Pasture intake of grazing livestock needs to be estimated to allow determination of energy and nutrient intakes. It is commonly estimated by difference, subtracting intakes of other feeds from estimated needs for dry matter or energy. However, these estimates are often erroneous, because they do not take individual animal variation for growth, reproductive status or activity level into account. One method that has had success in grazing ruminants has been the use of markers, or tracers, to estimate fecal output and nutrient digestibility. External markers are dosed to the animal and can be used to determine fecal output. Internal markers are an inherent part of the diet in question and can be used to determine dry matter and nutrient digestibilities. These estimates can then be used to give estimates of intake. These studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of traditional marker methods in determining fecal output, digestibility, and thus intake in grazing horses. The first trial was conducted on 8 mature mares and geldings, housed in stalls, to determine if a common external marker, Cr, could be used to determine fecal output. Horses were dosed once daily with a molasses, Cr, and hay mixture for 12 d. Feces were collected throughout the day into individual tubs so that total fecal output (TC) could be measured. Daily fecal Cr excretion values (Ct, mg/kg DM) were fit to a monoexponential equation with one rate constant (k), rising to an asymptote (Ca): Ct = Ca - Ca.e-kt. Superior fits were found when a delay (d) was incorporated into the equation, estimating the time required for Cr to enter the prefecal pool: Ct = Ca - Ca.e-k(t-d). Estimates of fecal output (FO) were calculated using the equation: FO = Cr dose-d / Ca and provided good estimates when compared to TC values. Subsequent trials evaluated to use of internal markers and more frequent dosing of Cr to improve estimates of intake. Eight mature geldings were housed in stalls and were fed 2 hays in a replicated Latin Square design. The monoexponential equation with the delay continued to fit the data well. Thrice daily dosing of Cr improved the predictions of FO, when dosing was every 8 h. The internal marker, yttrium (Y) consistently overestimated digestibility (D). The internal markers, n-alkanes, gave a better estimate of digestibility. When the digestibility estimates were combined with the FO estimates to estimate dry matter intake (DMI, kg/d): DMI = [FO / (1-D)]*100, the combination including n-alkanes gave better estimates. Further studies found that dosing Cr for 12 d did not improve the fit of the monoexponential equation compared to dosing for only 8 d. Marker methods that had been developed in stalls were applied to grazing horses, and results continued to be promising. / Ph. D.

Overfeeding of phosphorus (P) is a contributing factor to P levels in surface waters. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of increasing levels of corn gluten feed (CGF) as a supplemental source of P on fecal P excretions. Eight Hereford steers (427±79 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four dietary treatments in a 4 x 4 replicated Latin square design. Steers were fed chopped grass hay ad libitum (0.13% P) and 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 kg/d of dried CGF pellets. All steers were supplemented with 0.91 kg/d beet pulp, 0.34 kg/d rumen-inert fat supplement and 18.14 g/d trace mineral salt. Urea was added to the respective diets at levels of 95.25, 72.57, 49.90, and 31.75 g/d to ensure equal dietary protein across treatments. Steers were housed individually and fitted with total fecal collection bags. Steers were adjusted to each diet for 9-d followed by a 5-d collection period. Following the final collection of each period, a 10 ml jugular blood sample was collected and analyzed to determine serum inorganic P. Dietary total P increased (P < 0.05) as CGF level increased: 8.72, 12.59, 16.75 and 20.88 g/d. Dry matter digestibility increased linearly (P < 0.05) as dietary P increased: 50.35, 53.66, 54.25 and 55.42%. Total P excretion increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing CGF level: 9.66, 11.71, 14.29, 16.96 g/day. Inorganic P excretion increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing CGF level: 4.11, 5.93, 8.36 and 9.92 g/day. Total P excretion was highly related (P < 0.05; r2 = 0.79) to inorganic P excretion. Serum inorganic P increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary P content: 5.61, 5.87, 6.64 and 6.80 mg/dL. Fecal P increased as CGF level increased in steers fed varying dietary levels of P from plant sources. Management of P intake can be a strategic practice to reduce P fecal excretions in beef cattle. / Master of Science

