On chip Built In Self Test (BIST) is a cost-effective test methodology for highly complex VLSI devices like Systems On Chip (SoC). This work deals with cost-effective BIST methods and Test Pattern Generation (TPG) schemes in BIST for fault detection and diagnosis of analog circuits. Fault-based testing is used in analog domain due to the applicable test methods/ techniques being general and cost-effective. We propose a novel test method causing the Device Under Test (DUT) to saturate or get out of saturation to detect a fault with simple detection hardware. The proposed test method is best suited for use of existing building blocks in Systems-on-Chip (SoC) for implementation of an on-chip test signal generator and test response analyzer. Test generation for a fault in analog circuit is a compute intensive task. A good test generator produces a highly compact test set with less computational effort without trading the fault coverage. In this context, three new test generation methods viz., MultiDetect, ExpoTan, and MultiDiag for testing analog circuits are presented in this thesis. Testing of analog blocks based on circuit transfer function makes the proposed ATPG methods as general-purpose methods for all kinds of LTI circuits. The principle of MultiDetect method, (i.e., selecting a test signal for which the output amplitude difference between good and faulty circuits is minimum when compared to other test signals in an initial test set), helps in the generation of high quality compacted test set with less fault simulations. The experimental results show that the testing of LTI circuits using MultiDetect technique for the benchmark circuits achieves the required fault coverage with much shorter testing time. The generated test set with MultiDetect method can effectively detect both soft and hard faults and does not require any precision analog signal sources or signal measurement circuits when implemented as Built In Self Test (BIST). Test generation for a list of faults and test set compaction are two different phases in an ATPG process. To build an efficient ATPG, these two phases need to be combined with a technique such that the generated test set is highly compact and efficient with less fault simulations. In this context, a novel test set selection technique known as ExpoTan for testing Linear Time Invariant (LTI) circuits is also presented in this thesis. The test generation problem is formulated with tan-1( ) and exponential functions for identification of a test signal with maximum fault coverage. Identification of a sinusoid that detects more faults results in an optimized test signal set. Fault diagnosis and fault location in analog circuits are of fundamental importance for design validation and prototype characterization in order to improve yield through design modification. In this context, we propose a procedure viz., MultiDiag for generation of a test set for analog fault diagnosis. The analog test generation methods, viz., Max, Rand, and MultiDetect etc., which are based on sensitivity analysis, may fail at times to identify a test signal for locating a fault; because the search for a test signal using these test generation methods is restricted to the limited test signals set. But, the MultiDiag method definitely identifies a test signal, if one exists, for locating a fault.

Beim Entwurf großer Netzwerke der Automation ermöglichen Methoden der Leistungsbewertung den Test und die Dimensionierung eines Netzwerkes bereits vor der Inbetriebnahme und erlauben damit einen effizienten, qualitätsorientierten Entwurf. Es ist jedoch sehr wissensintensiv und aufwendig, entsprechende Analyse- oder Simulations-Modelle aufzustellen und die Ergebnisse auszuwerten, weshalb die Methoden in der Praxis der Automation selten verwendet werden. Viel vertrauter sind dem Entwerfer hingegen die speziellen Software-Tools, mit denen in der Automation Netzwerke entworfen werden. Auf Basis der Datenbanken dieser Tools werden in dieser Arbeit verschieden Verfahren zur automatischen Systemmodellierung, Verkehrsmodellierung, Leistungsbewertung und Fehlerdiagnose zu einem Control Network Performance Engineering kombiniert, welches die Qualitätsbewertung und -beratung nahtlos und ohne Mehraufwand in den Netzwerkentwurf integriert. (Die Dissertation wurde veröffentlicht im Jörg Vogt Verlag, Voglerstr. 