In this research, an effort is made to analyze the costs of fare collection on heavy rail and motorbus systems in the U.S. Since existing ticketing and fare collection (TFC) systems are major elements of transit infrastructure and there are several new alternative TFC technologies available on the market, the need to evaluate the performance of existing TFC systems arises. However, very little research has been done, so far, to assess impacts of TFC technologies on capital and operating expenses in public transit. The two objectives of this research are: (1) to formulate a conceptual evaluation framework and a plan to assess the operating costs of existing TFC systems in transit and (2) to analyze the operating expenses associated with existing TFC systems on heavy rail and motorbus transit in the U.S. with the aid of the evaluation framework and plan. This research begins with a review of the current state of knowledge in the areas of transit TFC evaluation, the economics of public transit operations, and fare collection practices and technologies. It helps to determine the scope of work related to assessment of TFC operating costs on public transit and provides the basis for the development of a conceptual evaluation framework and an evaluation plan. Next, this research presents a systematic approach to define and describe alternative TFC systems and suggests that the major TFC system determinants are payment media, fare media, TFC equipment, and transit technology (mode). Following this is the development of measures of effectiveness to evaluate alternative TFC systems. These measures assess cost-effectiveness and labor-intensiveness of TFC operations. The development of TFC System Technology Index follows. This Index recognizes the fact that TFC systems may consist of different sets of TFC technologies both traditional and innovative. Finally, this research presents statistical results that support the hypothesis that TFC operating costs are related to transit demand, transit technology (mode) and TFC technologies. These results further suggest that: (1) TFC operating costs per unlinked passenger trip on heavy rail systems are higher than on motorbus systems and (2) TFC operating costs per unlinked passenger trip tend to increase as the use of non-electronic fare media increases. Actions for further research are also recommended. / Ph. D.

The Atlanta region will soon be faced with a choice as to how it will go about planning for and implementing its next regional fare collection system that will replace the current BREEZE system. In 2006, MARTA became the first transit agency in the United States to implement an all contactless smartcard for use on its services. However, there have been many advances in new technologies and the consumer payment preferences have evolved since the initial implementation. These developments, coupled with the rapid consumer adoption of smartphones and changing attitudes within the financial payments industry towards transit properties, have recently led four major transit agencies within North America to implement new fare collection systems based on open payments, the development of mobile ticketing applications, or a combination. This research uses a case study methodology to answer several questions related to the planning and implementation of regional fare collection systems in Chicago (CTA), Dallas (DART), Philadelphia (SEPTA) and Toronto (TTC). Based on the experience of the case study agencies, the implementation of Atlanta's next fare collection system is sure to be a long and arduous process. However, by utilizing the lessons learned from DART, CTA, SEPTA and TTC, MARTA and the other regional operators (Cobb Community Transit, Gwinnett County Transit and the Georgia Regional Transportation Authority) will be better poised to provide their patrons with additional means of paying fares while, at the same, minimizing the disruption to the existing fare collection system during the transition period.

The subject of the diploma´s thesis is the comparison of the particular private rail transport policies in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. There are specific, both economic and non-economic impacts of a free fare in Slovakia and slightly different policy of fare discounts in the Czech Republic, identified and consequently analyzed in the thesis. Comparative analysis between both policies is conducted right after. All the impacts are measured and evaluated in the context of particular government budgets, both national and private railway transporters and different segments of users, who are mostly affected by the movement. The analysis of these extraordinary government policies is conducted based on selected publicly available indicators and data from several different sources (official statistics, agreements, annual reports, tariffs comparison, financial statements, granted subsidies etc.).

Public transportation ticketing has evolved from traditional paper tickets to advanced digital systems. This study combines GPS data from users’ smartphones with General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) data from the bus network in Hamilton, Ontario, to analyze trajectory similarities using Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and Longest Common Subsequence (LCSS) algorithms. By matching user trajectories with GTFS data, the system accurately identifies the bus services used, enabling frictionless fare calculation and integration of payment systems. Our results show that DTW is more effective than LCSS, particularly for longer trips due to the large quantity of data points. This research demonstrates the practicality of this approach, providing a promising solution for improving fare collection and the efficiency of public transportation. These findings make a significant contribution to the development of smart, user-friendly transportation infrastructure. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Transport Policy and Planning / Master / Master of Arts in Transport Policy and Planning

I Östergötlands län fyller Östgötatrafiken en viktig samhällsroll som ansvariga för kollektivtrafiken. I länet sker över 30 miljoner resor årligen med Östgötatrafikens buss- och pendeltågstrafik. I Sverige och internationellt har det tidigare genomförts försök med nolltaxa i kollektivtrafiken, bland annat för att få fler att resa kollektivt, för att minska utsläpp och uppnå tidsbesparingar. Syftet med uppsatsen är att genomföra en samhällsekonomisk lönsamhetskalkyl för nolltaxa i kollektivtrafiken i Östergötland. Lönsamhetskalkyler bygger på välfärdsteori, där målet är att undersöka om ett projekt ökar välfärden för att slutligen användas som underlag till beslutsfattare. Arbetets lönsamhetskalkyl visar att nyttorna för samhället i första hand består av värdet av ökade resor och tidsbesparingar. Utsläpp från koldioxid och andra emissioner minskar även då fler börjar resa kollektivt. Kostnaderna i kalkylen utgörs främst av en ökad resursåtgång för att möta ett ökat resande. Totalt är nettonuvärdet negativt med cirka 0,5 miljoner kronor, vilket indikerar att projektet inte är lönsamt för samhället. Eventuellt är nettonuvärdet mer negativt beroende på om en omdiskuterad snedvridningseffekt även inkluderas i beräkningen. Vidare är nettonuvärdet avhängigt ett antagande om viss beläggningsgrad i busstrafiken under högtrafik, varför vidare undersökning kring den faktiska beläggningsgraden är av intresse.

