This is a study of parenting and child development in a slum area in a developing part of the world. The aims of the study were threefold. The first aim was to explore the physical and social contexts for parenting in a shantytown in Rio de Janeiro using an ecological perspective. The second aim was to examine parenting and subsequent child outcomes among a sample of families living in the shantytown. The third aim was to explore what factors contribute to differences among parents in how they nurture and protect their children. The theoretical framework of the study was an updated version of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model of human development. Using self-report questionnaires developed by Rohner, data on perceived parental acceptance–rejection were collected from 72 families with adolescents 12–14 years old, representing approx. 75% of all households with children in this age group in the shantytown. Besides self-report questionnaires, each adolescent’s main caregiver replied to several standardized questionnaires developed by Garbarino et al., eliciting demographic and social-situational data about the family, neighborhood, and wider community. The results of the study paint a complex portrait of the social living conditions of the parents and children. Despite many difficulties, most parents seemed to raise their children with loving care. The results from the self-report questionnaires indicate that the majority of the adolescents perceived substantial parental acceptance. The adolescents’ experience of greater or lesser parental acceptance–rejection seems to influence their emotional and behavioral functioning; it also seems to be related to their school attendance. Much of the variation in degree of perceived acceptance–rejection seems to be related both to characteristics of the individual adolescents and their main caregiver(s) and to influences from the social and environmental context in which they and their caregivers interact and live their lives.

During the last decades, funk music produced in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro has been travelling the world as a genre of contemporary cool. Construed as both hip and authentic and consumed globally, it has become a political and commercial asset in the nation’s rise to economic dominance and in Rio’s campaign to become a global city. In Brazil, however, favela funk draws the boundaries between the shanty towns of the urban margins, where it remains a social practice, and the state, by which it is condemned and sometimes prohibited for lyrics that allude to violence in an alleged glorification of gang power. This dissertation is an ethnographic inquiry into social life and power relations in one of the favelas of Rio de Janeiro. It tells the story of how a drug-dealing faction challenges the sovereignty of the state on its turf by means of both arms and the control and distribution of pleasure and fun. Funk, in this account, emerges as an immensely popular social practice and thus an instrument of drug-dealing power. By treating violence and the sexually explicit as both unifying and fragmenting in the social dynamics of this place, the dissertation uncovers the paths that favela youth tread in the context of severe poverty, vulnerability and limited access to state institutions and formal employment.

Thesis advisor: Jennie Purnell / Thesis advisor: Gerald Easter / This thesis seeks to explore how drug cartels achieved de facto sovereign control over the favelas of Rio de Janeiro between 2000 and 2010, effectively preventing the Brazilian state from guaranteeing the rule of law uniformly throughout national territory. It also investigates the extent to which Brazilian citizens have suffered human rights abuses as a result. Drawing on both primary and secondary evidence, I argue that drug cartels gained sovereignty over these enclaves as a combined result of state weakness and cartel strength. The Brazilian state forfeited these territories a century ago, because it was infrastructurally weak to such an extent that it was unable to systematically penetrate them in order to monopolize violence, enforce laws, and provide public services. The cartels, in turn, exploited the favelas as ideal locations for the transport, repackaging, and sale of drugs. Benefiting from the profits of illicit activities, the gangs transformed into well-armed, bellicose organizations that maintained authority over the communities by performing state-like duties. In due course, organized crime amassed sufficient control over the favelas to thwart most state encroachments. Examining the exceptions, I found that the limited police encroachments were largely rights abusive--save those made by the Pacifying Police Units. State weakness and cartel strength have disjointed the rule of law and undermined democracy in Brazil. / Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Political Science.

O trabalho aborda os efeitos da ação do Estado sobre as redes de relações de grupos sociais de baixa renda, segregados social e espacialmente. Considerou-se que a segregação interfere na extensão e diversidade dos vínculos sociais de um indivíduo, afetando com isso o acesso ao capital social, visto como os recursos sociais inseridos em uma dada rede de relações. Para a pesquisa, foram analisadas as atividades desenvolvidas pela Prefeitura na implementação do programa Santo André Mais Igual (SAMI) na favela de Capuava; os eventos sociais registrados antes e depois da intervenção pública e, por meio da metodologia de análise de redes sociais, os vínculos estabelecidos, nesses dois momentos, dentro do cenário social constituído por moradores, funcionários da Prefeitura, políticos e representantes de organizações sociais. Os resultados indicaram que a ação estatal permitiu a intensificação dos vínculos no interior dessa comunidade e a construção de vínculos com agentes da Prefeitura e com indivíduos de grupos sociais congêneres localizados em outras áreas geográficas. Esses vínculos permitiram uma intensa troca e difusão de informações, além de maior organização de atividades em conjunto, o que permitiu a criação de pontes para fora da área segregada. Portanto, mesmo mantendo a localização geográfica, indivíduos da comunidade estenderam e diversificaram seus vínculos e a população em geral passou a receber mais informação, ampliando seu capital social.

