Introdução - O peso mais baixo ao nascimento (PN<3 kg) pode estar relacionado a modificações na composição corporal na infância e vida adulta, pois a desnutrição intra-utero pode se associar a diminuição de massa magra e muitas vezes ao aumento de massa gorda. O peso mais alto ao nascimento (PN3 kg) e/ou ganho ponderal acima de 2DP em relação ao peso de nascimento nos primeiros dois anos de vida (catch-up growth) também podem se associar ao aumento de massa gorda, IMC, circunferência abdominal e circunferência do pescoço. Objetivos - Verificar a associação entre peso ao nascimento, ganho de peso nos primeiros dois anos de vida e alteração na composição corporal na idade escolar. Materiais e métodos - Estudo transversal avaliando-se 124 crianças escolares com cinco anos de idade, matriculadas no primeiro ano de quatro escolas municipais e uma particular de Capão Bonito, SP. Foram investigados fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos através de questionários e realizadas medidas antropométricas (peso, estatura, circunferências abdominal e do pescoço). A bioimpedanciometria foi utilizada para avaliação da composição corporal. O peso ao nascimento (PN) foi transcrito das fichas hospitalares dos recém-nascidos e o ganho de peso nos primeiros dois anos de vida, das carteiras de vacina ou prontuários médicos dos postos de saúde de Capão Bonito. Análise estatística - Para armazenamento e análise dos dados foi utilizado o software Stata versão 10. Foi estabelecido um nível de significância de 5 por cento . Para investigação das relações entre peso ao nascimento, ganho ponderal nos primeiros dois anos de vida e composição corporal aos 5 anos de idade, foi utilizada análise de regressão linear múltipla. Resultados O PN 3,0 kg, o catch-up growth (>2DP) e a obesidade materna se associaram a aumentos de média de massa gorda (p=0,036; p=0,007; p= 0,018, respectivamente); IMC (p=0,011; p=0,004; p=0,002, respectivamente) e circunferência abdominal (p= 0,002; p=0,001; p= 0,002, respectivamente). O PN 3 kg e catch-up growth se associaram (p=0,003 nos dois casos) ao aumento da média da circunferência do pescoço. Quando avaliados separadamente por sexo tanto o catch-up growth como a obesidade materna apresentaram associação com aumentos na média de massa gorda (p= 0,033 e p=0,014, respectivamente) e circunferência abdominal (0,048; 0,003, respectivamente) em meninos. A obesidade materna teve associação com maior media de IMC (p=0,001) no sexo masculino. O PN 3 kg esteve associado a aumentos de média de IMC (p=0,008), circunferência abdominal (p=0,001) e circunferência do pescoço em meninas (p=0,002). Conclusões Nesta pesquisa as maiores médias de massa gorda, IMC, circunferência abdominal estiveram associadas ao PN 3kg, catch-up growth e à obesidade materna. Maiores médias de circunferência de pescoço estiveram associadas ao PN 3kg e à ocorrência de catch-up. No sexo masculino as maiores médias de massa gorda e circunferência abdominal apresentaram associação positiva com a ocorrência de catch-up growth e obesidade materna. A maior média de IMC esteve associada à obesidade materna. Não houve associação entre a circunferência do pescoço e as variáveis independentes estudadas. No sexo feminino não foi observada associação de massa gorda com estas variáveis, contudo houve associação de maiores médias de IMC, circunferência abdominal e circunferência do pescoço com PN 3kg. Visando a prevenção e controle de sobrepeso e obesidade em crianças e adultos, é importante considerar PN, catch-up growth, historia de obesidade materna e o sexo do individuo / Introduction: Sub nutrition during intra-uterine life may be related to a decrease in lean mass and, quite often, to an increase in fat mass. Therefore, lower birth weight (BW<3kg) may bear a relationship with changes in body composition during childhood and adult life. Heavier birth weight (BW3kg) and/or weight gain during the first two years above 2 DP in relation to birth weight (catch-up growth) may also be associated to increased fat mass, BMI, abdominal and neck circumferences. Objectives: To determine the relationship between birth weight, weight gain during the first two years of life and changes in body composition at school age. Materials and methods: One hundred twenty four children aged five years were included in a cross-sectional study carried out in Capão Bonito, SP, Brazil. A survey was carried out by means of structured questionnaires in order to establish socioeconomic and demographic parameters. In addition, anthropometric data (weight, height, abdominal and neck circumferences) were recorded for each student. Body composition was determined by bioimpedance measurements. Birth weight (BW) was obtained from medical records on file at the local hospital, while weight gain during the first two years was transcribed from the childs vaccination card or from medical files available at public health stations in Capão Bonito. Statistical Analysis: Data storage and analysis was carried out using the Stata statistical package, Version 1.0, using 5 per cent as the significance level. A multiple regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between birth weight, weight gain during the first two years of life and changes in body composition at school age. Results: BW3.0 kg, catch-up growth (>2DP) and maternal obesity were related to increased fat mass (p=0,036; p=0,007; p= 0,018, respectively), BMI (p=0,011; p=0,004; p=0,002, respectively) and abdominal circumference (p=0,002; p=0,001; p=0,002, respectively). BW 3.0 kg, catch-up growth (>2DP) were associated (p=0,003 in both cases) with increased neck circumference. When the results were considered separately for boys and girls, for boys there was a relationship between the two variables: catch-up growth and maternal obesity with fat mass (p=0,033 and p=0,014, respectively) and abdominal circumference (p=0,048 and p=0,003, respectively). BW 3.0 kg was associated with increases in BMI (p=0,008), abdominal circumference (p=0,001) and neck circumference (p=0,002) in girls. Conclusions This research shows that high averages of fat mass, BMI and abdominal circumference were associated to three main factors: i) BW 3 kg; ii) catch-up growth and, iii) maternal obesity. It also shows that high averages of neck circumference were associated to BW 3 kg and to the occurrence of catch-up growth. For males, high averages of fat mass and high averages of abdominal circumference were positively associated to the occurrence of catch-up growth and maternal obesity; the highest average of BMI was associated to maternal obesity. There was no association between neck circumference and the independent variables studied. In contrast, for females this research did not show associations between fat mass and BW 3kg, catch-up growth or maternal obesity. However, there was a positive association between high averages of BMI, abdominal circumference and neck circumference with BW 3kg.These findings indicate that, in order to prevent and control overweight and obesity in children and adults, it is important to consider BW, catch-up growth, maternal obesity and gender