Ambient and recreational surface waters worldwide experience fecal pollution due to a variety of anthropogenic sources. Fecal waste has been proven, for over a century, to harbor pathogenic microorganisms which subsequently cause a variety of disease and illness in human hosts. The benefits of utilizing fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) as a simple, inexpensive means to detect fitful human pathogens within a variety of water matrices are vast. However, no universal agreement exists in regard to which indicator is best suited for detection of fecal contamination and pathogens in environmental waters, and no single standard for bacterial indicators has been federally mandated. This study sought to explore the potential benefits of a multiple-indicator approach to water quality analysis of fresh and brackish surface waters. The distribution and fluctuation of two frequently used, EPA approved groups of FIB – fecal coliform and Enterococcus – were explored, and relationships between the two FIB groups were examined in fresh and brackish surface waters of Central and South Florida. Samples were collected over a period of 12 consecutive months, spanning April 2015 through March 2016, and analyzed using membrane filtration procedures outlined in Standard Methods 9222D and EPA method 1600. Raw and log transformed colony forming unit (CFU) data, per 100 mL, was analyzed annually and seasonally through linear regression, Spearman correlation, and exploratory data analysis techniques performed in R-Studio. The results of this study showed a moderate to strong relationship between fecal coliform and Enterococcus under both fresh and brackish conditions. The presence of a positive, linear relationship between fecal coliform and Enterococcus in both fresh and brackish water was apparent in both seasonal and annual regression analysis; upward and downward fluctuation(s) in one variable was shown to predict similar fluctuation(s) in the other year-round. However, while fecal coliform and Enterococcus showed moderate to strong correlations, causation was not implied. Low R2 values showed that the FIB groups were not dependent upon one another in any case, either annually or seasonally. The results of this study challenge previously accepted views of fecal coliform and Enterococcus effectiveness as ideal fresh and brackish water FIB, their suitability as sole indicators of fecal pollution, and their ideal usage as indicators for waters of varying salinities; results support those previously seen in studies such as Hanes and Fragala 1967, which emphasize the need for a multiple indicator approach to water quality analysis of ambient and recreational waters experiencing brackish conditions.

A nested three dimensional numerical modeling application was developed to determine the fate of pathogen indicators in Lake Pontchartrain discharged from its tributaries. To accomplish this, Estuarine, coastal and ocean model with sediment (ECOMSED) was implemented to simulate various processes that would determine the fate and transport of fecal coliform bacteria in the lake. The processes included hydrodynamics, waves, sediment transport, and the decay and transport of the fecal coliforms. Wind and tidal effects were accounted along with the freshwater inflows. All the components of the modeling application were calibrated and validated using measured data sets. Field measurements of the conventional water quality parameters and fecal coliform levels were used to calibrate and validate the pathogen indicator transport. The decay of the fecal coliforms was based on the literature and laboratory tests. The sediment transport module was calibrated based on the satellite reflectance data in the lake. The north shore near-field model indicated that the fecal coliform plume can be highly dynamic and sporadic depending on the wind and tide conditions. It also showed that the period of impact due to a storm event on the fecal coliform levels in the lake can be anywhere from 1.5 days for a typical summer event to 4 days for an extreme winter event. The model studies showed that the zone of impact of the stormwater from the river was limited to a few hundred meters from the river mouth. Finally, the modeling framework developed for the north shore was successfully applied to the south shore of Lake Pontchartrain to simulate fate and transport of fecal coliforms discharged through the urban stormwater outfalls.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade da água em função da ocorrência de indicadores de contaminação fecal (coliformes e enterococcus) foram analisadas 18 amostras quinzenais de 8 nascentes da cidade de Piracicaba-SP, num total de 144 amostras, utilizando-se a metodologia da companhia de tecnologia de saneamento ambiental-CETESB (1991) os padrões utilizados para avaliação da qualidade da água foram aqueles estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira Federal, estadual e pela Internacional (OMS). Com os resultados vê-se que a água de 7 das 8 nascentes analisadas estão impróprias para o consumo humano, algumas com índice de contaminação maiores, como por ex. as nascentes de números 1, 2, 5e 7 onde 100% das amostras analisadas apresentaram-se contaminadas por coliformes totais. A nascente 3 foi a única que não apresentou contaminação por coliformes fecais e por enterococcus, apresentando contaminação por coliformes totais em apenas 2 das 18 coletas e com menos de 10 coliformes totais/100 ml de água em coletas não consecutivas o que enquadra a água desta nascente como potável. A presença de enterococcus nas mesmas 7 das 8 nacentes que haviam apresentado contaminação por coliformes, vem confirmar a não potabilidade bacteriológica da água das mesmas. Em algumas amostras não se detectou enterococcus ou vice-versa, mostrando que a análise simultânea para os dois grupos de indicadores é importante / not available