20, 01277 Dresden, Internet: http://www.vogtverlag.de/, email: info@vogtverlag.de, ISBN 978-3-938860-10-6) / During the design of large automation networks, performance analysis methods can be used for testing and dimensioning the network before implementation and are essential for an efficient and reliable design process. However, setting up the necessary analytical or simulative models is time-consuming, requires in-depth knowledge, and is therefore often not applicable in practice. The network designers are much more used to the design tools used to develop automation networks. Based on these tools' databases various methods for automated system and traffic modeling, performance analysis and diagnoses are combined in the control network performance engineering that seamlessly integrates quality analysis and consulting into network design without requiring additional effort. (This manuscript is also available - in the form of a book - from Jörg Vogt Verlag, Voglerstr. 20, 01277 Dresden, Germany world-wide web address: http://www.vogtverlag.de/, electronic-mail address: info@vogtverlag.de, ISBN 978-3-938860-10-6 )

The performance of a model-based diagnosis system could be affected by several uncertainty sources, such as,model errors,uncertainty in measurements, and disturbances. This uncertainty can be handled by mean of interval models.The aim of this thesis is to propose a methodology for fault detection, isolation and identification based on interval models. The methodology includes some algorithms to obtain in an automatic way the symbolic expression of the residual generators enhancing the structural isolability of the faults, in order to design the fault detection tests. These algorithms are based on the structural model of the system. The stages of fault detection, isolation, and identification are stated as constraint satisfaction problems in continuous domains and solved by means of interval based consistency techniques. The qualitative fault isolation is enhanced by a reasoning in which the signs of the symptoms are derived from analytical redundancy relations or bond graph models of the system. An initial and empirical analysis regarding the differences between interval-based and statistical-based techniques is presented in this thesis. The performance and efficiency of the contributions are illustrated through several application examples, covering different levels of complexity. / ENLas prestaciones de un sistema de diagnosis basado en modelos se pueden ver afectadas por fuentes de incertidumbre como los errores en el modelo,la incertidumbre en las medidas y las perturbaciones.Esta incertidumbre se puede tratar mediante modelos intervalares.Esta tesis propone una metodología de detección, aislamiento e identificación de fallos basada en modelos intervalares. La metodología incluye algoritmos para obtener de manera automática la expresión simbólica de los generadores de residuos mejorando la aislabilidad estructural de los fallos. Estos algoritmos se basan en el modelo estructural del sistema.Las etapas de detección, aislamiento, e identificación de fallos se representan como problemas de satisfacción de restricciones en dominios continuos y se resuelven por medio de técnicas de consistencia basadas en intervalos.Una mejora en el aislamiento cualitativo de los fallos se obtiene por razonamiento con los signos de los síntomas, que se obtienen de relaciones de redundancia analítica o de modelos bond graph del sistema.Esta tesis también presenta un análisis empírico inicial de las diferencias entre las técnicas basadas en intervalos y las basadas en técnicas estadísticas.Las prestaciones y la eficiencia de las contribuciones de la tesis se ilustran a través de unos cuantos ejemplos de aplicación, que cubren diferentes niveles de complejidad.

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή πραγματεύεται τη λειτουργική συμπεριφορά μιας σύγχρονης μηχανής με έκτυπους πόλους κατά τη διάρκεια δύο ειδών σφαλμάτων, τα οποία παρουσιάζονται παρακάτω, για τις δύο συνθήκες σύνδεσης μίας σύγχρονης γεννήτριας με το δίκτυο. Ειδικότερα, μελετήθηκε η περίπτωση βραχυκυκλώματος στην τροφοδοσία του τυλίγματος διέγερσης της σύγχρονης μηχανής όταν είναι συνδεδεμένη σε ισχυρό δίκτυο και είτε ο αριθμός στροφών αυτής διατηρείται απόλυτα σταθερός, είτε ένας ελεγκτής τη συγκρατεί στο σύγχρονο αριθμό στροφών. Ακόμη διερευνήθηκε η περίπτωση εσωτερικού σφάλματος στο τύλιγμα του στάτη για τις δύο προαναφερθείσες περιπτώσεις. Υπολογίστηκαν και μελετήθηκαν η ηλεκτρομαγνητική ροπή και η μαγνητική επαγωγή κατά τη διάρκεια κάθε φαινομένου, καθώς επίσης τα ρεύματα σε δρομέα και στάτη συμπεριλαμβανομένων των ρευμάτων στον κλωβό απόσβεσης και του ρεύματος βραχυκύκλωσης σε τμήματα του τυλίγματος του στάτη. Αρχικά, περιγράφεται αναλυτικά