As the divorce rate in the United States remains steady at 50%, the last few decades have shown an increase in child custody disputes. Within these litigations, interparental conflict can reach high levels and incite behaviors that wreak havoc on the children who are caught in the middle. When considering custody arrangements, judges and other evaluators use the Best Interest of the Child Standard (BICS), a jurisdictionally-specific framework that examines several factors that contribute to a child’s health and well-being. Parents who allow their resentments to get the better of them sometimes engage in behavior that encourages their child to become alienated from the other parent, known as Parental Alienation (PA) —a form of psychological abuse that can result in emotional and behavioral consequences for the child. While some states investigate components relevant to PA during a BICS evaluation, none include criteria that directly addresses this construct. Therefore, to achieve the intended outcome of BICS, which is to create a custody arrangement that will best meet a child’s needs, recognizing and addressing the presence of PA within a family system is required.

The thesis is divided into two sections. Section 1 explores the psycho-social and legal constructions of family, parenting and children that have influenced judicial decision-making in parenting disputes following separation and divorce. Particular attention is paid, first, to the circumstances surrounding the shift from paternal to maternally-based presumptions about the parenting of children; and second, to the more recent and somewhat puzzling shift to a presumption of gender neutrality. The extent to which fault has continued as a less overt decision-making criterion is also considered. In Section 2, judgements in recent closely contested parenting cases in the Family Court of Australia are analysed as contemporary socio-legal narratives. A systematic, in-depth examination of a heterogeneous sample of publicly accessible cases revealed that gender-based assumptions continue to dominate judicial thinking about parenting and family structure. In particular, it was found that outcomes that favoured mothers correlated with perceived evidence of conformity to a maternal stereotype of self-sacrifice on behalf of the child(ren). Outcomes favouring fathers usually resulted from situations in which mothers were judged to fall short of these stereotyped expectations. Fathers� roles, even in cases in which their applications were successful, generally continued to be equated with breadwinning and support. Their capacities as nurturers to their children were either not mentioned or treated with scepticism. In the light of the findings, tensions between continuing gender-based roles in families, public attitudes to parenting and preferred family structure, and recent changes in our scientific knowledge base regarding gender and parenting are reviewed. Implications of the persistence of the breadwinning/nurturing dichotomy both within the Australian culture and family court judgements are discussed. Particular attention is drawn to the impact of the confused circumstances in which gender-neutral parenting principles came about in the 1970s.

The purpose of this qualitative sociological law study is to examine the relationship between the social services and civil court to apprehend if knowledge about the child's best interest is transfered from social workers to the legal system. This have been done by investigating civil court cases concerning custody transition from biological parents to foster parents according to 6 chapter 8 paragraph in the law of parenting, built upon the legal principle of the best interests of the child. Eight cases has been examined by using a method of qualitative text analysis and categorised into five primary categories and three concepts linked to sections of the law. The material has been analysed through a sociological law perspective, social constructionist theory and attachment theory. The study shows that a variety of factors interacts when it comes to determining what’s in the best interest of the child . Moreover, the civil court refers in all eight cases to social services assessments of the child's situation. This suggests that social services have an informal power position when it comes to decisions on custody transition in accordance with the child's best interests.

