The dramatic rise in health care and economic costs as well as increases in morbidity and mortality related to lifestyle behaviors and non-communicable diseases have resulted in an increasing emphasis on research and intervention initiatives aimed at primary prevention. As there is growing evidence that the antecedents of adult diseases such as obesity and osteoporosis have roots in early childhood, physical activity interventions in early childhood (4 to 6 years of age), which has been identified as a critical period, may influence the development of fat and bone mass at this young age and have a potential impact on adolescent and young adult health status and thus improve population health. The intent of this study was to investigate the effects of structured physical activity, specifically early involvement in gymnastics, on early childhood body composition development.<P>Sixty three (25 male and 38 female) 4 to 6 year old children participating in gymnastics programs were compared to 95 control (49 male and 46 female) children. Anthropometric measurements included height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, and skinfold thickness. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure whole body bone density and fat mass. Physical activity, physical inactivity, dietary intake, and birth weight of the participants as well as parental heights and weights were also obtained. <P>No significant differences were found, at any age, between the groups in height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, skinfold thickness, physical activity, physical inactivity, dietary intakes, and birth weight or in parental heights and weights (p>0.05). Additionally, there were no significant differences in fat and bone parameters once the confounders of age and size were controlled (p>0.05). <P>This investigation found that young children entering a gymnastics program did not differ in either bone mass or fat mass compared to controls. This was surprising as differences in these parameters have been found in adolescent gymnasts. Thus my results indicate that the potential effects of gymnastics training may have not yet manifested themselves. To answer this question longitudinal measures are required to ascertain whether the body composition differences observed in adolescent gymnasts are due to prolonged exposure to gymnastics involvement.

Being able to effectively match energy intake to energy expenditure (EE) is an important aspect in preventing weight re-gain in the post-obese. Although it is generally agreed upon that resting EE decreases concomitantly with weight loss, there is no set standard comparing the deviations with differing weight loss protocols and additionally, controversy remains as to whether this decrease is greater than can predicted. In order to address these issues 2977 subjects were analyzed using a systematic review and the differences of both the protocol and length of various interventions in addition to sex were compared. Next, data was selected from this systematic review and 815 subjects were analyzed for weight loss-induced changes in resting EE, FM and FFM. Another subgroup of studies (n = 1450) was analyzed and compared against the Harris-Benedict prediction equation to determine whether the changes in resting EE were greater than what was expected. Finally, in order to determine which factors may be involved in regulating changes in resting EE during weight loss, a secondary analysis was performed on 28 post-menopausal women (age= 50.4 ± 2.0 yrs; BMI= 32.4 ± 5.2 kg/m²) who were submitted to a 6-month caloric restriction. Body composition (DXA), resting EE (indirect calorimetry), physical activity EE (PAEE) and total EE (TEE) (doubly-labelled water) were measured before and after the 6 month weight loss. Blood samples were collected before and after to measure leptin and peptide YY. The results indicate that there was indeed a depression in resting EE during weight loss regardless of the type of intervention utilized. Furthermore, these findings suggest that the changes could not fully be explained by changes of FM and FFM alone and that leptin may be an important contributor to the changes of resting EE during weight loss.