ο τρόπος με τον οποίο μοντελοποιήθηκε η σύγχρονη γεννήτρια με έκτυπους πόλους, ενώ παράλληλα αναλύεται η μέθοδος με την οποία μοντελοποιήθηκαν τα σφάλματα σε στάτη και δρομέα και ο τρόπος με τον οποίο προσομοιώθηκε στο πρόγραμμα πεπερασμένων στοιχείων ο παραλληλισμός της μηχανής στο δίκτυο παροχής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας. Στη συνέχεια, γίνεται αναφορά στον τρόπο με τον οποίο ορίζονται οι περιοχές του μοντέλου, οι εξισώσεις που επιλύει το πρόγραμμα πεπερασμένων στοιχείων για την εξαγωγή των αποτελεσμάτων, ο ορισμός των οριακών συνθηκών και τέλος περιγράφεται η εφαρμογή της μεθόδου πεπερασμένου στοιχείων που εφαρμόσθηκε στο συγκεκριμένο μοντέλο. Έπειτα προσομοιώθηκε η περίπτωση βραχυκυκλώματος στην τροφοδοσία του τυλίγματος διέγερσης, καθώς ο στάτης της σύγχρονης μηχανής είναι συνδεδεμένος σε ισχυρό δίκτυο με το δρομέα να στρέφεται με σταθερό αριθμό στροφών. Κατά τη διάρκεια του σφάλματος πραγματοποιείται λεπτομερής καταγραφή της μαγνητικής επαγωγής και της ηλεκτρομαγνητικής ροπής, καθώς και όλων των ρευμάτων στο τύλιγμα στάτη και δρομέα. Προκύπτουν χρήσιμα συμπεράσματα για τη συμπεριφορά της μηχανής σε όλη τη διάρκεια του σφάλματος και καταγράφονται τα ηλεκτρομαγνητικά μεγέθη και γίνεται αξιολόγηση της συμπεριφοράς της κατά τη διάρκεια αυτού του μεταβατικού φαινομένου. Ακόμη, εξετάζεται η ίδια περίπτωση σφάλματος στο τύλιγμα διέγερσης, αλλά ο αριθμός στροφών του δρομέα διατηρείται σταθερός μέσω ενός ελεγκτή στροφών. Παρατηρείται ότι η συμπεριφορά της μηχανής αλλά και όλα τα ηλεκτρομαγνητικά μεγέθη αυτής είναι τελείως διαφορετικά συγκρινόμενα με την προηγούμενη περίπτωση. Στη συνέχεια αυτής της διδακτορικής διατριβής εξετάζεται η συμπεριφορά της σύγχρονης μηχανής στην περίπτωση εσωτερικού βραχυκυκλώματος στο τύλιγμα του στάτη, καθώς είναι συνδεδεμένη σε ισχυρό δίκτυο με το δρομέα να στρέφεται με σταθερό αριθμό στροφών. Αναλυτικότερα, μελετώνται τα ρεύματα στο τύλιγμα του δρομέα καθώς και στο τύλιγμα του στάτη για βραχυκύκλωμα μεταξύ σπειρών που ανήκουν σε ίδια ή διαφορετική φάση. Υπολογίζεται το ρεύμα βραχυκύκλωσης και μελετάται ο τρόπος που επηρεάζει τα φασικά ρεύματα του στάτη τόσο ποσοτικά όσο και ποιοτικά. Επίσης, αναλύονται τα ρεύματα στον κλωβό απόσβεσης και μελετάται η συμπεριφορά τους κατά τη διάρκεια του βραχυκυκλώματος. Η εισαγωγή ελέγχου στροφών μεταβάλει τη συμπεριφορά της σύγχρονης γεννήτριας και υπολογίζονται αναλυτικά τα ηλεκτρομαγνητικά μεγέθη της σύγχρονης μηχανής προκύπτοντας συμπεράσματα για τον τρόπο με τον οποίο το βραχυκυκλωμένο τύλιγμα επηρεάζει τα μεγέθη αυτά, ενώ παράλληλα καθορίζεται ο ρόλος που έχουν οι φάσεις που συμμετέχουν στο βραχυκύκλωμα. Τέλος, γίνεται μια σύντομη σύγκριση για το πόσο επηρεάζει ο αριθμός σπειρών τη συμπεριφορά της σύγχρονης μηχανής στην περίπτωση σφάλματος στο στάτη κατά την περίπτωση κατά την οποία η μηχανή είναι συνδεδεμένη σε ισχυρό δίκτυο με σταθερό τον αριθμό στροφών του δρομέα. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, αναλύονται τα ρεύματα σε στάτη και δρομέα καθώς και η ηλεκτρομαγνητική ροπή, για τις περιπτώσεις που οι βραχυκυκλωμένες σπείρες ανήκουν στην ίδια και διαφορετική φάση αλλά με διαφορετικό αριθμό βραχυκυκλωμένων σπειρών για κάθε περίπτωση. Προκύπτει το συμπέρασμα ότι καθοριστικό ρόλο στη διαμόρφωση των ηλεκτρομαγνητικών μεγεθών κατά τη διάρκεια του σφάλματος έχει ο αριθμός των βραχυκυκλωμένων σπειρών, ανεξάρτητα από τον αριθμό των φάσεων που συμμετέχουν στο βραχυκύκλωμα. / This thesis deals with the functional behavior of a salient pole synchronous generator during two kinds of short-circuits. In particular, we studied the case of short circuit in the supply of the excitation winding of the synchronous machine when it is connected to an infinite bus and either the rotor speed was absolutely constant, or a simple PI- Controller maintained the synchronous speed equal to the synchronous. Additionally, the case of an internal fault in the stator winding for the two cases mentioned above was investigated. The electromagnetic torque and the magnetic flux density in each case were calculated and studied, as well as the stator and rotor currents, including the damper cage, and the short-circuit current in the faulty loop of the stator winding. Firstly, it is described in detail the way in which the salient pole synchronous generator was modeled and it is analyzed the method by which the faults are modeled in both stator and rotor and the way these faults were simulated, in the finite element program. Additionally, it is presented the way in how the areas of the model are defined, the equations that