Questo lavoro intende analizzare il processo di evoluzione giuridica e sociale che ha operato nel mondo musulmano, con particolare riguardo alla condizione femminile e al diritto di famiglia nell’Islam. Date le connotazioni di specificità della giuridicità in ambito islamico, l’analisi delle modalità e degli strumenti con cui sono state portate avanti di volta in volta riforme e istituzionalizzazione di determinati ambiti giuridici consente di leggere l’Oggi con interessanti prospettive. Dopo una parte generale dedicata allo studio del diritto islamico e, in particolare, del diritto di famiglia, si è inteso analizzare il caso della Repubblica Islamica del Pakistan. Un caso oltremodo significativo nell’alternare Tradizione e Modernità e nelle peculiari evoluzioni istituzionali, sociali e politiche. È nella sua storia che si rintraccia sempre questa oscillazione, ma è soprattutto nella produzione normativa e nelle dinamiche sociali che si scopre quanto operino al suo interno meccanismi e movimenti di riforma che non esulano dai riferimenti islamici. Attraverso il periodo di fieldwork in loco, emerge l’immagine di un Paese non solo oggetto di un recente e contemporaneo processo di riforme legislative in materia penale e di diritto di famiglia, ma anche luogo di interessanti evoluzioni interpretative della giurisprudenza e di una società civile attiva e determinata verso l’affermazione di una “via musulmana alla modernità”. / This research aims to highlight the perspectives of reform within Islamic Family Law and in the field of women’s rights, focusing especially on the case of Pakistan. The study is structured in two main parts in the attempt to underline the dialectic between Tradition and Modernity. The first part is an analysis of the sources of Islamic Law, aimed to delineate, on one hand, the instruments of classical and reformist interpretation and the legal procedures which make possible an evolution of the Islamic law and, on the other hand, the influences of the customary practices, with special reference to Islamic Family Law. The second part focuses on the case of Pakistan. The purposes of this section are to analyze the reforms in the field of family law and women’s rights and to examine the significant trends and the debate addressing family law and the related eventual challenges and opportunities. As emerged during my fieldwork I spent in Pakistan, Islam per se cannot be considered the obstacle to modernization since many factors are affecting this process as patriarchal customary practices, poverty, lack of education and awareness, bureaucratic and judiciary inefficiencies. In this view, an effective reformation process could be started from social reforms, especially in the field of education, even the religious one, in order to produce an “attitudinal modernization” and a change in people’s mindset towards a culture of gender equity and respect.

The thesis is divided into two sections. Section 1 explores the psycho-social and legal constructions of family, parenting and children that have influenced judicial decision-making in parenting disputes following separation and divorce. Particular attention is paid, first, to the circumstances surrounding the shift from paternal to maternally-based presumptions about the parenting of children; and second, to the more recent and somewhat puzzling shift to a presumption of gender neutrality. The extent to which fault has continued as a less overt decision-making criterion is also considered. In Section 2, judgements in recent closely contested parenting cases in the Family Court of Australia are analysed as contemporary socio-legal narratives. A systematic, in-depth examination of a heterogeneous sample of publicly accessible cases revealed that gender-based assumptions continue to dominate judicial thinking about parenting and family structure. In particular, it was found that outcomes that favoured mothers correlated with perceived evidence of conformity to a maternal stereotype of self-sacrifice on behalf of the child(ren). Outcomes favouring fathers usually resulted from situations in which mothers were judged to fall short of these stereotyped expectations. Fathers� roles, even in cases in which their applications were successful, generally continued to be equated with breadwinning and support. Their capacities as nurturers to their children were either not mentioned or treated with scepticism. In the light of the findings, tensions between continuing gender-based roles in families, public attitudes to parenting and preferred family structure, and recent changes in our scientific knowledge base regarding gender and parenting are reviewed. Implications of the persistence of the breadwinning/nurturing dichotomy both within the Australian culture and family court judgements are discussed. Particular attention is drawn to the impact of the confused circumstances in which gender-neutral parenting principles came about in the 1970s.

This dissertation aims to analyze the legal possibility of adoption by homosexual couples based on constitutional principles. The social transformations resulted in a diversity of family entities that are constitutionally protected and also differ from the old patriarchal and patrimonial model. The pluralistic and socio-emotional current model shall perform the function of development of its members and affection becomes indispensable to characterize them. With the extent of family concept, the relationships formed by same-sex people receive legal protection through constitutional interpretation, considering the human dignity as a fundamental principle to be observed by all and also the guide to family relationships. The constitutional principles of the families rights, serve as the basis for granting the adoption by homosexual couples. It is important to emphasize the changes undergone within the adoption process which have led the socio-affectiveness as a predominant factor to be considered, therefore allowing children and adolescents who live together with homosexual family and have no legal relationship with the partner who also carries on parenting indeed. / A presente dissertação objetiva analisar a possibilidade jurídica de adoção por pares homossexuais fundamentada nos princípios constitucionais. As transformações sociais resultaram em uma diversidade de entidades familiares que são protegidas constitucionalmente e diferem do antigo modelo patriarcal e patrimonialista. O modelo atual, plural e socioafetivo, passa a exercer a função de desenvolvimento dos seus membros, e o afeto torna-se elemento indispensável para caracterizá-las. Com o alargamento do conceito de família, os relacionamentos formados por pessoas do mesmo sexo recebem proteção legal mediante interpretação constitucional, considerando-se a dignidade humana princípio fundamental a ser observado por todos e norteador das relações familiares. Os princípios constitucionais do direito das famílias servem de fundamento para a concessão da adoção por casal homossexual. É importante destacar as mudanças sofridas pelo instituto da adoção até chegar à socioafetividade como fator predominante a ser avaliado, e daí, à permissão da adoção de crianças e adolescentes que convivem com família homossexual e não possuem vínculo jurídico com o companheiro que também exerce a paternidade/maternidade de fato.