The dramatic rise in health care and economic costs as well as increases in morbidity and mortality related to lifestyle behaviors and non-communicable diseases have resulted in an increasing emphasis on research and intervention initiatives aimed at primary prevention. As there is growing evidence that the antecedents of adult diseases such as obesity and osteoporosis have roots in early childhood, physical activity interventions in early childhood (4 to 6 years of age), which has been identified as a critical period, may influence the development of fat and bone mass at this young age and have a potential impact on adolescent and young adult health status and thus improve population health. The intent of this study was to investigate the effects of structured physical activity, specifically early involvement in gymnastics, on early childhood body composition development.<P>Sixty three (25 male and 38 female) 4 to 6 year old children participating in gymnastics programs were compared to 95 control (49 male and 46 female) children. Anthropometric measurements included height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, and skinfold thickness. Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure whole body bone density and fat mass. Physical activity, physical inactivity, dietary intake, and birth weight of the participants as well as parental heights and weights were also obtained. <P>No significant differences were found, at any age, between the groups in height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, skinfold thickness, physical activity, physical inactivity, dietary intakes, and birth weight or in parental heights and weights (p>0.05). Additionally, there were no significant differences in fat and bone parameters once the confounders of age and size were controlled (p>0.05). <P>This investigation found that young children entering a gymnastics program did not differ in either bone mass or fat mass compared to controls. This was surprising as differences in these parameters have been found in adolescent gymnasts. Thus my results indicate that the potential effects of gymnastics training may have not yet manifested themselves. To answer this question longitudinal measures are required to ascertain whether the body composition differences observed in adolescent gymnasts are due to prolonged exposure to gymnastics involvement.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the Western World, although the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) has declined over the last decades. However, obesity, which is one of the most important risk factors for CVD, is increasingly common. Osteoporosis is also on the rise because of an aging population. Based on considerable overlap in the prevalence of CVD and osteoporosis, a shared etiology has been proposed. Furthermore, the possibility of interplay between the skeleton and adipose tissue has received increasing attention the last few years with the discovery that leptin can influence bone metabolism and that osteocalcin can influence adipose tissue. A main aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of fat mass distribution and bone mineral density on the risk of MI. Using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) we measured 592 men and women for regional fat mass in study I. In study II this was expanded to include 3258 men and women. In study III 6872 men and women had their bone mineral density measured in the total hip and femoral neck using DEXA. We found that a fat mass distribution with a higher proportion of abdominal fat mass was associated with both an adverse risk factor profile and an increased risk of MI. In contrast, a higher gynoid fat mass distribution was associated with a more favorable risk factor profile and a decreased risk of MI, highlighting the different properties of abdominal and gynoid fat depots (study I-II). In study III, we investigated the association of bone mineral density and risk factors shared between CVD and osteoporosis, and risk of MI. We found that lower bone mineral density was associated with hypertension, and also tended to be associated to other CVD risk factors. Low bone mineral density was associated with an increased risk of MI in both men and women, apparently independently of the risk factors studied (study III). In study IV, we investigated 50 healthy, young men to determine if a high-impact loading intervention in the form of a series of jumps would lead to changes in glucose and lipid metabolism. We found that the intervention group had significantly lowered serum glucose levels compared to the control group. Changes in all metabolic parameters favored the intervention group with an increase in lipolysis from baseline and a decrease in cholesterol. In summary, the proportion of abdominal and gynoid fat mass displayed contrasting associations to both CVD risk factors and MI risk. Abdominal fat mass was associated with a higher risk while a high proportion of gynoid fat mass was associated with a lower risk. Bone mineral density displayed an inverse association with MI risk, seemingly independently of CVD risk factors, suggesting other explanations to a shared pathogenesis. Finally, high impact loading on the skeleton in young, healthy men decreased serum glucose levels and tended to improve other metabolic parameters, suggesting that the skeleton can affect energy metabolism.

