M.A. / While linguistic theorists have been grappling with the intricacies of language for many years and a myriad of theories on the production of speech has graced the intellectual world, most theorists over this time have come to agree on one thing, and that is that language is inextricably linked to culture (esp. Sapir Whorf; Halliday). One of the implications herein is that if language and culture are linked, then as society changes, so too does language change with it. The changes can be as severe as a complete language system or changes to vocabulary, so that what is true for a language at one point in time may differ with changes to that society over time. The relationship between language and culture is a two-way one: language is affected by the culture of a society (in such a way that it is possible to see how changes in that society have affected language), and it is also possible to make deductions about the culture of the society by looking at the changes in the language it speaks. . Inferences about the readership can be made from clues that the writer unwittingly provides in the form of cultural conventions. These conventions (which are evident in the text) are used by the writer knowingly or unknowingly because the writer writes in a specific sociocultural context and therefore shares the cultural conventions with the readers. Different reading types- i.e. point-driven or information driven- are also indicative of the readership, and the features common to each are exclusive and are exploited by the writer for relating to his/her specific readership.

This diploma thesis focuses on the sociolinguistic analysis of the language of female characters in a play, musical and film. The theoretical part summarizes sociolinguistic literature and it also scrutinizes the current findings of the influence of gender, social class and identity on language. These concepts are discussed both from linguistic and sociological point of view. The practical part is aimed at the analysis of woman's language in George Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion and its two adaptations, the musical My Fair Lady and the film Pretty Woman. It deals with the change of the main characters that become representatives of upper social class. The change is discussed diachronically in terms of language, especially pronunciation, lexis, grammar and style, but also in terms of identity and social class.

<p>Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera rumsligheten i två musikalfilmer, My fair lady (Cukor, 1964) och Moulin Rouge (Luhrmann, 2001), och undersöka huruvida den rumsliga estetiken har någon funktion för filmerna i deras egenskap av just musikaler. Analysen är uppbyggd främst kring Richard Dyers teori om musikalfilm som förmedlare av utopiska värden genom bland annat dess komposition som förmedlar glädje och energi, men också kring delar av Rick Altmans musikalgenreteori, Jacques Aumonts bok The Image som behandlar bildens rumsliga aspekter samt dessutom antaganden om ljudets betydelse i formandet av filmens rum, från texter av Michel Chion och Claudia Gorbman. Studien är begränsad till endast de nämnda två filmerna, uppsatsen gör inte anspråk på att visa varken något generaliserande mönster för musikaler i allmänhet eller någon historisk utveckling. Däremot görs en jämförelse mellan de två analysobjekten. Några nyckelbegrepp i analyserna är glädjekomposition, expansionsmotivet, kulturellt rum, haptiskt seende, plasticitet och utopisk representation. Uppsatsens huvuddiskussion behandlar genom dessa begrepp huruvida filmernas rumsliga utformning kan sägas förmedla utopiska lösningar till åskådaren på de problem som finns i det verkliga samhället. Detta kan göras på både en representerande nivå och en icke-representerande, där bildernas grundläggande element står som förmedlande tecken. Båda filmerna visar sig förmedla utopisk känsla på den sistnämnda nivån, medan My fair lady också gör det på den rent representerande nivån. Moulin Rouge visar däremot ett filmiskt rum som innehåller lika svåröverkomliga problem som verkligheten.</p>

Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera rumsligheten i två musikalfilmer, My fair lady (Cukor, 1964) och Moulin Rouge (Luhrmann, 2001), och undersöka huruvida den rumsliga estetiken har någon funktion för filmerna i deras egenskap av just musikaler. Analysen är uppbyggd främst kring Richard Dyers teori om musikalfilm som förmedlare av utopiska värden genom bland annat dess komposition som förmedlar glädje och energi, men också kring delar av Rick Altmans musikalgenreteori, Jacques Aumonts bok The Image som behandlar bildens rumsliga aspekter samt dessutom antaganden om ljudets betydelse i formandet av filmens rum, från texter av Michel Chion och Claudia Gorbman. Studien är begränsad till endast de nämnda två filmerna, uppsatsen gör inte anspråk på att visa varken något generaliserande mönster för musikaler i allmänhet eller någon historisk utveckling. Däremot görs en jämförelse mellan de två analysobjekten. Några nyckelbegrepp i analyserna är glädjekomposition, expansionsmotivet, kulturellt rum, haptiskt seende, plasticitet och utopisk representation. Uppsatsens huvuddiskussion behandlar genom dessa begrepp huruvida filmernas rumsliga utformning kan sägas förmedla utopiska lösningar till åskådaren på de problem som finns i det verkliga samhället. Detta kan göras på både en representerande nivå och en icke-representerande, där bildernas grundläggande element står som förmedlande tecken. Båda filmerna visar sig förmedla utopisk känsla på den sistnämnda nivån, medan My fair lady också gör det på den rent representerande nivån. Moulin Rouge visar däremot ett filmiskt rum som innehåller lika svåröverkomliga problem som verkligheten.