Submitted by Pedro Mizukami (pedro.mizukami@fgv.br) on 2010-03-09T17:53:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DMPPJ - RADUAN MIGUEL.pdf: 1631590 bytes, checksum: 5f9e04a23be468cb014ec2d60ec4bcb1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pedro Mizukami(pedro.mizukami@fgv.br) on 2010-03-09T17:58:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DMPPJ - RADUAN MIGUEL.pdf: 1631590 bytes, checksum: 5f9e04a23be468cb014ec2d60ec4bcb1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-03-09T17:58:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DMPPJ - RADUAN MIGUEL.pdf: 1631590 bytes, checksum: 5f9e04a23be468cb014ec2d60ec4bcb1 (MD5) / This oeuvre has central thematic the mediation and conciliation as contemporary methods of conflict solution, especially in the family judicial cases in Porto Velho, Rondonia. The alternative methods for conflict solution are one option for efficacy jurisdictional service. The uses of these methods offer and allow a better and effective solution of conflicts to the population, escaping from the traditional ways. The aim is demonstrate that, beyond the state jurisdiction, other ways cab be used, ending the controversies and distributing justice. Highlight that those alternative mechanisms has as goal not only giving a more rapid jurisdictional service, but also, the real pacification; thus offer, in addition, the resolution of the conflict in advance of the instauration of any judicial demand. Emphasizes the importance of the conciliation in the subject related to the Family Law, considering especially, because in this field exists the concern with emotional preservation of involved parties. The results shows that the conciliation in family law cases in Porto Velho, Rondonia, has showed as a faster and efficient mechanism, in the quest for conflicts resolution and social pacification, and the professionals involved are conscious of this. / Esta obra tem como tema central a conciliação como método contemporâneo de solução dos conflitos, notadamente nas Varas de Família de Porto Velho/RO. Os métodos alternativos de solução de controvérsias surgem como opção eficaz ao jurisdicionado, em atenção ao clamor da sociedade por uma prestação jurisdicional mais célere. A utilização deste método visa oferecer e assegurar uma melhor e efetiva solução de conflitos à população, fugindo assim dos modelos tradicionais de resoluções de conflitos. O objetivo é procurar demonstrar que, além da jurisdição estatal, existem outros meios de pacificação social, os quais também colocam fim às controvérsias e realizam a justiça. Destaque-se que mecanismos alternativos objetivam não somente oferecer uma prestação jurisdicional mais célere à sociedade, mas também verdadeira pacificação social; além do que, oportunizam também a resolução do conflito antes que seja instaurada qualquer demanda judicial, desafogando assim o Judiciário. Enfatiza-se a importância da conciliação nas matérias concernentes ao direito de família, já que nesta área há preocupação fundamental com a preservação emocional das partes. E dada a carga emocional que circundam as ações dessa natureza, muitas vezes ao juiz é impossível encontrar uma resposta adequada e definitiva para os problemas que lhes são apresentados pelas partes. Os resultados demonstram que a conciliação nas Varas de Família de Porto Velho/RO têm se revelado um mecanismo célere e eficaz, na busca da resolução de conflitos e pacificação social. Os profissionais e operadores do direito têm consciência da importância de sua aplicação.