Tyrimo probleminis klausimas: ar laisvalaikiu sportuojančių moterų mityba yra sveikesnė nei nesportuojančių ir ar yra ryšys tarp laisvalaikiu sportuojančių moterų kūno kompozicijos ir maisto raciono. Tyrimo objektas – laisvalaikiu sportuojančių ir nesportuojančių moterų kai kurie kūno kompozicijos rodikliai ir mitybos ypatumai. Tiriamojo darbo tikslas buvo nustatyti laisvalaikiu sportuojančių ir nesportuojančių moterų mitybos ypatumus bei sąsają su riebaline kūno mase. Iškėlėme tokius darbo uždavinius: 1. Įvertinti tiriamųjų kai kuriuos kūno kompozicijos rodiklius (riebalines odos raukšles, KMI, riebalinę kūno masę) bei palyginti juos tarp laisvalaikiu sportuojančių ir nesportuojančių moterų. 2. Įvertinti laisvalaikiu sportuojančių ir nesportuojančių moterų mitybos ypatumus bei juos palyginti. 3. Įvertinti laisvalaikiu sportuojančių moterų mitybos sąsają su riebaline kūno mase. Tyrimo metodai – literatūros apžvalga, antropometriniai matavimai, kūno riebalinės masės procentinis apskaičiavimas, anketinė apklausa, mitybos raciono apklausa, analizė ir matematinė statistika. Tyrimo organizavimas: mūsų tyrimas buvo pradėtas vykdyti 2011 metų gegužės mėnesį, o baigtas – 2012 sausio mėnesį. Tyrimo eigos metu vyko tiriamųjų pasirinkimas, supažindinimas su tyrimo tikslais, metodais. Šiame tyrime dalyvavo dvi tiriamųjų moterų grupės – sportuojančios ir nesportuojančios. Laisvalaikiu sportuojančių moterų grupė buvo iš n=50 tiriamųjų, kurių amžius 25±5 metai. Nesportuojančių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Research problem question: whether leisure exercising women’s nutrition is healthier than unexercising women’s, and whether there is a connection between leisure exercising women’s body composition and diet. The object of research – some of leisure exercising women’s and not exercising women’s body composition details and their nutrition habits. The aim of the study was to determine the connection between the leisure exercising and not exercising women's nutrition peculiarities and their body fat mass. We set the following tasks: 1. To evaluate the research of some indicators of body composition (fat skin folds, BMI, fat body mass) and to compare them among recreational athletes and untrained women. 2. To rate leisure exercising women's and not exercising women's feeding habits and compare them. 3. To rate connection between leisure exercising women’s nutrition and body fat mass. Research methods - review of literature, anthropometric measurements, body fat mass percentage calculation, a questionnaire of nutrition, analysis and mathematical statistics. Research organization: our investigation was launched in 2011 May and completed - 2012 January. During the study course we selected objects, introduced them to research methods. There were two groups of women - leisure exercising (50) aged 25 ± 5 years and not exercising (30) age 24 ± 5 years. After this study, we made the following conclusions: 1. In both groups, leisure exercising and unexercising women, body mass... [to full text]

Being able to effectively match energy intake to energy expenditure (EE) is an important aspect in preventing weight re-gain in the post-obese. Although it is generally agreed upon that resting EE decreases concomitantly with weight loss, there is no set standard comparing the deviations with differing weight loss protocols and additionally, controversy remains as to whether this decrease is greater than can predicted. In order to address these issues 2977 subjects were analyzed using a systematic review and the differences of both the protocol and length of various interventions in addition to sex were compared. Next, data was selected from this systematic review and 815 subjects were analyzed for weight loss-induced changes in resting EE, FM and FFM. Another subgroup of studies (n = 1450) was analyzed and compared against the Harris-Benedict prediction equation to determine whether the changes in resting EE were greater than what was expected. Finally, in order to determine which factors may be involved in regulating changes in resting EE during weight loss, a secondary analysis was performed on 28 post-menopausal women (age= 50.4 ± 2.0 yrs; BMI= 