA qui sera installé sur l'anneau d'antiprotons du futur complexe FAIR à Darmstadt. Pour décrire la réaction pbar p --> pi0e+e- une approche basée sur des lagrangiens est développée. La section efficace 5 fois différentielle est determinée et reliée à des combinaisons linéaires de tenseurs hadroniques. Sous l'hypothèse de l'échange d'un nucléon, les tenseurs hadroniques sont exprimés en fonctions des 2 facteurs de forme électromagnétiques complexes du proton. Une méthode est développée, qui donne accès au rapport des facteurs de forme électromagnétiques du proton R=|G_E|/|G_M| et pour la première fois avec une expérience non polarisée au cosinus de la différence de phase. A ce jour, de telles mesures n'ont jamais été faites dans la région non physique. Des simulations détaillées ont été effectuées pour montrer comment le rapport R et le cosinus peuvent être extraits de la distribution angulaire du positron. De plus, un modèle est développé pour la réaction parasite pbar p-->pi0pi+pi- considérée comme la plus dangereuse. La contribution du bruit de fond peut être réduite à quelques pour-cent voire moins. L'efficacité typique de détection du signal correspondante varie de l'ordre de 5 pour-cent à 30 pour-cent. La précision sur la détermination du rapport R et du cosinus est determinée pour le nombre de coups attendu via la méthode Monte Carlo. Une partie de cette thèse est aussi dédiée à un travail plus technique avec l'étude du prototype du calorimètre électromagnétique et la détermination de sa résolution. / The proton is described by the electric G_E and magnetic G_M form factors which characterise its internal structure. The way to measure the proton form factors consists in measuring the angular distribution of the e-p elastic scattering accessing the so-called Space-Like region where q^2<0. Using the crossed channel pbar p<-->e+e-, one accesses another kinematical region, the so-called Time-Like region where q^2>0. However, due to the pbar p<-->e+e- threshold q^2_{th}, only the kinematical domain q^2>q^2_{th}>0 is available. To access the unphysical region, one may use the pbar p --> pi0e+e- reaction where the pi0 takes away a part of the system energy allowing q^2 to be varied between q^2_{th} and almost 0. This thesis aims to show the feasibility of such measurements with the PANDA detector which will be installed on the antiproton ring at the FAIR facility at Darmstadt. To describe the pbar p --> pi0e+e- reaction, a Lagrangian based approach is developed. The 5-fold differential cross section is determined and related to linear combinations of hadronic tensors. Under the assumption of one nucleon exchange, the hadronic tensors are expressed in terms of the 2 complex proton electromagnetic form factors. An extraction method which provides an access to the proton electromagnetic form factor ratio R=|G_E|/|G_M| and for the first time in an unpolarized experiment to the cosine of the phase difference is developed. Such measurements have never been performed in the unphysical region. Extended simulations were performed to show how the ratio R and the cosine can be extracted from the positron angular distribution. Furthermore, a model is developed for the pbar p-->pi0pi+pi- background reaction considered as the most dangerous one. The background contribution can be reduced to the percent level or even less. The corresponding signal efficiency ranges from a few % to 30%. The precision on the determination of the ratio R and of the cosine is determined using the expected counting rates via Monte Carlo method. A part of this thesis is also dedicated to more technical work with the study of the prototype of the electromagnetic calorimeter and the determination of its resolution.