A manutenção de animais em zoológicos, criadouros e centros de reprodução tem como objetivo auxiliar os programas de conservação in situ e ex situ, além de contribuir para os programas de educação ambiental. A cada dia, torna-se mais clara a importância do bem-estar dos animais cativos, e a redução do estresse é fundamental neste contexto. A contenção manual faz parte do manejo realizado em zoológicos e criatórios para diversos procedimentos, como tratamentos tópicos, colheita de sangue ou sêmen ou mesmo para exames físicos. Sabe-se que este tipo de procedimento provoca resposta do tipo estresse, porém não é claro a intensidade da resposta, ou se este mecanismo fisiológico poderia potencialmente alterar o padrão de secreção de cortisol e/ou testosterona. O objetivo do projeto foi avaliar o efeito da contenção física manual por cinco minutos, sobre os perfis de metabólitos fecais e urinários de testosterona e de cortisol, em cinco machos adultos de sagui-de-tufos-pretos (C. penicillata), mantidos em casais, no Parque Municipal Quinzinho de Barros em Sorocaba, SP. Considerando-se o dia da contenção física, como o dia 0, foram colhidas amostras fecais diárias, sempre pela manhã, a partir do dia -5 até o dia + 4. Para as amostras urinárias, foram realizadas múltiplas colheitas diárias, do dia -5 ao +1. As amostras foram dosadas através de radioimunoensaio. Baseado nos resultados encontrados foi verificado que a contenção física de C. penicillata por cinco minutos pode induzir resposta do tipo estresse, porém não de forma sustentada ou duradoura. Contudo, a variação individual e a adaptação dos animais às condições experimentais possivelmente desempenharam papel relevante na modulação da resposta / The maintaining of animals in Zoo\'s, breeders and reproduction centers have as objective to help in situ and ex situ conservation programs , besides contributing to environmental education programs. Every day, the importance of captive animals well being becomes more clear, and the reduction of stress is fundamental in this context. Manual restraining is part of the handling performed in zoos and breeders for many procedures, such as topic treatments, blood or semen draw or even for physical exams. It is known that this kind of procedure provokes a stress response, however the intensity of the response is not clear, or if this physiological mechanism could potentially alter the cortisol and/or testosterone secretion pattern. The objective of the project was to evaluate the effect of manual physical restraint for five minutes, over the fecal and urinary metabolites profiles of testosterone and cortisol, in five adult males of Black tufted marmosets (C.penicillata), maintained in couples, at the Parque Municipal Quinzinho de Barros in Sorocaba, SP. Considering the day of physical restraint as day 0, daily fecal samples were collected, always in the morning, starting from -5 until +4. For the urine samples, daily multiple collections were done, from day -5 to +1. The samples were measured with radioimmunoassay. Based on the results found, it was verified that the physical restraining of C.penicillata for five minutes can induce a stress response, though not in a sustained or long lasting manner. However, the individual variation and the adaptation of the animals to experimental conditions possibly had a relevant role over the modulation of the response.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-30T00:00:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-11-24 / Fecal incontinence (FI) can be defined as the involuntary loss of rectal content (liquid, gas or solid) through the anal canal resulting in a social or hygienic problem, which may have a significant impact on quality of life (QOL). Objective: To assess the QOL of children with FI subjected to the Bowel Management Program (BMP), as well as, correlations with the functional results in FI. Methods: Children with FI secondary to organic and functional causes were consecutive and non-probability refered to the Nucleo Especializado em Tratamento Infantil da Incontinencia Fecal (NETIIF) during the period from February to July 2014 and subjected to the BMP after the parents had signed an informed consent. The data were collected before and after 3 months of the treatment using the QOL instrument (PedsQL 4.0), incontinence scale (IS) and the socioeconomic and demographic records. The PedsQL 4.0 is a generic QOL questionnaire including four domains: physical ability, emotional aspect, social and educational activity. It has two modules: the parental and children fs reporting modules. Results: 43 children were studied (33 male and 10 females) with an average age of 7.7 } 3.1. The majority were from the interior 31/72.1% and 11/25.6% of the capital. In relation to the marital status of the mother 23/53.5% were married and 8/18.6% lived in stable union, corresponding to 31/72% that together lived with their spouses.32/ 74.4% families received between 1 and 2 minimum wages and 6/14% less than 1 salary. 