32.4 ± 5.2 kg/m²) who were submitted to a 6-month caloric restriction. Body composition (DXA), resting EE (indirect calorimetry), physical activity EE (PAEE) and total EE (TEE) (doubly-labelled water) were measured before and after the 6 month weight loss. Blood samples were collected before and after to measure leptin and peptide YY. The results indicate that there was indeed a depression in resting EE during weight loss regardless of the type of intervention utilized. Furthermore, these findings suggest that the changes could not fully be explained by changes of FM and FFM alone and that leptin may be an important contributor to the changes of resting EE during weight loss.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:02:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 brunetto_ma_dr_jabo.pdf: 3892215 bytes, checksum: 28d3da2d4850b5fc4716adca9b80b1a3 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O aumento dos depósitos corporais de gordura está relacionado com profundas alterações de algumas funções fisiológicas que podem resultar em redução da tolerância à glicose e resistência insulínica. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da perda de peso sobre parâmetros bioquímicos, metabólicos, hormonais e de composição corporal em cães naturalmente obesos, em fase estática a pelo menos 12 meses e após a perda de 20% de peso corporal em comparação com um grupo de cães em condição corporal ideal. O grupo 1 (G1) foi composto por 10 cães obesos com escore de condição corporal igual ou superior a 9 e com porcentagem de gordura corporal média igual a 45,72 ± 1,51%. O grupo 2 (G2) foi composto pelos cães do G1 após a perda de 20% do peso inicial, que passou a apresentar 33,53 ± 1,92% de massa gorda (p<0,001). No grupo 3 (G3), foram incluídos 10 cães da raça beagle, com escore de condição corporal entre 4 e 5, com porcentagem de gordura corporal média igual a 18,36 ± 1,38% (p<0,01). A tolerância à glicose e a sensibilidade insulínica foram avaliados através do teste intravenoso de tolerância à glicose (TIVTG) e pelo teste pós-prandial de glicose e insulina (TPPGI) nos três grupos experimentais. A interação entre tempo e tratamento (grupo experimental) foi significativa para a glicemia (p<0,05), sendo diferentes os grupos G1 x G3 e G2 apresentou valores de glicemia intermediários nos dois testes. No TIVTG, o pico da glicemia nos três grupos experimentais foi observado logo no primeiro minuto após a infusão da glicose. Nos tempos 1,0; 2,5 e 5,0 minutos os valores de glicemia foram estatisticamente menores para G3 em relação à G1. No TPPGI os G1 e G2 apresentaram secreção tardia de insulina, evidenciado por maior área abaixo da curva da insulina no intervalo de 60-360 minutos. Os animais obesos (G1) apresentaram maiores concentrações... / The increase of fat corporal deposits is related with deep alterations of some physiologic functions, which can result in reduction of glucose tolerance and insulin resistance. The present study intended to evaluate the effects of weight loss over different biochemical, metabolic, hormonal and corporal composition parameters in dogs naturally obese, in static phase for at least 12 months, and to compare them after loss of 20% of corporal weight with a group of dogs in ideal corporal condition. The group 1 (G1) was composed by 10 obese dogs with body condition score equal or superior to 9 and with mean corporal fat percentage equal to 45.72 ± 1.51%. Group 2 (G2) was composed by the dogs of G1 after loss of 20% of initial weight, presenting at this moment 33.53 ± 1.92% of corporal fat (p<0.001). In group 3 (G3), 10 beagle dogs were included, with body condition score between 4 and 5, mean percentage of corporal fat equal to 18.36 ± 1.38% (p<0.01). Glucose tolerance and insulin sensibility were measured in the three groups through intravenous glucose tolerance test (TIVTG) and glucose and insulin postprandial test (TPPGI). The interaction between time and treatment (experimental group) was significant for the glycemia (p <0.05), being different the groups G1 x G3 and G2 presented intermediate glycemia values in both tests. In TIVTG, the glycemic peak in the three experimental groups was observed in the first minute after the infusion of glucose. In moments 1.0; 2.5 and 5.0 minutes glycemia values were statistically lower to G3 in comparison to G1. In TPPGI the G1 and G2 groups presented later secretion of insulin, demonstrated for bigger insulin under the curve area from times 60-360 minutes. Obese animals (G1) presented higher serum concentrations of circulating adipokines, leptin, TNF- α and IL-6 than G3 and these values were significantly reduced after weight loss

