The purpose of this research is to increase understanding about the influence of the family on internationalisation of family firms in the Swedish context, in terms of family human, social and financial capital. Multiple cases of four Swedish manufacturing family firms were studied by conducting interviews with the family members working in the family firm. A perspective of family capital and its three components of human, social and financial capital, was adopted to analyse the empirical findings. The findings identify several positive and negative influences of the family on internationalisation of the firm. Positive factors include: family members’ deep knowledge about the firm, commitment, long-term perspective, family values like honesty, trust. Negative factors include: family firms are slow-to-change, family’s strong commitment to local society and family’s goal of slow and steady growth. Most factors confirm existing theory, on other theories these findings shed critical lights and some new insights were made. Based on the findings, future research suggestions are made.

Previous research suggests that through engagement with Higher Education (HE), mature women students experience identity change and transformation which could lead to conflict and strain on marital relationships. The aims of this thesis are to explore the effects of identity transformation on mature women and the family unit as a whole, through a consideration of the impact of HE on family life. Qualitative methods were adopted using a narrative inquiry methodology of focused interviews, mind mapping and a student led mosaic approach to gather the data. Women with families were selected from one Foundation Degree in Early Years in a College Higher Education (CHE) environment. The views of their husbands were also gathered through interviews. This thesis argues that HE study had transformative effects on the whole family, not just the identity of the women students. Previously to HE, the women’s identity was firmly placed in the home as mothers. HE could be seen to change and reconstruct their position as a mother. These transformations and positional changes concerned family routines, relationships and parenting approaches. The women participants believed that their husbands benefitted from the secondary effects of transformation as a result of their wives’ HE studies and identity change. My thesis contributes to knowledge on this topic through the development of a model of family capital which consists of emotional, economic, cultural and social capital. Time is recognised as an important aspect of capital production and identity transformation. Husbands were viewed as reliable providers of family capital; however children who are normally viewed as consumers of family capital also became providers of capital. Through accessing capital support and having their studies valued by their family, women were able to justify their time spent on HE and minimise their feelings of guilt. This thesis is of relevance for women students and HE tutors. Using the findings of this study, HE staff can highlight the transformative effect of HE study on women students. Through raising an awareness of the importance of family capital and support networks, then HE success is more likely to be achieved.

Family business is a typical governance structure around the world. From the resource-based theory viewpoint, the family members input and the trans-generational family business entrepreneurship is critical resources in family business sustainability. However, how the family capital can be a sustainable capability in family business entrepreneurship is an issue that needs to be investigated with life cycle stage in family businesses. By utilizing case studies, this research tries to investigate the role of family capital and family members in family business entrepreneurship with life cycle stage and scale consideration. The first observation reveals that family capital will develop from single to multiple items in differential life cycle and scale stage. In addressing the family business entrepreneurship issue, the development of family capital and organizational capital and the possible synergy between them are critical resources in family business entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the family capital implications in family business entrepreneurship need to be considered with the trans-generational family member characteristics and the possible synergy with organizational capital. In other words, family input and the family capital implications in family business entrepreneurship is integrated sustainable capabilities with life cycle and scale stage consideration in family businesses. The observation from Taiwan¡¦s family businesses can provide insights in family business entrepreneurship issue in greater Chinese contexts.