George Bernard Shaw’s Pygmalion (1912) and its musical adaptation, My Fair Lady (1956) offer 20th century’s most famous example of dialect acquisition: the transformation of Eliza Doolittle under the tutelage of Professor Henry Higgins. The opportunity to work on Barksdale Theatre’s production of My Fair Lady (2012), both as the actress playing Eliza Doolittle and as a dialect coach for the production, prompted an analysis of the dialect pedagogy of Henry Higgins. The centenary of Pygmalion is also a prime juncture to document, in contrast or complement to Higgins’ model, contemporary theories and techniques of dialect pedagogy. Chapter one of this thesis explores the ideology of dialect acquisition, addressing the issues of dialect prestige and standard speech. Chapter two examines the rapport between teacher/coach and learner/actor, including a comparison of teacher-centered and learner-centered pedagogies and the influence of expectancy theories on learner growth. Chapter three details the methods of dialect acquisition, addresses language learning theories as applied to dialect learning, and offers practical exercises and techniques. The conclusion outlines areas of future consideration to enhance the dialect acquisition process in the classroom and rehearsal hall.

Thesis (MA (English))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Grace and The Townships Housewife, two black women’s magazines published in South Africa between 1964 and 1969, have slipped into obscurity. This thesis aims to write them back into the history of the black press, black journalism and literature in South Africa. The study is significant in that no research has as yet been conducted on these two magazines. The first chapter excavates Grace and The Townships Housewife from obscurity by providing information on the magazines’ publication, staff, editors, content, target audience and writers. A salient characteristic of both magazines’ content that the study discusses is the ambiguous attitude of readers and writers towards modernity and tradition (and the negotiation of new identities) as they move from the country to the city. Some readers’ embrace and others’ rejection of early signs of feminism and womanism in the magazines also display this ambiguous attitude. The chapter foregrounds the various ambiguities and often colliding voices that infuse much of the magazines’ content. The absence of explicit reference to apartheid in Grace’s and The Townships Housewife’s content provides another focal point of this chapter and is discussed in relation to the concepts of ‘minstrelsy’ and ‘mimicry’. Considering specifically the position of the black woman in apartheid South Africa, the second chapter compares the representation of white women in South African white women’s magazines Die Huisgenoot, Sarie Marais and Fair Lady to the way in which black women are represented in Grace and The Townships Housewife in the 1960s. The role of the latter two magazines in positively representing black women during apartheid South Africa, and thus standing in direct opposition to the identities ascribed to black people in colonial and apartheid ideology, is a primary focus of this chapter. The representation of black women in the 1960s is elaborated on in the next chapter which explores the shift in the representation of black women from Drum magazine (during its heyday in the 1950s), with its predominantly male staff, to the representation of black women in Grace and The Townships Housewife (in the 1960s), with their predominantly female staff. I hypothesise on the possible agencies at work within this shift in women’s representation. Despite the magazines’ adherence at times to white standards of beauty (an aspect which the thesis engages with throughout), the ‘creation’ of black women within the pages of Grace and The Townships Housewife (as the previous two chapters articulate), often resonates with Black Consciousness’s philosophy of black pride. This last chapter explores the possible connection between Grace and The Townships Housewife, on the one hand, and the early beginnings of an emergent black consciousness in South Africa in the late 1960s, on the other hand. It also discusses the sexism associated with black consciousness philosophy in relation to these two magazines, but the focus falls on how black female readers of Grace and The Townships Housewife negotiate imposed ‘female identities’ (for example, mother, housewife and supporter) towards greater agency. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Grace en The Townships Housewife, twee tydskrifte gemik op swart vroue en wat in Suid-Afrika gepubliseer is tussen 1964 en 1969, is vandag onbekend. Die doel van dié tesis is om hierdie twee tydskrifte terug te skryf in die geskiedenis van swart joernalistiek en literatuur in Suid-Afrika. Dit is ’n waardevolle studie aangesien geen navorsing oor hierdie twee tydskrifte nog gedoen is nie. Dit is ook ’n ingewikkelde proses wat gepaard gaan met baie spekulasie, aangesien dit alreeds te lank gevat het vir hierdie tydskrifte om ontdek te word – dit is nie meer moontlik om die meeste van die bydraers tot hierdie twee tydskrifte op te spoor nie. Die eerste hoofstuk ‘grawe’ Grace en The Townships Housewife as t’ ware weer ‘op’ deur inligting te voorsien oor hierdie tydskrifte se uitgewers, personeel, redaktrises, inhoud, teikengroepe en skrywers. Die dubbelsinnige houdings wat lesers in die tydskrifte toon teenoor tradisie en moderniteit soos wat hulle beweeg van plattelandse gebiede na stedelike gebiede, is kenmerkend van hierdie tydskrifte en word in hierdie hoofstuk bespreek. Hierdie dubbelsinnigheid word ook weerspieël in lesers en skrywers se ambivalente houdinge teenoor die bemagtiging van vroue. Die verskeie dubbelsinnighede en dikwels botsende stemme in meeste van die twee tydskrifte se inhoud is ’n belangrike punt wat hierdie tesis uitlig. Die afwesigheid van direkte verwysings na apartheid in beide tydskrifte is nog ’n kenmerkende eienskap van die tydskrifte wat in hierdie hoofstuk ondersoek word. Met die fokus op die posisie van die swart vrou in apartheid Suid-Afrika, vergelyk die tweede hoofstuk die voorstelling van wit vroue in Suid-Afrikaanse wit vrouetydskrifte (Die Huisgenoot, Sarie Marais en Fair Lady) met dié van swart vroue in Grace en The Townships Housewife in die 1960s. ’n Primêre fokus van hierdie hoofstuk is die rol wat Grace en The Townships Housewife speel in die positiewe voorstelling van swart vroue tydens apartheid, in direkte kontras tot die voorstellinge van swart vroue in apartheid ideologie. Die volgende hoofstuk brei verder uit op die voorstelling van die swart vrou in die 1960s: hier word gekyk na die skuif wat plaasvind in die voorstelling van swart vroue van die Drum-tydskrif in die 1950s met sy hoofsaaklik manlike personeel, na die voorstelling van swart vroue in 1960s Grace en The Townships Housewife, met hoofsaaklik vroulike personeel. Die moontlike faktore verantwoordelik vir so ’n verandering in voorstelling word oorweeg. Alhoewel die inhoud van Grace en The Townships Housewife gereeld ‘wit’ standaarde van skoonheid ondersteun, toon die voorstelling van swart vroue in hierdie twee tydskrifte ook dikwels ooreenkomste met swart bewustheid filosofie se fokus op swart trots. Hierdie laaste hoofstuk ondersoek die moontlike verbintenis tussen Grace en The Townships Housewife, aan die een kant, en die vroeë begin van swart bewustheid in Suid-Afrika in die laat sestigerjare. Die dikwels seksistiese houdinge wat met swart bewustheid filosofie geassosieer word, word in hierdie hoofstuk bespreek aan die hand van voorbeelde uit Grace en The Townships Housewife. Dit is egter nie die fokus van hierdie studie nie: die fokus val op hoe swart vroue lesers van Grace en The Townships Housewife opgelegde rolle van moederskap, huisvrou en ondersteuners stuur tot posisies van groter mag.

Während die Verdolmetschung lautsprachlicher Theateraufführungen in die Gebärdensprache in vielen Ländern selbstverständlich und regelmäßig angeboten wird, handelt es sich in Deutschland dabei noch um Einzelerscheinungen. Eine Ausnahme stellt das Hans Otto Theater Potsdam dar, das seit 1996 regelmäßig gedolmetschte Aufführungen anbietet und dabei die Methode des Shadow Interpreting nutzt. Am Beispiel einer gedolmetschten Aufführung von „My Fair Lady“ am Hans Otto Theater werden in dieser Arbeit folgende Aspekte der gebärdensprachlichen Verdolmetschung von Theateraufführungen untersucht: Stückauswahl, Dolmetscheranzahl und Rollenverteilung, Auswahl und Einführung von Namensgebärden der Figuren, Positionierung der Dolmetscher, Rollendarstellung und Rollenwechsel, Übertragung der akustischen Ebene des Aufführungstextes (linguistische und paralinguistische Informationen, Musik, Geräusche), äußere Erscheinung der Dolmetscher, Beleuchtung der Dolmetscher und die Inkorporation der Dolmetscher in die Aufgabe.