Rates of obesity (OB) are escalating among Canadian children and youth and the obesogenic environment is likely to cause further increases. An important aspect in providing clinical care to OB children is to have accurate assessment measures, particularly of their body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness. This project entails three interrelated projects aiming to develop novel cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition measurement techniques for an OB pediatric population. The purpose of the first project was to validate a new submaximal fitness protocol specifically geared towards OB children and youth. The second objective of this thesis involved assessing cardiorespiratory efficiency utilizing the Oxygen Uptake efficiency slope. The purpose of the third project was to determine the validity of a half-body scan methodology for measuring body composition in obese children and youth. The goal of developing these novel measurement techniques is improved design and evaluation of interventions aimed at managing pediatric obesity.

Bakgrund: En del elitidrottare, exempelvis inom uthållighetsgrenar, genomför högträningsvolym vilket stressar kroppen. Hög träningsvolym resulterar i högenergiförbrukning vilket kräver ett stort energiintag. Ett otillräckligt energiintag påverkarkroppen fysiologiskt på ett flertal sätt och kan leda till syndromet relativ energibrist iidrott (REI - S). Syftet Studiens syfte var att studera samband mellankroppssammansättning och viloomsättning (RMR) korrelerat till relativ energibrist hossvenska elitidrottare. Metod/Urval: Studien följde en tvärsnittsstudiedesign. Mätning avkroppskomposition (fettmassa och fettfri massa) samt viloomsättning (RMR) utfördes.RMRratio beräknades genom mätt RMR (mRMR) delat på beräknad RMR (pRMR).mRMR beräknades under laborationen och pRMR beräknades genom Cunningham1991ekvationen. Urvalet bestod av 23 svenska elitidrottare från olika sporter med ettåldersspann från 18 år - 43 år. Resultat: Procentuell fettfri massa (FFM %) och RMR -värde korrelerade positivt (r = 0,47, p = 0,023). En negativ måttligt stark korrelationberäknades mellan procentuell fettmassa (FM %) och RMR - värde (r = -0,47, p = 0,024). Slutsats Därmed korrelerade kroppssammansättning och viloomsättning hos svenskaelitidrottare. Viloomsättning korrelerade positivt med FFM % och negativt med FM %. / Background Some elite athletes, such as endurance runners, undergo extreme levels of training volume which stresses the body. High training volume results in high energy expenditure which requires a large energy intake. Consequences of insufficient amounts of energy intake are physiological dysfunctions and may lead to relative energy deficiency in sports (RED- S). Purpose The aim of the study was to research relations between body composition (FM, FFM) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) in correlation with RED-S amongst Swedish elite athletes. Method/Subjects This research follows a cross-sectional study design. Measurements to calculate body composition and RMR were performed. RMRratio was calculated by measured RMR (mRMR) divided by predicted RMR (pRMR). The Cunningham1991 equation was used to calculate pRMR. A total of 23 healthy Swedish elite athletes from different sports were measured, age ranging from 18 - 43 year olds. Results The percentage of fat free mass (FFM %) correlated positively with RMR (r = 0,47, p = 0,023). Percentage of fat mass (FM %) correlated negatively with RMR (r = - 0,47, p = 0,024). Conclusion A correlation between body composition and RMR amongst Swedish elite athletes was discovered. RMR correlated positively with FFM%  and negatively with FM%.