The ‘social turn’ in applied linguistics and second language acquisition (SLA) has seen the emergence of a range of socially-oriented perspectives, such as sociolinguistic, sociocultural, socio-historical and situated learning, yet this has not resulted in L2 learners’ social origins and backgrounds being given sufficient attention in L2 research. The present study therefore argues for taking a sociology of language learning perspective to investigate L2 learners’ social biographies and their academic achievement in English. This social perspective is informed by the sociology of education as well as critical approaches to applied linguistics. Learners’ social biographies consist of learner-internal (personal) and -external (social) factors. These factors are conceptualised as learner habitus and family educational capital (economic, social and cultural) respectively, with reference to Bourdieu’s theories in the sociology of education. The study investigates secondary school students’ English learning outcomes in relation to their habitus and family capital situations in a rural context in Bangladesh. It uses a mixed methods research design and draws on both quantitative and qualitative data. It also utilises multiple perspectives, provided by 10th grade students (n = 228) and their English teachers, head teachers and parents. The data collection instruments include a questionnaire survey, an English proficiency test and participant interviews. The study shows that aspects of family economic and cultural capital and learner habitus are significantly associated with the students’ English achievement. However, social capital, operationalised as parental input into the students’ English studies, is not associated with their academic achievement in English, although it is significantly correlated with learner habitus and parental education. The students’ perceptions of their family capital situations and the perceived impact of these situations on their academic experience were supportive of structuralist determinism. Despite the constraining effects of family capital disadvantage on academic experience, disadvantaged students can neutralise these effects by means of their habitus and thus negate social determinism in the context of their scholastic achievement. The study also shows that contrary to the widening gap in the academic achievement of students in favour of females in many social contexts, the female students in the present context performed somewhat less well than their male counterparts in the school-leaving examination. Finally, the students’ English learning and academic outcomes were embedded in their social biographies. Their academic achievement or underachievement cannot be fully understood without recourse to their familial and social worlds, their lived experiences, their desires for better futures and their disadvantage, and lack of means to pursue those desires.Despite some caveats, the findings have important implications for the theory and practice of teaching English in Bangladesh and other social contexts. First, it is necessary to include both learner-internal and -external family/social factors in the investigation of L2 learners’ English learning experience and outcomes. Second, ELT policies should have provisions that address these beyond-the-school factors in order to develop English language skills across social classes and geographic locations. Finally, schools should embrace the question of inequality in English learning outcomes and devise mechanisms for the reduction of inequalities within their limited resources and capacities. The major contribution of the study is to our understanding of the factors associated with English language learning in rural communities in developing societies. In particular, the study substantiates non-cognitive, non-methodological and non-curricular approaches to EFL/ESL. Identification of these factors is facilitated by the perspective of sociology of English learning and the concept of social biography. In addition, the study designs a theoretical and conceptual framework and instruments for researching student achievement in English in relation to family capital and learner habitus.

The second half of the twentieth century was a period of structural change in Brazil, beginning with the process of industrialization, which resulted in social and economic transformations, such as urbanization and modernization of the main cities of the country, the migration of rural population to cities, the emergence of new sectors in the economy, increasing jobs and income, etc.. But what draws the most attention is the reconfiguration of the profile of agents in economic spheres, from the 60s, which were sourced from family groups that increase in income, abruptly, and subsequently gained social recognition and acted only the sphere (economic), unlike the previous economic group, which conciliated activities in political and economic spheres. Thus, we aim to analyze, how was the formation of this second set of entrepreneurs in reality distinct, organized around family businesses, which are designed economically in the context in which the goods and services sector experienced the initiation and expansion "supermercadismo" in Brazil, from the 50s Therefore, we examine the political-economic context and illustrate the rise of entrepreneurial families through the formation of three supermarket chains: Paes Mendonça S / a, Bompreço (both family Paes Mendonça) and GBarbosa. The survey pointed out that the emergence of family groups in economic rise was a result of its investments in the grocery business, which received incentives from the federal government, creating a structure that favored their growth, however, went beyond, to show the weight of the model family business, since the key features needed in this economic sphere were incorporated into the family capital, thanks to the investments of the household members. / A segunda metade do século XX foi um período de mudanças estruturais no Brasil, a começar pelo processo de industrialização, o qual resultou em transformações sociais e econômicas, tais como a urbanização e a modernização das principais capitais do país, a migração da população rural para as cidades, o surgimento de novos setores na economia, o aumento da oferta de emprego e da renda, etc. Porém, o que mais chama a atenção é a reconfiguração do perfil dos agentes nas esferas econômicas, a partir da década de 60, que eram originados de grupos familiares que ascenderam economicamente, de forma repentina, e posteriormente, ganharam um reconhecimento social e atuaram apenas na esfera (econômica), ao contrário do grupo econômico anterior, que conciliava atividades nas esferas política e econômica. Dessa forma, almejamos analisar, como se deu a formação desse segundo conjunto de empresários, de realidade distinta, organizados em torno de empresas familiares, que se projetaram economicamente no contexto no qual o setor de bens e serviços experimentou o início e a expansão do “supermercadismo” no Brasil, a partir da década de 50. Para tanto, examinamos o contexto político-econômico e ilustramos a ascensão das famílias empresariais por meio da formação de três redes de supermercados: a Paes Mendonça S/A, o Bompreço (ambas da família Paes Mendonça) e o GBarbosa. A pesquisa apontou que o aparecimento de grupos familiares, em ascensão econômica, foi resultante dos seus investimentos no ramo de supermercados, que recebeu incentivos do governo federal, criando uma estrutura que favorecesse seu crescimento, porém, fomos além, ao mostrar o peso do modelo de empresa familiar, uma vez que os principais recursos necessários nessa esfera econômica foram incorporados ao capital familiar, graças aos investimentos dos membros das famílias.