<p>This is a study of parenting and child development in a slum area in a developing part of the world. The aims of the study were threefold. The first aim was to explore the physical and social contexts for parenting in a shantytown in Rio de Janeiro using an ecological perspective. The second aim was to examine parenting and subsequent child outcomes among a sample of families living in the shantytown. The third aim was to explore what factors contribute to differences among parents in how they nurture and protect their children. The theoretical framework of the study was an updated version of Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model of human development. Using self-report questionnaires developed by Rohner, data on perceived parental acceptance–rejection were collected from 72 families with adolescents 12–14 years old, representing approx. 75% of all households with children in this age group in the shantytown. Besides self-report questionnaires, each adolescent’s main caregiver replied to several standardized questionnaires developed by Garbarino et al., eliciting demographic and social-situational data about the family, neighborhood, and wider community. The results of the study paint a complex portrait of the social living conditions of the parents and children. Despite many difficulties, most parents seemed to raise their children with loving care. The results from the self-report questionnaires indicate that the majority of the adolescents perceived substantial parental acceptance. The adolescents’ experience of greater or lesser parental acceptance–rejection seems to influence their emotional and behavioral functioning; it also seems to be related to their school attendance. Much of the variation in degree of perceived acceptance–rejection seems to be related both to characteristics of the individual adolescents and their main caregiver(s) and to influences from the social and environmental context in which they and their caregivers interact and live their lives.</p>

Many Latin American countries have during the past decades experienced an increase in violence (Howard et al 2007:716). The expansion of youth gangs and drug cartels in many countries of the region, and the states policy to fight these groups with a strong fist, has created a situation bearing the characteristics of an un-proclaimed civil war, that has come to affect all social classes (ibid:719). This expansion of the problem of violence, and the notion of insecurity it brings, has resulted in an increase in talk about the matter. As a way of trying to grasp control over a seemingly out of control issue, people automatically try to pin down characteristics of the potential perpetrators. Already socially excluded people and minorities on the bottom of the social hierarchy are the ones that have to suffer the stigmatization of criminality as they are seen as more prone to assort to crime and violence due to their economical desperate and unjust living situations (Caldeira 2000:92). These people that are the most exposed and vulnerable to the effects of economic development become personified with the problems that social exclusion and economic inequality creates, such as crime and violence (Howard et al 2007:716). As these groups of people become criminalized, the question of solving these issues becomes not a question of solving the root causes such as the economic inequalities, but the government’s ability to keep these social groups at bay (Caldeira 2000:90). An increase in violence and crime is therefore not perceived as a result of inequality in income and opportunity, but rather as the result of a weak state (ibid). This aim of this research is to analyze how media discourses in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, contributes to the personification of the residents of the Favelas as violent and criminal. This paper will follow the lines of critical discourse analysis theories, which argue that media discourses justify unequal power relations in society and enforces inequality and the social exclusion of minorities (Van Dijk 1988:25). It will also be argued that it is this stereotypical view of the residents of the Favela as inheritably criminal and violent which lead to dehumanization of them and the justification of the killings of civilians in these neighborhoods (Caldeira 2000:20; Goldstein 2003:205; Perlman 2010:172).

Submitted by Francisco Costa (xcosta@ufba.br) on 2013-05-29T18:35:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 OLIVEIRA Tales - Como se Faz Uma Favela.pdf: 124053283 bytes, checksum: 2b91b7d133b43b6e5fcfd604bb4f2279 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by NELIJANE MENEZES(rubi2276@gmail.com) on 2013-06-03T01:52:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 OLIVEIRA Tales - Como se Faz Uma Favela.pdf: 124053283 bytes, checksum: 2b91b7d133b43b6e5fcfd604bb4f2279 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-03T01:52:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OLIVEIRA Tales - Como se Faz Uma Favela.pdf: 124053283 bytes, checksum: 2b91b7d133b43b6e5fcfd604bb4f2279 (MD5) / Originadas no processo de segregação socioespacial, que, nas cidades modernas, impulsiona as parcelas mais vulneráveis da população a encontrar alternativas de moradia para garantir seu espaço na cidade, a favela, entendida aqui como um movimento de resistência dos pobres na estrutura socioterritorial da cidade, é o território da ação tática, percebida como uma possibilidade de adaptação às inescapáveis condições de precariedade urbana, estrutural, econômica e habitacional, e, ao mesmo tempo, como um movimento difuso de resistência. O foco deste trabalho vai recair sobre as possibilidades desta ação tática difusa, que elabora, através de práticas espaciais de não-enfrentamento, a produção de um espaço específico e adaptado às condições de precariedade e informalidade, que reproduz a lógica de produção espacial informal, consolidando práticas e modos de vida em um território apropriado, com uma inserção que oscila entre enclave e integração no espaço da cidade. / Salvador/PPGAU - UFBA