<p>Studies concerning social consequences, gastrointestinal and urinary tract symptoms were conducted in a population-based cohort comprising patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes and matched control persons. Three different questionnaires were sent by mail to diabetic patients and control persons. After a mean duration of 28.7±2.6 years, compared to the controls the diabetic patients showed an almost 10 times higher mortality, a lower employment rate and greater need for welfare benefits. These differences were mainly due to diabetic late complications. Education, housing conditions, life-style, civil state, alcohol and smoking habits were similar in the two groups. The prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms was significantly higher in the diabetic patients than in the controls, and this was found to be attributable to the female diabetic patients. Female diabetic patients had been treated with antibiotics for urinary tract infections more often than controls, they experienced more social problems than controls in daily life because of urinary tract problems and used clamps to prevent wetting more often than did controls. </p><p>Body composition and bone mineral density were evaluated in parts of the cohort with long-standing type 1 diabetes and control persons in another population-based cohort comprising diabetic females aged 16-19 years with type 1 diabetes since childhood and matched controls. Besides a tendency to reduced abdominal fat mass in diabetic males, no difference was observed in fat mass, muscle mass or bone mineral density between the patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes and controls. Significant correlations were found between insulin dosage and whole body fat mass in diabetic females and between serum cholesterol levels and abdominal fat mass in diabetic males. The female adolescents had a higher body mass index than the controls, and their overweight was shown to consist almost entirely of an increased fat mass. The distribution of fat, expressed as abdominal-to-leg ratio, correlated significantly to HbA1c and daily dosage of insulin. Bone mineral density did not differ between the groups. IGF I was significantly lower both in patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes and in the adolescent diabetic females compared with their matched controls.</p>

Studies concerning social consequences, gastrointestinal and urinary tract symptoms were conducted in a population-based cohort comprising patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes and matched control persons. Three different questionnaires were sent by mail to diabetic patients and control persons. After a mean duration of 28.7±2.6 years, compared to the controls the diabetic patients showed an almost 10 times higher mortality, a lower employment rate and greater need for welfare benefits. These differences were mainly due to diabetic late complications. Education, housing conditions, life-style, civil state, alcohol and smoking habits were similar in the two groups. The prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms was significantly higher in the diabetic patients than in the controls, and this was found to be attributable to the female diabetic patients. Female diabetic patients had been treated with antibiotics for urinary tract infections more often than controls, they experienced more social problems than controls in daily life because of urinary tract problems and used clamps to prevent wetting more often than did controls. Body composition and bone mineral density were evaluated in parts of the cohort with long-standing type 1 diabetes and control persons in another population-based cohort comprising diabetic females aged 16-19 years with type 1 diabetes since childhood and matched controls. Besides a tendency to reduced abdominal fat mass in diabetic males, no difference was observed in fat mass, muscle mass or bone mineral density between the patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes and controls. Significant correlations were found between insulin dosage and whole body fat mass in diabetic females and between serum cholesterol levels and abdominal fat mass in diabetic males. The female adolescents had a higher body mass index than the controls, and their overweight was shown to consist almost entirely of an increased fat mass. The distribution of fat, expressed as abdominal-to-leg ratio, correlated significantly to HbA1c and daily dosage of insulin. Bone mineral density did not differ between the groups. IGF I was significantly lower both in patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes and in the adolescent diabetic females compared with their matched controls.

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) was initially identified as the causative factor of autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets. Further studies confirmed that FGF23 is predominantly expressed in the osteocytes and osteoblasts of bone and that circulating FGF23 acts on the kidney to inhibit renal phosphate reabsorption and 1,25(OH)2D3 hydroxylation. With the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), the kidneys become insufficient to maintain a normal systemic mineral homeostasis, resulting in various abnormalities of bone and mineral metabolism, generally referred to as Chronic Kidney Disease – Mineral and Bone Disorders (CKD-MBD). FGF23 increases early in the course of CKD in order to maintain normal serum phosphate levels; long before a significant increase in serum phosphate can be detected. Recent studies suggest that increased FGF23 levels are associated with progression of CKD, mortality, and the development of refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism. Because FGF23 is the very earliest marker of CKD-MBD, it is of particular interest to evaluate the relation between FGF23 and CKD-MBD abnormalities, in the setting of early CKD and also in individuals with normal renal function. In the present work, we show that FGF23 is linked to several dynamic measurements of vascular function, including endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, and atherosclerosis. FGF23 is also positively associated with left ventricular mass index and an increased risk of having left ventricular hypertrophy. All associations were independent of serum phosphate and were strengthened in subjects with diminished renal function. Furthermore, we found significant evidence for an association between higher FGF23 and increased fat mass and dyslipidemia, which could represent a novel pathway linking FGF23 to cardiovascular disease. Finally, we show that FGF23 is a significant predictor of future fracture risk. Although these associations could be reflecting the increased risk associated with hyperphosphatemia and calcitriol deficiency, current evidence points towards FGF23 being more than an innocent bystander. At the very least, FGF23 holds promise of being a bio-marker of cardiovascular status and phosphate-related toxicity both in CKD and in the general population, and might be a therapeutic target that could improve the fatal prognosis in CKD patients.