影響學生學業成就因素，是值得關注的議題。本研究欲瞭解教育指標和家庭資本對學生學業成就之間的影響關係，以臺灣、日本、韓國、美國和義大利五個國家已公佈的教育指標資料和TIMSS 2007資料庫問卷調查結果的24383份追蹤樣本，進行現況分析、變異數分析、相關分析、多元逐步回歸分析、結構方程式分析，結果發現： 一、教育指標中，在學率和數學及科學學業成就為正相關。中等教育師生比、識字率、教育經費占國民所得比與數學及科學學業成就為負相關。 二、教育指標對數學學業成就的解釋變異量為25%，對科學學業成就的解釋變異量為9.7%。 三、家中藏書量和學習資源對數學及科學學業成就的變異數分析中可得知擁有越多藏書和資源的組別大於擁有較少藏書和資源的組別。 四、父母親學歷對數學及科學學業成就的變異數分析中可得知美國在此分析中未達顯著，臺灣、日本、韓國和義大利都是學歷越高的組別大於學歷低的組別。 五、自我期望對數學及科學的學業成就的變異數分析中可得知自我期望越高學歷的組別大於自我期望低學歷的組別，但美國學生在數學及科學學業成就及韓國學生在數學學業成就的自我期望皆以「不知道」的組別最高。 六、家長支持對學生數學及科學學業成就的變異數分析可得知家長支持度高的組別普遍大於支持度低的組別，但是義大利的家長支持在數學及科學學業成就和臺灣的家長支持在科學學業成就上都是支持度最高的組別小於支持度最低的組別。 七、家長參與對學生數學及科學學業成就的變異數分析可得知家長參與度高的組別普遍大於參與度低的組別，但是臺灣的家長參與在科學學業成就上是參與度最高的組別小於參與度最低的組別。 八、家庭資本和學業成就之間的相關分析可得到母親學歷和學業成就無關，家庭資本變項中的自我期望與數學學業成就也無關，父親學歷與學業成就為負相關，其它變項與學業成就為正相關。 九、家庭資本對學業成就的解釋變異量以台灣最高，家庭資本對數學學業成就的解釋變異量為27.5%，對科學學業成就的解釋變異量為28.8%。 十、由SEM結果得知家庭資本中的家長支持和家長參與對數學及科學學業成就未達顯著差異。教育指標和家庭資本對學業成就具有一定的解釋力。 依據上述研究結果將提出相關結論與建議以供參考。 / The issue of student achievement has been concerned. In this research, will focus on the relationships between educational indicators and family capital on student academic achievement, the participants include students in Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, the United States and Italy. The published educational indicators and TIMSS 2007 survey results of 24,383 samples for the analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, stepwise multiple regression, structural equation modeling found that: 1. The relationship between educational indicators, student academic achievement in mathematics and science as a positive. Secondary education teacher/ student ratio, literacy, education expenditure/ GDP ratio of and academic achievement in mathematics and science as a negative. 2. The educational indicators of academic achievement in mathematics accounts for 25% variance, in science accounts for 9.7% variance. 3. In analysis of variance, the collection of books and learning resources on academic achievement in mathematics and science indicate that a group has more is higher than the group has fewer. 4. In analysis of variance, parental education on academic achievement in mathematics and science find that in United States is not significant in this analysis. In Taiwan, Japan, South Korea and Italy, groups of higher education is the highest. 5. In analysis of variance, self expectation on academic achievement in mathematics and science indicate that a group with high self expectation is highest, but U.S. students in math and science academic achievement and Korea students in mathematics can find out that the students who "do not know" is the highest group. 6. In analysis of variance, parental support in student academic achievement in mathematics and science that groups with high parental support is higher than those with low parental support, but parental support on student academic achievement in mathematics and science in Italy, and parental support on academic achievement in science in Taiwan indicate that the highest group is less than the lowest one. 7. In analysis of variance, parental involvement in student academic achievement in mathematics and science that groups with high parental involvement is higher than those with low parental involvement, but in Taiwan, parental involvement on academic achievement in science indicate that the highest group is less than the lowest one. 8. The correlations between family capital and student academic achievement indicate that mother’s education is in no relation with academic achievement in mathematics and science, self-expectation is in no relation with mathematics academic achievement, the relationship between father’s education and academic achievement is negative, other variables and academic achievements is positive. 9. The variance of family capital in academic achievement in Taiwan is the highest: 27.5% in mathematics and 28.8% in science. 10. SEM results show that parental support and parental involvement is in no relationship with academic achievement in math and science. Educational indicators and family capital on academic achievement can be explained. Based on the results of the study, conclusions and recommendations will be presented for reference. Key words: Educational indicator, Family capital, Student academic achievement, TIMSS 2007.