O presente trabalho aborda a temática da necessidade de tipificação penal da alienação parental e a aplicabilidade da Lei de n 12403/11 que reflete toda a constituição da alienação parental pontuada dentro destes institutos, penal e processual penal. A referida alienação, que se materializa através de um litígio entre o genitor guardião e o outro progenitor, de modo que aquele que detêm a guarda usa os filhos para se vingar do genitor que tem o direito de visitação, mediante campanhas depreciativas, tão somente por não aceitar o fim do relacionamento conjugal. Refletindo esta também com os parentes, estendendo-se até os avós. Com o condão de estudar este fenômeno, assim como, a possibilidade da perda do poder familiar em decorrência do mesmo, é que se perpassa por um breve histórico sobre a família e alguns institutos que se referem à relação pais e filhos, como o poder familiar e as práticas processuais, esta buscando soluções aos casos concretos. Com a realização de estudos multidisciplinares, feitos por profissionais especializados da área de Direito, juntamente, com psicólogos, assistentes sociais e médicos é que se pode dar solução ao caso concreto, até mesmo evitar os seus efeitos. Os laudos técnicos advindos destes estudos fundamentam as decisões do judiciário. Desta feita, a perda do poder familiar reflete uma necessidade imposta ao alienador em face da alienação parental. Depois da abordagem civilista, passa-se a abordagem penalista, de modo que retrata a possibilidade de aplicação da Lei de n 12403/11 demonstrando que as medidas cautelares são medidas penais efetivas contra as ações do genitor alienador. Esta lei ao colocar a prisão preventiva como exceção, se coaduna com as razões do veto do artigo 10 da lei de alienação parental. A aplicação, ainda, do instituto da transação penal, o rito proposto na Lei de n 9099/95 cabe perfeitamente, também, para compelir a alienação parental. Demonstrando, categoricamente, que a penalização da alienação parental evitaria a crescente caracterização deste instituto nas famílias brasileiras. O trabalho se caracteriza por uma pesquisa bibliográfica obtendo informações através das fontes de jurisprudenciais, doutrinárias e Leis. / This paper addresses the issue of the necessity of criminal definition of parental alienation and the applicability of Law No. 12403/11 which reflects the whole constitution of parental alienation scored within these institutions, penal and criminal procedure. This sale, which is materialized through a dispute between the custodial parent and the other parent, so that those who hold the guard uses the children to avenge the parent who has visitation rights by disparaging campaigns, as not only accept the end of the marriage relationship. Reflecting this also with relatives, extending to the grandparents. With the privilege of studying this phenomenon, as well as the possibility of loss of power due to the same family, is that goes through a brief history of the family and some institutes which refer to the relationship parents and children, as the family power and procedural practices, this finding solutions to concrete cases. With the completion of multidisciplinary studies, done by professionals specialized area of law, together with psychologists, social workers and doctors is that one can give solution to this case, even prevent its effects. The technical reports arising from these studies underlie the decisions of the judiciary. This time, the loss of family power reflects a necessity imposed upon alienating in the face of parental alienation. After the tort approach, the approach is punitive, so that portrays the possibility of application of Law No. 12403/11 showing that precautionary measures are effective measures against the criminal actions of the alienating parent. This law put to the detention as an exception, is consistent with the reasons for the veto of Article 10 of the law of parental alienation. The application also institute criminal transaction, proposed in the rite of Law n 9099/95 fits perfectly, too, to compel parental alienation. Demonstrating, categorically, that the criminalization of parental alienation avoid the growing characterization of this institute in Brazilian families. The work is characterized by a bibliographical information obtained through the sources of jurisprudence, doctrinal and Laws.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é demonstrar a possibilidade de atuação dos pais afins nas famílias reconstituídas, assim entendidas como aquelas formadas em segundas núpcias, em que pelo menos um dos cônjuges ou companheiro possui filhos de uma união anterior, de forma complementar e subsidiária aos pais biológicos, com vista a integrar a parentalidade, visando ao melhor interesse da criança e do adolescente à luz da Constituição Federal, do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente e do Código Civil. Com base no princípio do valor jurídico do afeto e no instituto da paternidade socioafetiva, busca-se evidenciar a importância do exercício da autoridade parental, de forma complementar, pelos pais afins nos lares reconstituídos. A convivência, os cuidados diários, a dedicação fazem nascer entre os integrantes das famílias reconstituídas vínculos de afetividade, que se revelam importantes e relevantes para o pleno desenvolvimento do menor. E apenas o pleno exercício da autoridade parental nas famílias reconstituídas permitirá uma adequada estruturação familiar, com atribuição de funções definidas aos membros integrantes desta complexa estrutura familiar, onde os papéis não são definidos e a legislação em nada orienta o comportamento, especialmente, dos pais afins. Para esta plena integração e bom funcionamento da estrutura familiar reconstituída, tendo em vista o melhor interesse do menor, objetiva-se demonstrar a necessidade de legitimação da conduta dos pais afins, no âmbito da família, hoje, vedada pelo ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. / The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the possibility of actions of step parents in reconstituted families, those formed in remarriages in which at least one spouse or partner has children from a previous union, in a complementary and subsidiary way to biological parents with the purpose to integrate parenthood, aiming for the best interests of children and adolescents in the light of the Federal Constitution, the Statute of Children and Adolescents and the Civil Code. Based on the principle of the legal value of affection and the institute of socio-affective parenthood, it is sought to highlight the importance of the exercise of parental authority, as complementary, by the step parents in the rebuilt homes. Coexistence, the daily care and dedication create among the members of reconstituted families ties of affection which are important and relevant to the full development of the child. Only the full exercise of parental authority in reconstituted families will allow a proper family structuring, with attribution of tasks to members of this complex family structure, in which nowadays roles are not defined and the legislation does nothing to guide behavior, especially of step parentes. For this full integration and smooth functioning of the reconstituted family structure, in view of the best interests of the child, the objective is to demonstrate the need to legitimize the conduct of the step parentes in the family, today prohibited under Brazilian law.