Orientador: Fernando Andrade Fernandes / Resumo: Considerando que o delito de corrupção é favorecido pelo mundo globalizado, em que as atividades econômicas encontram-se interligadas numa rede de interdependência dos mercados, gerando uma maior complexidade da sociedade e consequente relativização de valores, das regras morais e jurídicas, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma análise do problema pela ótica do Sistema Integral de Direito Penal, considerando-se o entendimento de que apenas nessa perspectiva mais abrangente será possível uma melhor compreensão do fenômeno frente à mencionada complexidade. Registre-se, inicialmente, a hipótese de que se trata de uma manifestação do fenômeno delitivo, que possui raízes em uma perspectiva criminológica a qual passou a enfatizar a relevância penal também de alguns fatos realizados por determinados sujeitos de elevado status social (powerfull), com destaque para certas práticas no mundo dos negócios. Considerando-se a elevada danosidade social destas práticas e a complexidade operativa da sua execução, com alcance muitas vezes multinacional, será avaliada a opção, já efetivada, de criação de uma política criminal internacional sobre o problema, por meio de documentos de alcance transnacional, que expressem valores comuns neste contexto mais amplo, sob pena de atos de deslealdade concorrencial serem severamente punidos em um determinado país e, simplesmente, não configurarem crime em outros, desequilibrando as relações econômicas estabelecidas na esfera transnacional, ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Considering that the crime of corruption is fomented by the globalized world, in which economic activities are interconnected in a network of interdependence of the markets, generating a greater complexity of society and consequent relativization of values, of moral and juridical rules, the present article has as an objective to carry out an analysis of the problem from the perspective of the Comprehensive Criminal Law System, considering the understanding that only in this more comprehensive perspective will a better understanding of the phenomenon be possible in the face of this complexity. The hypothesis is initially that this is a manifestation of the delirium phenomenon that has roots in a criminological perspective that began to emphasize the criminal relevance also of some facts carried out by certain subjects of high social status (powerfull) for certain practices in the business world. Considering the high social damage of these practices and the operational complexity of their execution, which is often multinational in scope, the option of creating an international criminal policy on the problem will be evaluated through documents of transnational scope, common values ​​in this broader context, under penalty of acts of competitive disloyalty being severely punished in one country, and simply not setting up crime in others, unbalancing the economic relations established in the transnational sphere, by the disproportion of the legal burdens that permeate such relation... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Studentmässor fyller en viktig funktion i samhället genom att vägleda besökarna inför gymnasieoch högskole/universitetsval. Denna medietekniska studie undersöker besökande användaresbehov och upplevelser av två digitala studentmässor: Saco’s studentmässa och Gymnasiemässan.Genom datainsamling från observationer, användarstudier och intervjuer ger denna uppsats intebara en insyn i hur användarnas upplever de digitala studentmässorna, utan även svar på vad sombehövs i övergången från en fysisk studentmässa till en digital och hur tjänsten kan uppfylla dekrav och behov som användarna har. Datainsamlingen har med hjälp av två analysmetoderanalyserats för att identifiera och tydliggöra vilka eventuella användarproblem som tjänsterna haroch hur dessa kan åtgärdas för att förbättra de digitala mässornas användarupplevelse ochanvändbarhet. Studien visar att de digitala studentmässorna till viss del tillfredsställeranvändarens behov när det kommer till informationssökande men andra viktiga aspekter somanvändaren förväntar sig på en mässa uppfylls inte, däribland de känslor som socialainteraktioner kan bidra med. Sammanfattningsvis så indikerar studien på att digitala mässor är ettbra komplement för studentmässor men det krävs mer för att kunna bli ett substitut. / Student fairs fulfills an important function in society because they help guide visitors to maketheir high school and higher education choices. This media technology study examines visitingusers' needs and experiences of two digital student fairs: Saco’s student fair andGymnasiemässan. Through data collection from observations, user studies and interviews, thispaper provides not only an insight into how users experience the digital student fairs, but alsoanswers to what is needed in the transition from a physical student fair to a digital one and howthe service can meet the requirements and user needs. The data collection has been analyzed withthe help of two analysis methods to identify and clarify what possible user problems that serviceshave and how these can be treated in order to use the digital fairs' user experience and usability.The study shows that the digital student fairs to some extent satisfy the user's needs of collectinginformation, but other important aspects that the user expects at a fair do not follow up, includingthe emotions that social interactions can contribute. In summary, the study indicates that digitalfairs are a good complement to student fairs, but more is needed to be able to become asubstitute.