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Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2017-09-14T19:25:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 A política como negócio de famílias_os herdeiros e a força dos capitais 2.pdf: 3410366 bytes, checksum: 78e434f5c6997466c3c38d4fb8ebe428 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-14T19:25:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 A política como negócio de famílias_os herdeiros e a força dos capitais 2.pdf: 3410366 bytes, checksum: 78e434f5c6997466c3c38d4fb8ebe428 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-25 / A tese discute a formação da elite política e suas dinâmicas de circulação nos mais variados espaços de controle do Estado, tendo como recorte temporal 1985 a 2015. O objeto empírico são as famílias políticas e as novas famílias políticas que possuem parentes na Câmara Federal e ocupam outras instâncias de representação política na “Nova República”. A hipótese levantada é que para ocupar cargo público de caráter eletivo/representativo no contexto da “Nova República” necessita-se acumular dois tipos de capitais – capital econômico e capital político-familiar. O estudo percorre três objetivos: 1) Verificar se as famílias políticas e/ou as novas famílias políticas, por meio de seus parentes e da parentela, ainda se configura em uma chave de compressão e de constituição do poder político no Estado; 2) Identificar os espaços e as instâncias de poder que os agentes destas famílias controlam; e 3) Compreender de que forma a estrutura de poder político encontra-se assentada nos supracitados capitais e como constituem os ativos políticos que possibilitam o sucesso eleitoral e a reprodução do poder e da dominação no Estado da Paraíba. Para a consecução de tais objetivos e o teste da hipótese levantada, utiliza a genealogia e a pesquisa documental por meio dos bancos de dados: i) do Tribunal Superior Eleitoral; ii) do Departamento Intersindical de Assessoria Parlamentar; iii) do Centro de Pesquisa Documental de História Contemporânea. Os dois primeiros bancos servem para a montagem dos gráficos e tabelas com base na estatística descritiva. O banco de documentos do CPDOC, bem como as biografias e as informações disponibilizadas no site do Congresso em foco, servem de base para a compreensão e demonstração do capital políticofamiliar. No que diz respeito ao volume de capital econômico, utiliza o banco de dados do TSE (2016) referente ao patrimônio declarado pelos agentes políticos; e, consequentemente, as “doações” destinadas pelas empresas aos partidos e aos candidatos que se encontram disponibilizadas em sites como Excelências. Com base em tais dados, depois de realizada a análise, constata que os agentes das famílias políticas e das novas famílias políticas inserem-se no campo político e ocupam os cargos eletivos da “Nova República”, acessando capitais. Conclui que as famílias estudadas construíram uma estrutura de poder político e econômico e, consequentemente, de dominação política que se perpetua ao longo do tempo. E que estes capitais (simbólicos e materiais) são transmitidos de geração a geração, num acúmulo constante de poder e que tende a se aprofundar nas próximas décadas, visto que os herdeiros são os que têm/estão ocupado/ocupando as principais instâncias de representação política da “Nova República”. Comprova ainda que dificilmente algum indivíduo acessa os cargos eletivos da “Nova República” sem que tenha volume considerado de tais capitais. O que coloca em cheque a concepção de que as eleições são livres, justas e abertas a todos os cidadãos, bem como cai por terra, em parte, o princípio constitucional de que na República os mandatos são limitados (e não hereditários). Os “privilégios” e a “hereditariedade” prevalecem no Estado, porém mascarados pela lógica liberal de competição e pelo discurso do “mérito”, estes escondem o acesso desigual às instituições. A política se torna, portanto, o espaço dos “privilegiados” que controlam partidos, mídia e outras instâncias – como os equipamentos sociais públicos – que transformam em “lugares de memória” e se perpetuam em sua dimensão simbólica. A política se transforma, no contexto atual “republicano” e pela lógica dos capitais, em negócio de família. / The thesis discuss about the formation of political elite and your dynamics of circulation in the most varied spaces of State control, since 1985 to 2015. The empirical aim was the “political families” and the “new political families” that have relatives in the Federal Chamber and occupy other instances of political representation in the “New Republic”. The hypothese of the work is that to occupy public office of elective/representative character in the context of “New Republic” is necessary have two type of capital – economical capital and political family capital. The specific aim was: 1) Verify if the political families and/or new political families, by their relatives, still represents a key of compression and constitution of the political power of State; 2) Identify the spaces and instances of power that the agents these families control; and 3) Understand how the structure of the political power encounter settled in the aforementioned capital and how make the political actives that possibility the electoral success and the reproduction of power and the dominance in the Paraíba State. For this, its was made a genealogical analyses and documental research by database of: i) the Superior Electoral Court (TSE); ii) the Interunion Department of Parliamentary Advisory; and iii) the Center of Documental Research and Contemporary History (CPDOC). The first two databases served for building of graphical and tables based on descriptive statistics. The CPDOC document database, as well the biographies and information available on the website: "Congress in focus" served as basis for understanding and demonstration of the political family capital. With regard to the volume of economic capital, was made use of the TSE database (2016) relative to declared patrimony by politicians; and hence the "donations" designed by companies to parties and candidates that are available at sites like "Excellencies". Based on these data, after performed the analysis, it was found that the agents of the political families and new political families fit into the political field and the occupy elective positions of the "New Republic", accessing impersonal capital. It was found that the researched "families" built a power political and economical structure and, therefore, policy domination that is perpetuated over time. And these capital (symbolic and material) are transmitted from generation to generation in a constant accumulation of power and that tends to deepen in the coming decades because the heirs are those who have/are occupy/occupied the main instances of political representative of the "New Republic". The research also proved that hardly any individual accesses the elective offices of the "New Republic" without having considered volume of these two type of capital. This puts into question the idea that the elections are free, fair and open to all citizens; and falls to the ground, in part, the constitutional principle that in the republic the mandates are limited (or non-hereditary). The "privileges" and "heredity" prevail in the State, but masked by the liberal logic of competition and the discourse of "merit", they conceal the unequal access to the institutions. The politics becomes, therefore, the space of the "privileged" that control parties, media and other instances - such as public social equipment’s - turning into "places of memory" and perpetuates in your symbolic dimension. The politics is transforms, in the current "Republican" context and the logic of capital, in family business.