were solved through finite element software, in order to extract the results, the definition of the boundary conditions and finally it is described the finite element method, which was applied to this specific model. The case of a short circuit in the supply of the field winding while the stator of the synchronous machine is connected to the grid and the rotor speed is held constant and equal to the synchronous one, is examined. During this fault the magnetic flux, the electromagnetic torque and all the stator and rotor currents are measured in detail. Useful conclusions about the behavior of the machine throughout this kind of short-circuit were derived, all the electromagnetic magnitudes were recorded and an assessment of the generator behavior during this transient phenomenon is made. Similarly, the same type of fault is analyzed, but the speed of the rotor is maintained constant through a speed controller. It is observed that the behavior of the machine and all the electromagnetic magnitudes are quite different compared to the previous case. In this dissertation is examined the behavior of the hydrogenerator in the case of an inter-turn short circuit in the stator winding, while it is connected to the grid with a constant rotor speed. Specifically, it is examined the currents in the rotor and the stator winding for a short circuit between turns that belong to the same or to different phases. The short circuit current is calculated and it is presented the way that it affects quantitative and qualitative the stator phase currents. It is also analyzed the damper currents and it is studied their behavior during the short circuit. The speed controller alters the behavior of the synchronous generator and all the electromagnetic magnitudes of this machine are analytically calculated, resulting significant conclusions on how the faulty loop affects these quantities, while it is set out the role of the participating phases in this short-circuit. Finally, a brief comparison of the way that the number of the shorted turns affects the behavior of the simulated machine in the case of an inter-turn stator fault, while it is connected to the grid with a fixed number of the rotor revolutions. Specifically, it is analyzed the stator and rotor currents and the electromagnetic torque, for the cases that the short-circuited turns belong either to the same or to different phases, but with different number of shorted turns. It is concluded that a key role in determining the electromagnetic magnitudes during this fault has the number of the short-circuited turns and not the number of the phases that are involved in the short circuit.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-01T14:25:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ADALBERTO GOMES TEIXEIRA JÚNIOR - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2015..pdf: 2611686 bytes, checksum: 6b9c4a2efc3946611ad0263328434bd1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-01T14:25:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ADALBERTO GOMES TEIXEIRA JÚNIOR - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2015..pdf: 2611686 bytes, checksum: 6b9c4a2efc3946611ad0263328434bd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07 / Capes / O som gerado por motores em funcionamento contém informações sobre seu estado e condições, tornando-se uma fonte importante para a avaliação de seu funcionamento sem a necessidade de intervenção no equipamento. A análise do estado do equipamento muitas vezes é realizada por diagnóstico humano, a partir da experiência vivenciada no ambiente ruidoso de operação. Como o funcionamento dos motores é regido por um processo periódico, o sinal de áudio gerado segue um padrão bem definido, possibilitando, assim, a avaliação de seu estado de funcionamento por meio desse sinal. Dentro deste contexto, a pesquisa ora descrita trata da modelagem do sinal acústico gerado por motores em usinas termoelétricas, aplicando técnicas de processamento digital de sinais e inteligência artificial, com o intuito de auxiliar o diagnóstico de falhas, minimizando a presença humana no ambiente de uma sala de motores. A técnica utilizada baseia-se no estudo do funcionamento dos equipamentos e dos sinais acústicos por eles gerados por esses, para a extração de características representativas do sinal, em diferentes domínios, combinadas a métodos de aprendizagem de máquinas para a construção de um multiclassificador, responsável pela avaliação do estado de funcionamento desses motores. Para a avaliação da eficácia do método