Local public transport companies provide important mobility services to the general public. Although these services are usually subsidised, companies rely on revenues generated by ticket sales. Therefore, fare evasion (i.e., people using a transport service without paying for it) and ticket forgery (the production of an illegal ticket facsimile) have considerable influence on the companies' economic sustainability. As existing research regarding the economic perspective is limited, this paper presents a Delphi study that investigates the phenomena with a survey of experts in public transport companies and transport associations in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. The findings of the survey provide insights into the overall perception and discuss relevant aspects of both fare evasion and ticket forgery, thereby not only highlighting practical implications, but also helping policy makers shape adequate policies for public transport in societies.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-11-21T11:30:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe de Queiroz Braga.pdf: 2469727 bytes, checksum: 013852082dc508efe89ea8ff6b02ea18 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-21T11:30:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe de Queiroz Braga.pdf: 2469727 bytes, checksum: 013852082dc508efe89ea8ff6b02ea18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This thesis aims to analyze the events that occurred during the month of June 2013 in Brazil after the adjustment of the fares for public transportation in several cities. The analysis will be concentrated in the city of São Paulo, epicenter of the movement, seeking to understand how and why a subject that historically raises protests and demonstrations, the readjustment of the fare of public transport, in this particular context has managed to generate mobilizations in hundreds of cities around the country. We also seek to interpret the causes that led various social groups to the streets broadening the scope of claims and ultimately turning it into a movement both social and ideologically different from the start. Considering that this phenomenon involves issues that go beyond the guidelines related to public transportation - although they are central to understanding the movement - as its consequences are linked to the historical contradictions arising out of a underdeveloped and dependent capitalist economy, we search to interpret it from a socio-historical perspective, emphasizing our conditions of sociability. In this way, we can understand the social, economic and political ambiguities and contradictions that shape a contemporary Brazil and that became more evident as from the rending of the veil that took place in June 2013 / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar as manifestações que ocorreram durante o mês de junho de 2013 no Brasil, após o reajuste das tarifas de transporte público em diversas cidades. A análise terá como recorte espacial a cidade São Paulo, epicentro do movimento, buscando compreender como e por que uma pauta que, historicamente, suscita protestos, o reajuste do preço do transporte público, neste determinado contexto conseguiu gerar mobilizações em centenas de cidades do país. Buscaremos também interpretar as causas que conduziram diversos grupos sociais às ruas, ampliando o leque de reivindicações e tornando, em última instância, um movimento social e ideologicamente diferente do iniciado. Considerando-se que esse fenômeno abarca questões que transcendem as pautas relacionadas ao transporte público – apesar de serem centrais ao entendimento do movimento –, à medida que seus desdobramentos remetem às contradições históricas decorrentes de uma economia capitalista subdesenvolvida e dependente, buscaremos interpretá-lo a partir da perspectiva sócio-histórica, ressaltado nossas raízes de sociabilidade. Desse modo, poderemos compreender as ambiguidades e contradições sociais, econômicas e políticas que dão forma ao Brasil contemporâneo e que se tornaram mais evidentes a partir do rasgar do véu que se deu em junho de 2013

Public transport improvement and new public transport management approaches are accepted as the most effective tools in order to cope with the urban transportation problem threatening sustainable urban life and efficient functioning of urban areas. The need for new solutions to replace, or support, costly new capacities created two new concepts at the two ends of the transportation phenomenon / Travel Demand Management (TDM) on the demand side and Transportation System Management (TSM) at the supply side. The main aim of this thesis is to show whether such public transport improvement policies and measures can make a difference in urban transport and traffic, and contribute to the attainment of a more sustainable transport system. In particular, it is intended to assess the role of fare and pricing policies together with modal reorganization strategies in improving public transport, and increasing its ridership.

The aim with our study has been to examine how preschool-staffs resonate about the notification requirements according to Chapter 14, section 1, The Social Services Act, when a child fare badly or is suspected to fare badly: first, in relation to the municipality´s policies, but also in relation to the preschool staff´s actions in individual cases. Our study was conducted by qualitative research with semi-structured interviews. Total has two child´s nurses and six preschool-teachers, active within Växjö´s municipality, been interviewed. The result showed that the municipality´s guidelines on the one hand, underpinned by giving a prescribed pattern of behavior for preschool staff on how to act if the suspected that a child to fare badly. On the other hand preschool staff also experienced the guidelines diffuse as there were nothing described of the transition of how much they should document and observe before a notification could be initiated to the headmaster. Noteworthy was that the munici-pality´s guidelines in this case was inconsistent with the provision in Chapter 14, section 1, The Social Service act. A report should be made immediately. In addition, the preschool-staff could not establish a notification, just initiate it to the headmaster, which is also contrary to the statutory provisions. Furthermore the result showed that the preschool-staff experienced more disadvantages than advantages with the duty to report. The results also showed that the preschool staff´s actions were influenced off various circumstances. The behavior before initiating a notification to the headmaster showed to differ in individual cases. This confirms the preschool-staffs personal discretion even though the duty to report prevails.