O trabalho aborda os efeitos da ação do Estado sobre as redes de relações de grupos sociais de baixa renda, segregados social e espacialmente. Considerou-se que a segregação interfere na extensão e diversidade dos vínculos sociais de um indivíduo, afetando com isso o acesso ao capital social, visto como os recursos sociais inseridos em uma dada rede de relações. Para a pesquisa, foram analisadas as atividades desenvolvidas pela Prefeitura na implementação do programa Santo André Mais Igual (SAMI) na favela de Capuava; os eventos sociais registrados antes e depois da intervenção pública e, por meio da metodologia de análise de redes sociais, os vínculos estabelecidos, nesses dois momentos, dentro do cenário social constituído por moradores, funcionários da Prefeitura, políticos e representantes de organizações sociais. Os resultados indicaram que a ação estatal permitiu a intensificação dos vínculos no interior dessa comunidade e a construção de vínculos com agentes da Prefeitura e com indivíduos de grupos sociais congêneres localizados em outras áreas geográficas. Esses vínculos permitiram uma intensa troca e difusão de informações, além de maior organização de atividades em conjunto, o que permitiu a criação de pontes para fora da área segregada. Portanto, mesmo mantendo a localização geográfica, indivíduos da comunidade estenderam e diversificaram seus vínculos e a população em geral passou a receber mais informação, ampliando seu capital social.

[pt] Desde o surgimento das favelas, sempre houve a necessidade de intervenções urbanas nas encostas dos morros, seja para transformá-las em estruturas habitáveis, seja para evitar que este processo ocorresse. Algumas ações se voltaram na erradicação desta forma de habitar, baseadas na defesa de uma cidade higiênica, bela e padronizada. Em contrapartida, a mobilização dos moradores de favelas, por melhores condições de vida, acabou por conquistar intervenções urbanas que, de certa forma, contribuíram para sua permanência nestes locais. Contudo, no histórico de urbanizações das favelas cariocas, grande parte das experiências de participação foi promovida pelo Estado, sendo esta apresentada inicialmente como aspecto importante para o processo de desenvolvimento local, e posteriormente, garantida como direito. Assim, os projetos urbanos realizados mostram como o sentido de participação foi sendo apropriado e materializado pelos favelados, de acordo com o que lhes era consentido, e, conforme lutavam por melhores condições de vida. Desta forma, até os dias atuais, a participação dos moradores na urbanização das favelas é vista, dependendo do lado em que se está, com interpretações muito distintas e que acabam por interferir tanto positiva, quanto negativamente nos resultados previstos das obras e, principalmente, na vida dos moradores. Para uma análise mais abrangente deste objeto, o primeiro capítulo traz uma discussão sobre as principais teorias de participação e concepções brasileiras. No segundo capítulo, verifica-se como as favelas foram constituídas, bem como as formas de intervenção que interferiram em sua evolução, assim como os projetos locais de urbanização. No terceiro capítulo, é feita uma descrição do Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC), último programa do governo federal voltado para a urbanização de favelas, analisando mais especificamente suas características e legados nas favelas Pavão-Pavãozinho-Cantagalo. No quarto capítulo, a descrição do Projeto de Trabalho Social do PAC no Pavão-Pavãozinho-Cantagalo destaca as atividades realizadas na promoção da participação dos moradores. E, por fim, no quinto capítulo, através da realização de entrevistas com lideranças e com a aplicação de questionários e entre os moradores e gestores, é feita uma análise do Projeto Técnico de Trabalho Social do PAC nessas favelas, responsável pela promoção da participação dos moradores. / [en] Since the appearance of favelas, there has always been a need for urban interventions on hillsides, either to transform them into habitable structures or to prevent this process from occurring. Some actions have focused on the eradication of this form of habitation, based on the defense of a hygienic, beautiful and standardized city. On the other hand, the mobilization of favela dwellers, by better living conditions, ended up conquering urban interventions that, in a way, contributed to their permanence in these places. However, in the urbanization history of the Rio de Janeiro favelas, most of the experiences of participation were promoted by the State, which was initially presented as an important aspect for the local development process, and later, guaranteed as a right. Thus, the urban projects carried out show how the sense of participation was appropriate and materialized by the favelados, according to what was allowed them, and as they struggled for better living conditions. Thus, until the present day, the participation of the residents in the urbanization of the favelas is seen, depending on the side where one is, with very different interpretations and that end up interfering both positive and negative in the expected results of the works and, mainly, In the lives of the residents. For a more comprehensive analysis of this object, the first chapter discusses the main theories of Brazilian participation and conceptions. In the second chapter, it is verified how the favelas were constituted, as well as the forms of intervention that interfered in its evolution, as well as the local projects of urbanization. In the third chapter, a description is given of the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC), the last federal government program focused on favela urbanization, analyzing more specifically its characteristics and legacies in the Pavão-Pavãozinho-Cantagalo favelas. In the fourth chapter, the description of the PAC Social Work Project in Pavão-Pavãozinho-Cantagalo highlights the activities carried out in promoting the participation of residents. And finally, in the fifth chapter, through interviews with leaderships and the application of questionnaires and among residents and managers, an analysis of the Technical Project of Social Work of the PAC in these favelas is carried out, responsible for promoting the participation of residents.