Submitted by PEDRO BELLENTANI QUINTINO DE OLIVEIRA null (pedrobquintino@gmail.com) on 2016-11-29T17:35:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PEDRO BELLENTANI QUINTINO DE OLIVEIRA.pdf: 816716 bytes, checksum: 8112a3c1a84550e340f0eea7bc6f70cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-12-02T13:59:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_pbq_me_fran.pdf: 816716 bytes, checksum: 8112a3c1a84550e340f0eea7bc6f70cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-02T13:59:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_pbq_me_fran.pdf: 816716 bytes, checksum: 8112a3c1a84550e340f0eea7bc6f70cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-22 / Em que pese a tradição e os costumes inerentes ao Direito de Família, tal instituição jurídica passa por um momento peculiar em sua história contemporânea, marcada pela incessante evolução tecnológica, acompanhada das transformações sociais e culturais da sociedade. O instituto da família, então, encontra-se diante de uma necessidade de adaptação social, sem perder sua importante função como base de qualquer sociedade. Neste aspecto, destacam-se os arranjos familiares oriundos das técnicas de reprodução assistida, que trouxeram novos horizontes ao Direito de Família, apresentando um novo significado às questões que envolvem paternidade e maternidade. A ciência, aliada à biotecnologia e à bioética, mostrou ao Direito sua capacidade de procriação artificial que, por meio da fertilização in vitro, da inseminação artificial e de situações decorrentes, é capaz de dar origem a distintas formas de família, atendendo os anseios de homens e mulheres de toda sorte. O Direito, por sua vez, se vê na responsabilidade de acompanhar a evolução tecnológica e dar à sociedade uma resposta adequada e satisfatória. Para tanto, destaca-se a figura do Estado como gestor social incumbido de garantir os direitos fundamentais dos membros de uma família, independentemente de seu arranjo, conforme preconiza a própria Constituição Federal de 1988. Nessa senda, atenta-se para a necessidade de políticas públicas no sentido de conscientizar e instruir a população quanto às técnicas de procriação, entre elas a reprodução assistida. Por outro lado, observa-se a inércia do Poder Legislativo, demonstrando certo receito de colocar em pauta tema tão incandescente. Tem-se, portanto, que os arranjos familiares decorrentes de técnicas de reprodução assistida serão responsáveis pela criação de novas situações jurídicas, que até o momento carecem de regulamentação. / Despite the tradition and customs inherent in family law, this legal institution undergoes a peculiar time in its contemporary history, marked by constant technological change, accompanied by social and cultural changes in society. The Family institution, then, is facing a need for social adaptation, without losing its important role as the basis of any society. Here, we highlight the new family arrangements arising from the assisted reproductive techniques, which brought new horizons to family law, with a new meaning to the issues surrounding parenthood. Science, together with the biotechnology and bioethics, has shown the law its artificial procreation ability, through in vitro fertilization, artificial insemination and arising situations is capable of lead to different forms of family, given the concerns of men and women of all sorts. The law, in its turn, is seen in the responsibility to monitor technological developments and give the society an adequate and satisfactory answer. Therefore, stands out the State figure as social manager responsible for guaranteeing the fundamental rights of members of a family, regardless of their arrangement, as recommended by the very Constitution of 1988. In that way, aware to the need for public policies to raise awareness and educate the population about the reproduction techniques, including assisted reproduction. On the other hand, there is the inertia of the Legislative Power demonstrating some concern to put on the agenda this incandescent subject. Therefore, the new family arrangements resulting from assisted reproduction techniques will be responsible for creating new legal situations, which so far lack of regulation.