proposto, foram utilizados sinais extraídos de motores da Usina Termoelétrica Borborema Energética S.A., no âmbito do projeto REPARAI (REPair over AiR using Artificial Intelligence, código ANEEL PD6471-0002/2012). Ao final do estudo, o método proposto demonstrou acurácia próxima a 100%. A abordagem proposta caracterizou-se, portanto, como eficiente para o diagnóstico de falhas, principalmente por não ser um método invasivo, não exigindo, portanto, o contato direto do avaliador humano com o motor em funcionamento. / The sound generated by an engine during operation contains information about its conditions, becoming an important source of information to evaluate its status without requiring intervention in equipment. The fault diagnosis of the engine usually is performed by a human, based on his experience in a noisy environment. As the operation of the engine is a periodic procedure, the generated signal follows a well-defined pattern, allowing the evaluation of its operating conditions. On this context, this research deals with modeling the acoustic signal generated by engines in power plants, using techniques from digital signal processing and artificial intelligence, with the purpose of assisting the fault diagnosis, minimizing the human presence at the engine room. The technique applied is based on the study of engines operation and the acoustic signal generated by them, extracting signal representative characteristics in different domains, combined with machine learning methods, to build a multiclassifier to evaluate the engines status. Signals extracted from engines of Borborema Energética S.A. power plant, during the REPARAI Project (REPair over AiR using Artificial Intelligence), ANEEL PD-6471-0002/2012, were used in the experiments. In this research, the method proposed has demonstrated an accuracy rate of nearly 100%. The approach has proved itself to be efficient to fault diagnosis, mainly by not being an invasive method and not requiring human direct contact with the engine.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-08-28T16:50:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WAGNER DE SOUZA PORTO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2009..pdf: 3676431 bytes, checksum: 91bede14a64447aa4598ba5c6b3365a4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T16:50:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WAGNER DE SOUZA PORTO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGCC 2009..pdf: 3676431 bytes, checksum: 91bede14a64447aa4598ba5c6b3365a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-09-16 / Este trabalho apresenta o Auto-FDI (Automatic Fault Detection and Isolation), uma ferramenta de detecção e isolamento de falhas em sistemas. A ferramenta usa o conceito de redundância analítica, onde sinais obtidos do sistema (possivelmente com falha) são comparados com sinais esperados, obtidos de um modelo. O isolamento de falhas emprega uma técnica desenvolvida neste trabalho, chamada isolamento automático. A técnica usa uma abordagem baseada em grafos que considera a propagação de falhas e a falta de informação sobre determinados componentes do sistema. Falhas são localizadas de forma mais precisa possível, dado o nível de detalhe do modelo. No escopo deste trabalho foi abordado todo o processo de especificação, projeto, implementação e validação da ferramenta, utilizada como prova de conceito para a técnica desenvolvida. A validação da ferramenta foi feita através da realização de um estudo de caso por potenciais usuários, o que permitiu demonstrar a aplicabilidade da ferramenta e a da técnica desenvolvida. / This work presents Auto-FDI (Automatic Fault Detection and Isolation), a software tool for detection and diagnosis of faults in systems. The tool uses the analytical redundancy concept, where signals from the (possibly faulty) system are compared with expected signals from a model. The fault isolation employs a technique developed on this work, called automatic isolation. This technique uses a graph-based approach which considers the fault propagation and the lack of information about certain components of the system. Faults are pinpointed as accurately as possible given the level of detail in the model. In the scope of this work was addressed the whole process of specification, design, implementation and validation of the tool - used as proof of concept for the developed technique. The validation of the tool was made by conducting a case study for potential users, that has demonstrated the applicability of the tool and the technique developed.