Global obesity is linked to chronic diseases including hypercholesterolemia, a cardiovascular disease risk factor, thus weight reduction in obesity is a key priority for combatting obesity. The cholesterol transporters ABCG5, ABCG8 and NPC1L1 mediate cholesterol trafficking across the intestinal wall, thus are important in regulating cholesterol metabolism and circulating levels. The objective of this study was to examine if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of cholesterol transporters ABCG5, ABCG8 and NPC1L1 are associated with changes in cholesterol synthesis and absorption and lipid parameters (LP) subsequent to weight loss (WtL) in overweight individuals. Eighty-nine individuals from two WtL trials (Trial A (n = 54) and Trial B (n = 35)) completed a 20-wk WtL period. After 10% WtL, lipid parameters excluding LDL-C were improved in Trial A, while all lipid parameters were ameliorated after 12% of WtL when Trial A and B were combined. Post-WtL, cholesterol synthesis (CS) was reduced; however, cholesterol absorption was not changed in either Trial A or the combined trials. Polymorphisms in ABCG8 V632A were associated with changes in TC and TG levels after WtL in both trial A and the combined data. SNPs in ABCG5 Q604E, ABCG8 T400K, were associated with changes in CS because of WtL in Trial A; however, the association is no longer seen in combined analysis. In conclusion, cardio-protective changes in LP due to weight loss were mediated by reductions in CS. Additionally, polymorphisms in ABCG8 were associated with amelioration in LP after WtL. Thus, the benefits in CVD risk subsequent to weight loss vary across individuals due to genetic factors associated with cholesterol trafficking.

Global obesity is linked to chronic diseases including hypercholesterolemia, a cardiovascular disease risk factor, thus weight reduction in obesity is a key priority for combatting obesity. The cholesterol transporters ABCG5, ABCG8 and NPC1L1 mediate cholesterol trafficking across the intestinal wall, thus are important in regulating cholesterol metabolism and circulating levels. The objective of this study was to examine if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of cholesterol transporters ABCG5, ABCG8 and NPC1L1 are associated with changes in cholesterol synthesis and absorption and lipid parameters (LP) subsequent to weight loss (WtL) in overweight individuals. Eighty-nine individuals from two WtL trials (Trial A (n = 54) and Trial B (n = 35)) completed a 20-wk WtL period. After 10% WtL, lipid parameters excluding LDL-C were improved in Trial A, while all lipid parameters were ameliorated after 12% of WtL when Trial A and B were combined. Post-WtL, cholesterol synthesis (CS) was reduced; however, cholesterol absorption was not changed in either Trial A or the combined trials. Polymorphisms in ABCG8 V632A were associated with changes in TC and TG levels after WtL in both trial A and the combined data. SNPs in ABCG5 Q604E, ABCG8 T400K, were associated with changes in CS because of WtL in Trial A; however, the association is no longer seen in combined analysis. In conclusion, cardio-protective changes in LP due to weight loss were mediated by reductions in CS. Additionally, polymorphisms in ABCG8 were associated with amelioration in LP after WtL. Thus, the benefits in CVD risk subsequent to weight loss vary across individuals due to genetic factors associated with cholesterol trafficking.

Title: Body composition in children with different movement programm Objectives: The main objektive of this work is analysis of body composition while using BIA method children of younger school age and consired differences in physical components with regard to different movement programm. Methodes: Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis device Bodystat 1500. Data was processed in Microsoft Excel. Followed parameters are the percentage of body fat, the absolute amount of fat-free mass in kg, the proportion of total body water. The research participated in total 75 probands agend 10-11 years of average height 147,7 cm and weight 42,1 kg. The research includes regularly training 25 children from RC Mountfield Říčany (training 3 times a week + 2x physical education) with a medium to hight intensity exersice of 360 minutes per week, regularly training 25 children from Říčany Fight Club (2x weekly training + 2x physical education) with a medium to hight intensity exersice of 270 minutes per week and 25 children from the Nemo Říčany Elementary School where the physical education 90 minutes per week. The research group is made up of boys only, because girl with a higher percentage of total body fat have a higher BFM then boys. Results: The average proportion of body fat in boys...

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