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-07-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:11:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 goncalves_knv_me_jabo.pdf: 364428 bytes, checksum: 4730420dbed16e8bcb8f8987f199bad9 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as alterações conseqüentes à obesidade e avaliar as modificações decorrentes da perda de peso sobre o metabolismo de glicose e insulina em gatos. Nove gatos obesos (G1), com 39% de massa gorda (MG), foram submetidos ao teste de tolerância à glicose intravenoso (TTGIV). Esses mesmos animais após perda de 20% de peso corporal, apresentando 27% de MG, foram submetidos às mesmas avaliações (G2). Um outro grupo experimental composto por nove gatos magros, que nunca foram obesos (22% de MG), foi utilizado como grupo controle (G3). As comparações entre G1 e G2 foram feitas pelo teste t-Student para dados pareados, para G1 versus G3 e G2 versus G3 empregou-se o teste t-Student para dados não pareados (p<0,05). Regressões lineares foram estabelecidas entre massa gorda (MG) e os parâmetros glicêmicos e insulínicos Os animais obesos (G1) apresentaram maior glicemia que G2 e G3 entre os tempos 2,5 e 45minutos (p<0,05). A área abaixo da curva (AAC) de glicose total (0-120) de G1 foi maior (p<0,05) que a de G2 e G3. Por outro lado na segunda hora (60-120) G2 apresentou menor AAC em relação à G1 e G3 (p<0,05). A insulinemia de G1 foi maior que a de G2 aos 45 minutos e que as de G2 e G3 aos 60 minutos (p<0,05). A AAC do incremento de insulina na segunda hora (60-120) observada em G3 foi inferior (p<0,05) à G1 e semelhante à G2 (p>0,05). As equações geradas a partir das regressões lineares obtidas demonstraram a influência positiva e significativa da MG sobre a concentração de glicose e a secreção de insulina. A perda de 20% de PC promoveu melhora nas respostas glicêmicas e insulínicas, mas diferenças entre os gatos que emagreceram e os que nunca foram gordos persistiram, como maior insulinemia aos 45 minutos e menor glicemia na segunda hora do teste. / The objective of this research was to study the alterations brought by obesity and evaluate the modifications due to weight loss over the metabolism of glucose and insulin in cats. Nine obese cats (G1), with 39% fat mass (FM), where submitted to the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). These same animals, after 20% weight loss, presenting 27% of fat, where submitted to the same evaluation (G2). One other experimental group composed by nine lean cats, that where never obese (22% of FM), where used for the control group (G3). The comparisons between G1 and G2 where made by the t-student test for paired data. For G1 versus G3 and G2 versus G3 the t-student test for unpaired data were applied (p<0,05). Linear regressions were made between FM and the glycemic and insulinic parameters. The obese animals (G1) presented greater glycemia then G2 and G3 between times 2,5 and 45 minutes (p<0,05). The area under the glucose curve (AUC) of G1 was bigger (p<0,05) then G2 and G3. The insulin of G1 was bigger then G2 at 45 minutes and bigger then G2 and G3 at 60 minutes (p<0,05). The AUC of the increment of insulin in the second hour (60-120) observed on G3 was less than (p<0,05) G1 and similar to G2 (p>0,05). The equations generated from the linear regressions demonstrated the positive and significance influence of the FM over a concentration of glucose and insulin secretion. The loss of 20% of weight promoted a better glycemic and insulinic responses, but the difference between cats that lost weight and that were never fat persisted such as greater insulinemia at 45 minutes and minor glycemia on the second hour of the test.