Nos sistemas de distribuição de alta e média tensão tem-se aumentado a utilização de linhas de distribuição de energia subterrâneas ou cabos subterrâneos. A ocorrência de faltas nas linhas afeta negativamente a qualidade da energia e o correto funcionamento da rede. O processo que leva a uma falta nos cabos é gradual e está caracterizado por uma série de subciclos de faltas incipientes associadas a uma tensão de arco. Estas, muitas vezes, passam despercebidas e, eventualmente, resultam em uma falta permanente. Os métodos clássicos de localização de faltas como as metodologias baseadas no cálculo da impedância aparente, as baseadas na inteligência artificial e as baseadas nas ondas viajantes são, habitualmente, aplicadas ao sistema depois de uma falta permanente acontecer e precisam de um ou mais ciclos do sinal para entregar uma resposta razoável. No entanto, as faltas nos cabos são um processo gradual, de curta duração (entre ¼ e ½ ciclo do sinal) e seria desejável localizar a falta incipiente antes de tornar-se permanente. Nesse contexto, esta pesquisa aborda o problema de localização de faltas incipientes. Assim, nesta tese propõe-se uma nova técnica de localização de faltas incipientes usando medições em um terminal, no domínio do tempo e que utiliza componentes de fase. Desta forma, são desenvolvidas duas novas formulações do modelo elétrico do sistema de distribuição com cabos subterrâneos durante uma falta incipiente. A abordagem proposta considera simultaneamente na sua formulação características da falta incipiente e dos sistemas de distribuição de energia, como a tensão de arco, o modelo Π nominal de parâmetros concentrados do cabo subterrâneo, o desequilíbrio do sistema e a condição da carga. A estimativa da distância da falta, junto com os parâmetros da falta incipiente, é obtida a partir da solução de um sistema sobredeterminado de equações lineares pela aplicação do método de mínimos quadrados ponderados não negativos. As formulações propostas permitem estimar a distância da falta em termos da reatância da linha até a falta. Além disso, é proposto um processo de compensação de corrente para estimar a corrente de falta; é aplicado um pré-processamento dos dados de entrada para suavizar o efeito do ruído que pode conter o sinal e, é aplicado um pós-processamento dos resultados para refinar e entregar a melhor estimativa obtida durante o processo de localização da falta. O desempenho da técnica proposta é avaliado mediante estudos de casos simulados em um circuito real de distribuição no Alternative Transients Program (ATP/EMTP) considerando análises de sensibilidade e comparativa. Também, o modelo da falta incipiente foi programado utilizando a ferramenta de MODELS do ATP/EMTP. Os resultados obtidos, considerando faltas incipientes simuladas que avaliam a influência da variação da magnitude de tensão de arco, do ruído aleatório inserido na tensão de arco, da distância da falta, da taxa de amostragem, do carregamento do sistema, do modelo de tensão de arco e de incertezas nas medições, indicam claramente que a abordagem proposta possui validade como técnica de localização de faltas incipientes, apresentando erros médios globais de 1,60% e 0,93%, respectivamente para cada formulação proposta. / The use of underground power distribution lines or underground cables in the high and medium voltage distribution systems has increased dramatically in recent years. The fault occurrence in the distribution lines negatively affects the power quality and the correct network operation. The process which leads to a fault in underground cables is gradual and is characterized by a series of sub-cycles of incipient faults associated with an arc voltage. These often are unnoticed and, eventually, results in a permanent fault. Classical fault localization methods such as the based-impedance, the based on artificial intelligent and the based on traveling waves are, usually, applied to the system after a permanent fault occurrence and need one or more signal cycles for providing a reasonable response. However, the faults in cables are a gradual process, with short duration (between ¼ to ½ of signal cycle) and would be desirable to locate the fault before this becomes a permanent fault. In this context, this research approaches the incipient faults location problem. Thus, in this thesis is proposed a new incipient fault location technique using single-end terminal measurement, in time-domain and employing phase components. In this way, two new formulations of the electrical model of the distribution system with underground cables during an incipient fault are developed. The proposed approach considers simultaneously in its formulation, incipient fault type and power distribution systems characteristics as arc voltage, unbalanced operation, load conditions and complete line model. The fault distance estimation, together with the incipient fault parameters, it is obtained