40/93% houses had basic sanitation, the average of 5.2 } 1.4 comados and 4.2 } 1.4 inhabitants. There was no statistical difference (p > 0.05) between the chilren and the parents f reporting modules of the PedsQL 4.0 before treatment. After three months of the BMP could be observed significant improvement in total score as well as in every domains of the PedsQL 4.0 (p < 0.001). In the parents f reporting module the total score increased from 66.9 } 23 to 92.6 } 9 in the and in the children fs one from 73.8 } 19.2 to 93.5 } 6.2. It also noticed an improvement of IS from 14.5 } 3.7 to 2.8 } 2.5 (p < 0.001). Both group 1 (dilated colon) and group 2 (thin colon) were benefited with the treatment reaching significant decrease of the average index of incontinence (p < 0.001). By correlating the rate of II with the domains of the PedsQL 4.0, it was obtained in the total score of the both modules significant positive correlation (p < 0.05). Only in the children fs reporting module there was mild positive correlation in the physical capacity domain (r = -0.46; p = 0.01) and moderate correlation in emotional aspect domain (r = -0.57; p = 0.001). When comparing the delta variation ( ¢) between groups 1 and 2, only in the children fs reporting module there was statistical difference between the two groups in the domain school activity (p < 0.01). Conclusion: It was possible to demonstrate the positive impact of the BMP in all domains of the PedsQL 4.0 and FI.It is necessary to use both parents and children fs module to better assess the QOL of chlildren. The BMP rescued the self-esteem and the freedom to play, skip and play sports. / A incontinencia fecal (IF) pode ser definida como a perda involuntaria do conteudo retal (liquido, gas ou solido), atraves do canal anal, resultando em um problema social ou higienico, podendo ter um significativo impacto na qualidade de vida (QV). Objetivo: Avaliar a QV das criancas com IF submetidas ao Programa Manejo do Colon(PMC), assim como as correlacoes com os resultados funcionais na IF. Metodos: Criancas com IF de 3 a 12 anos secundaria a causas organicas e funcionais foram encaminhadas de forma consecutiva e nao probabilistica ao Nucleo Especializado em Tratamento Infantil da Incontinencia Fecal (NETIIF), no periodo de fevereiro/2014 a julho/2014, e submetidas ao Programa Manejo do Colon, apos os pais terem assinado o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Antes e apos tres meses do tratamento, foram colhidos os dados usando o questionario PedsQL4.0, o indice de incontinencia (II) e a ficha socioeconomica e demografica. O PedsQL 4.0 trata-se de um questionario generico de QV, incluindo quatro dominios: capacidade fisica, aspecto emocional, social e atividade escolar. Possui dois modulos: modulo relato dos pais e modulo relato das criancas. Resultados: Foram estudadas 43 criancas, 33 do sexo masculino e 10 do feminino, com idade media de 7,7 }3,1. A maioria era proveniente do Interior, 31/72, 1% e 11/25,6% da Capital. Em relacao ao estado civil da mae, 23/53,5% eram casadas e 8/18,6% viviam em uniao estavel, correspondendo a 31/72% que coabitavam com seus conjuges.32/74,4% familias recebiam entre 1 e 2 salarios minimos e 6/14%, menos de 1 salario.40 /93% casas tinham saneamento basico com a media de 5,2 }1,4 comodos e 4,2 }1,4 habitantes. Nao houve diferenca estatistica (p>0,05) entre os modulos relato dos pais e das criancas do questionario PedsQL4.0, antes do tratamento. Apos tres meses do PMC, pode-se observar melhora significativa na pontuacao total e nos dominios do questionario PedsQL4.0 (p<0,001). No modulo relato dos pais, a pontuacao total passou de 66,9 }23 para 92,6 }9 e, no relato das criancas, de 73,8 }19,2 para 93,5 }6,2. Notou-se melhora do II, passando de 14,5 }3,7 para 2,8 } 2,5 (p<0,001). Tanto o grupo 1 (colon dilatado) como o grupo 2(colon fino) foram beneficiados com o tratamento, alcancando diminuicao significativa do II (p<0,001). Ao correlacionar o II com os dominios do questionario PedsQL 4.0, obteve-se correlacao positiva significativa na pontuacao total em ambos os modulos(p<0,05). Somente no modulo relato das criancas houve correlacao positiva leve no dominio capacidade fisica (r=-0,46; p=0,01) e correlacao moderada no dominio aspecto emocional (r=-0,57; p=0,001). Ao comparar o delta variacao ( ¢) entre os grupos 1 e 2, somente no modulo relato das criancas houve diferenca estatistica entre os dois grupos, no dominio Atividade Escolar(p<0,01). Conclusao: Foi possivel evidenciar o impacto positivo do PMC em todos os dominios do questionario PedsQL 4.0 e na IF.E necessario utilizar o modulo relato dos pais e o modulo relato da crianca para melhor avaliar a qualidade de vida das criancas. O PMC resgatou a autoestima e a liberdade para brincar, pular e praticar esportes.