Resumo: Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as alterações conseqüentes à obesidade e avaliar as modificações decorrentes da perda de peso sobre o metabolismo de glicose e insulina em gatos. Nove gatos obesos (G1), com 39% de massa gorda (MG), foram submetidos ao teste de tolerância à glicose intravenoso (TTGIV). Esses mesmos animais após perda de 20% de peso corporal, apresentando 27% de MG, foram submetidos às mesmas avaliações (G2). Um outro grupo experimental composto por nove gatos magros, que nunca foram obesos (22% de MG), foi utilizado como grupo controle (G3). As comparações entre G1 e G2 foram feitas pelo teste t-Student para dados pareados, para G1 versus G3 e G2 versus G3 empregou-se o teste t-Student para dados não pareados (p<0,05). Regressões lineares foram estabelecidas entre massa gorda (MG) e os parâmetros glicêmicos e insulínicos Os animais obesos (G1) apresentaram maior glicemia que G2 e G3 entre os tempos 2,5 e 45minutos (p<0,05). A área abaixo da curva (AAC) de glicose total (0-120) de G1 foi maior (p<0,05) que a de G2 e G3. Por outro lado na segunda hora (60-120) G2 apresentou menor AAC em relação à G1 e G3 (p<0,05). A insulinemia de G1 foi maior que a de G2 aos 45 minutos e que as de G2 e G3 aos 60 minutos (p<0,05). A AAC do incremento de insulina na segunda hora (60-120) observada em G3 foi inferior (p<0,05) à G1 e semelhante à G2 (p>0,05). As equações geradas a partir das regressões lineares obtidas demonstraram a influência positiva e significativa da MG sobre a concentração de glicose e a secreção de insulina. A perda de 20% de PC promoveu melhora nas respostas glicêmicas e insulínicas, mas diferenças entre os gatos que emagreceram e os que nunca foram gordos persistiram, como maior insulinemia aos 45 minutos e menor glicemia na segunda hora do teste. / Abstract: The objective of this research was to study the alterations brought by obesity and evaluate the modifications due to weight loss over the metabolism of glucose and insulin in cats. Nine obese cats (G1), with 39% fat mass (FM), where submitted to the intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT). These same animals, after 20% weight loss, presenting 27% of fat, where submitted to the same evaluation (G2). One other experimental group composed by nine lean cats, that where never obese (22% of FM), where used for the control group (G3). The comparisons between G1 and G2 where made by the t-student test for paired data. For G1 versus G3 and G2 versus G3 the t-student test for unpaired data were applied (p<0,05). Linear regressions were made between FM and the glycemic and insulinic parameters. The obese animals (G1) presented greater glycemia then G2 and G3 between times 2,5 and 45 minutes (p<0,05). The area under the glucose curve (AUC) of G1 was bigger (p<0,05) then G2 and G3. The insulin of G1 was bigger then G2 at 45 minutes and bigger then G2 and G3 at 60 minutes (p<0,05). The AUC of the increment of insulin in the second hour (60-120) observed on G3 was less than (p<0,05) G1 and similar to G2 (p>0,05). The equations generated from the linear regressions demonstrated the positive and significance influence of the FM over a concentration of glucose and insulin secretion. The loss of 20% of weight promoted a better glycemic and insulinic responses, but the difference between cats that lost weight and that were never fat persisted such as greater insulinemia at 45 minutes and minor glycemia on the second hour of the test. / Orientador: Flávio Prada / Coorientador: Aulus Cavalieri Carciofi / Banca: Elisabeth Criscuolo Urbinati / Banca: Arquivaldo Reche Júnior / Mestre

Being able to effectively match energy intake to energy expenditure (EE) is an important aspect in preventing weight re-gain in the post-obese. Although it is generally agreed upon that resting EE decreases concomitantly with weight loss, there is no set standard comparing the deviations with differing weight loss protocols and additionally, controversy remains as to whether this decrease is greater than can predicted. In order to address these issues 2977 subjects were analyzed using a systematic review and the differences of both the protocol and length of various interventions in addition to sex were compared. Next, data was selected from this systematic review and 815 subjects were analyzed for weight loss-induced changes in resting EE, FM and FFM. Another subgroup of studies (n = 1450) was analyzed and compared against the Harris-Benedict prediction equation to determine whether the changes in resting EE were greater than what was expected. Finally, in order to determine which factors may be involved in regulating changes in resting EE during weight loss, a secondary analysis was performed on 28 post-menopausal women (age= 50.4 ± 2.0 yrs; BMI= 32.4 ± 5.2 kg/m²) who were submitted to a 6-month caloric restriction. Body composition (DXA), resting EE (indirect calorimetry), physical activity EE (PAEE) and total EE (TEE) (doubly-labelled water) were measured before and after the 6 month weight loss. Blood samples were collected before and after to measure leptin and peptide YY. The results indicate that there was indeed a depression in resting EE during weight loss regardless of the type of intervention utilized. Furthermore, these findings suggest that the changes could not fully be explained by changes of FM and FFM alone and that leptin may be an important contributor to the changes of resting EE during weight loss.