[pt] Esta tese investiga a atuação do Museu de Favela no território do Cantagalo, Pavão e Pavãozinho, favelas situadas entre os bairros de Ipanema e Copacabana, zona sul da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Tendo como objeto de estudo o Museu de Favela (MUF) na relação que esse estabelece com o território das favelas onde se localiza, com o objetivo de conhecer o MUF e suas ações no território, de forma a identificar o olhar do museu para esse território ao recontar e manter vivas suas histórias e memória. Os relatos orais de cinco sócios-fundadores do Museu de Favela, obtidos em entrevistas semiestruturadas e visitas guiadas pelo território do MUF, constituíram a metodologia da pesquisa empírica realizada do final de 2021 ao final de 2022. Como principal perspectiva teórica, utilizam-se as obras de Tim Ingold e sua proposição de uma educação da atenção; conceito mobilizado para analisar as ações do MUF. Dessa forma, o estudo investiga as estratégias utilizadas pelo museu para revelar a vida de adultos e crianças residentes daquele território, de forma a apresentar suas especificidades e contrastes com outras propostas museais, como, por exemplo, a concepção de acervo vivo. A partir do campo, foi possível compreender a atuação do MUF como educador, ao colocar em evidência as histórias e a memória das favelas nas quais está inserido, pois, com suas ações, convida os moradores e os visitantes a darem atenção ao que vivenciam, seja cotidianamente ou nas propostas museais. O museu apresenta a favela ao seu público como uma experiência de acervo vivo, marcada por uma relação entre os atores, possível de ser compreendida por um processo de atenção, no sentido proposto por Ingold. / [en] This thesis investigates the performance of the Museum of Favela in theterritory of Cantagalo, Pavão and Pavãozinho, favelas located between theneighborhoods of Ipanema and Copacabana, south of Rio de Janeiro. Having as anobject of study the Favela Museum (MUF-RJ) in the relationship that it establisheswith the territory of the favelas where it is located, with the objective of knowingthe MUF and its actions in the territory, in order to identify the museum point ofview on this territory by retelling and keeping their stories and memories alive. Theoral reports of 5 founding partners of Favela Museum, obtained in semi-structuredinterviews and guided tours through the MUF territory, constituted themethodology of the empirical research carried out from the end of 2021 to the endof 2022. As a main theoretical perspective, we used the works of Tim Ingold andhis proposition of an education of attention; concept mobilized to analyze MUFactions. In this way, the study investigates the strategies used by the museum toreveal the lives of adults and children residing in that territory, in order to presenttheir specificities and contrasts with other museum proposals, such as, for example,the concept of living collection. From the field, it was possible to understandMUF s performance as an educator by highlighting the stories and memory of thefavelas in which it operates, as with its actions it invites residents and visitors topay attention to what they experience, whether on a daily basis or in the museumproposals. The museum presents the favela to its audience as an experience of aliving collection, marked by a relationship between the actors, which can beunderstood through a process of attention, in the sense proposed by Ingold.