from the solution of an overdetermined linear system of equations by the application of the non-negative weighted least squares estimator method. The proposed formulations allow estimating the fault distance in terms of the line reactance up to the fault. In addition, a load current compensation strategy is proposed to reduce its effect in the fault current estimation; an input data pre-processing is applied to smooth out the noise effect and a post-processing of the results is performed for estimation refinement and to provide the best estimate obtained during the fault location process. The proposed technique performance is evaluated through simulated cases studies in a real-life distribution network with underground cable data in the Alternative Transients Program (ATP/EMTP) considering sensitivity and comparative analyzes. Also, the fault model was programmed using the MODELS tool of ATP/EMTP. The obtained results, considering simulated incipient faults, which evaluate the influence of variations in the arc voltage magnitude, random noise percentage inserted in the arc voltage, fault distance, sampling rate, load dynamics, the arc voltage model and uncertainties in measurements, indicate clearly that the proposed approach is valid as incipient faults location technique, showing overall average errors of 1,60% and 0,93%, respectively for each proposed formulation.

Cette thèse concerne principalement la résolution des problèmes d’inversion dynamiquedans le cadre des systèmes dynamiques non linéaires. Ainsi, un ensemble de techniquesbasées sur l’utilisation des trains de mesures passées et sauvegardées sur une fenêtreglissante, a été développé. En premier lieu, les mesures sont utilisées pour générerune famille de signatures graphiques, qui constituent un outil de classification permettantde discriminer les diverses valeurs des variables à estimer pour un système non linéairedonné. Cette première technique a été appliquée à la résolution de deux problèmes : leproblème d’électolocation d’un robot doté du sens électrique et le problème d’estimationd’état dans les systèmes à dynamiques non linéaires. Outre ces deux applications, destechniques d’inversion à horizon glissant spécifiques au problème de diagnostic des défautsd’éoliennes dans le cadre d’un benchmark international ont été développées. Cestechniques sont basées sur la minimisation de critères quadratiques basés sur des modèlesde connaissance. / This thesis mainly concerns the resolution of dynamic inverse problems involvingnonlinear dynamical systems. A set of techniques based on the use of trains of pastmeasurements saved on a sliding window was developed. First, the measurements areused to generate a family of graphical signatures, which is a classification tool, in orderto discriminate between different values of variables to be estimated for a given nonlinearsystem. This technique was applied to solve two problems : the electrolocationproblem of a robot with electrical sense and the problem of state estimation in nonlineardynamical systems. Besides these two applications, receding horizon inversion techniquesdedicated to the fault diagnosis problem of a wind turbine proposed as an internationalbenchmark were developed. These techniques are based on the minimization of quadraticcriteria based on knowledge-based models.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-07T20:46:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 WELLINSÍLVIO COSTA DOS SANTOS – TESE (PPGEE) 2016.pdf: 10591682 bytes, checksum: 97299060f7fb8f9c7f837b25352da777 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-07T20:46:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 WELLINSÍLVIO COSTA DOS SANTOS – TESE (PPGEE) 2016.pdf: 10591682 bytes, checksum: 97299060f7fb8f9c7f837b25352da777 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-15 / Capes / Uma técnica baseada em análise de transitórios eletromagnéticos é proposta para identificar faltas de alta impedância (FAI) em redes de distribuição. O algoritmo dispensa conhecimento dos parâmetros dos alimentadores e faz uso da transformada wavelet discreta (TWD) para monitorizar fenômenos transitórios associados a distúrbios no sistema de distribuição. A metodologia proposta é avaliada através de simulações em um programa de transitórios eletromagnéticos (EMTP) em um sistema de 13,8 kV, que foi modelado a partir de dados de uma rede de distribuição brasileira real. Além de FAI, foram simulados outros tipos de distúrbios, tais como faltas de baixa impedância, chaveamentos de novas linhas e bancos de capacitores. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o método é capaz de detectar a perturbação logo após o seu início e distingui-la de outros distúrbios, além de proporcionar uma redução significativa da região de localização da FAI. / An electromagnetic transient analysis-based technique is proposed to identify high impedance faults (HIF) in distribution networks. The algorithm dispenses knowledge of the feeder parameters and makes use of discrete wavelet transform (TWD) to monitor transient phenomena associated with disturbances in the distribution system. The proposed methodology is evaluated through simulations in an electromagnetic transient program (EMTP) in a 13.8 kV system, which was modeled from actual Brazilian distribution network data. Besides HIF, other types of disturbances were simulated, such as low impedance fault, and switching of lines and capacitor banks. Obtained results have shown that the method is able to detect the disturbance soon after its inception and distinguish it from other disorders, as well as providing a significant reduction in the region of its location for maintenance crews.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T15:08:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 BrunoSJC_TESE.pdf: 2605632 bytes, checksum: cc7fdbd9d8d7dfe3adac23f17fab1ae2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-13 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In this work, we propose a two-stage algorithm for real-time fault detection and identification of industrial plants. Our proposal is based on the analysis of selected features using recursive density estimation and a new evolving classifier algorithm. More specifically, the proposed approach for the detection stage is based on the concept of density in the data space, which is not the same as probability density function, but is a very useful measure for abnormality/outliers detection. This density can be expressed by a Cauchy function and can be calculated recursively, which makes it memory and computational power efficient and, therefore, suitable for on-line applications. The identification/diagnosis stage is based on a self-developing (evolving) fuzzy rule-based classifier system proposed in this work, called AutoClass. An important property of AutoClass is that it can start learning from scratch". Not only do the fuzzy rules not need to be prespecified, but neither do the number of classes for AutoClass (the number may grow, with new class labels being added by the on-line learning process), in a fully unsupervised manner. In the event that an initial rule base exists, AutoClass can evolve/develop it further based on the newly arrived faulty state data. In order to validate our proposal, we present experimental results from a level control didactic process, where control and error signals are used as features for the fault detection and identification systems, but the approach is generic and the number of features can be significant due to the computationally lean methodology, since covariance or more complex calculations, as well as storage of old data, are not required. The obtained results are significantly better than the traditional approaches used for comparison / Este trabalho prop?e um algoritmo de dois estagios para detec??o e identifica??o de falhas, em tempo real, em plantas industriais. A proposta baseia-se na analise de caracter?sticas selecionadas utilizando estimativa de densidade recursiva e um novo algoritmo evolutivo de classifica??o. Mais especificamente, a abordagem proposta para detec??o e baseada no conceito de densidade no espa?o de dados, o que difere da tradicional fun??o densidade de probabilidade, porem, sendo uma medida bastante util na detec??o de anormalidades/outliers. Tal densidade pode ser expressa por uma fun??o de Cauchy e calculada recursivamente, o que torna o algoritmo computacionalmente eficiente, em termos de processamento e memoria, e, dessa maneira, apropriado para aplica??es on-line. O estagio de identifica??o/diagnostico e realizado por um classificador baseado em regras fuzzy capaz de se auto-desenvolver (evolutivo), chamado de AutoClass, e introduzido neste trabalho. Uma propriedade importante do AutoClass e que ele e capaz de aprender a partir do zero". Tanto as regras fuzzy, quanto o numero de classes para o algoritmo n?o necessitam de pre-especifica??o (o numero de classes pode crescer, com os rotulos de classe sendo adicionados pelo processo de aprendizagem on-line), de maneira n~ao-supervisionada. Nos casos em que uma base de regras inicial existe, AutoClass pode evoluir/desenvolver-se a partir dela, baseado nos dados adquiridos posteriormente. De modo a validar a proposta, o trabalho apresenta resultados experimentais de simula??o e de aplica??es industriais reais, onde o sinal de controle e erro s?o utilizados como caracter?sticas para os estagios de detec??o e identifica??o, porem a abordagem e generica, e o numero de caracter?sticas selecionadas pode ser significativamente maior, devido ? metodologia computacionalmente eficiente adotada, uma vez que calculos mais complexos e armazenamento de dados antigos n?o s?o necess?rios. Os resultados obtidos s?o signifificativamente melhores que os gerados pelas abordagens tradicionais utilizadas para compara??o