Submitted by Gisely Teixeira (gisely.teixeira@uniceub.br) on 2018-06-12T18:07:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 51500775.pdf: 218657 bytes, checksum: 2a53a6e2ea21cb0d600a571ae81eaaaa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-12T18:07:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 51500775.pdf: 218657 bytes, checksum: 2a53a6e2ea21cb0d600a571ae81eaaaa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 / A incontinência fecal é uma queixa muito comum em mulheres, acredita-se que uma das causas está relacionadas a via de parto, principalmente o parto vaginal. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a associação de incontinência fecal e a via de parto. O método de pesquisa constituiu em aplicação de entrevista e o questionário de Wexner validado e traduzido para português, com n= 75 mulheres, na Rodoviária de Brasília. Nos resultados percebeu maior número (52%) de incontinentes em mulheres que realizaram parto vaginal do que aquelas de parto cesário. Conclui-se que, nas mulheres estudadas, houve maior frequência de sintomas de incontinência fecal nas que tiveram filhos por via de parto vaginal quando comparadas as que realizaram parto cesário.

A manutenção de animais em zoológicos, criadouros e centros de reprodução tem como objetivo auxiliar os programas de conservação in situ e ex situ, além de contribuir para os programas de educação ambiental. A cada dia, torna-se mais clara a importância do bem-estar dos animais cativos, e a redução do estresse é fundamental neste contexto. A contenção manual faz parte do manejo realizado em zoológicos e criatórios para diversos procedimentos, como tratamentos tópicos, colheita de sangue ou sêmen ou mesmo para exames físicos. Sabe-se que este tipo de procedimento provoca resposta do tipo estresse, porém não é claro a intensidade da resposta, ou se este mecanismo fisiológico poderia potencialmente alterar o padrão de secreção de cortisol e/ou testosterona. O objetivo do projeto foi avaliar o efeito da contenção física manual por cinco minutos, sobre os perfis de metabólitos fecais e urinários de testosterona e de cortisol, em cinco machos adultos de sagui-de-tufos-pretos (C. penicillata), mantidos em casais, no Parque Municipal Quinzinho de Barros em Sorocaba, SP. Considerando-se o dia da contenção física, como o dia 0, foram colhidas amostras fecais diárias, sempre pela manhã, a partir do dia -5 até o dia + 4. Para as amostras urinárias, foram realizadas múltiplas colheitas diárias, do dia -5 ao +1. As amostras foram dosadas através de radioimunoensaio. Baseado nos resultados encontrados foi verificado que a contenção física de C. penicillata por cinco minutos pode induzir resposta do tipo estresse, porém não de forma sustentada ou duradoura. Contudo, a variação individual e a adaptação dos animais às condições experimentais possivelmente desempenharam papel relevante na modulação da resposta / The maintaining of animals in Zoo\'s, breeders and reproduction centers have as objective to help in situ and ex situ conservation programs , besides contributing to environmental education programs. Every day, the importance of captive animals well being becomes more clear, and the reduction of stress is fundamental in this context. Manual restraining is part of the handling performed in zoos and breeders for many procedures, such as topic treatments, blood or semen draw or even for physical exams. It is known that this kind of procedure provokes a stress response, however the intensity of the response is not clear, or if this physiological mechanism could potentially alter the cortisol and/or testosterone secretion pattern. The objective of the project was to evaluate the effect of manual physical restraint for five minutes, over the fecal and urinary metabolites profiles of testosterone and cortisol, in five adult males of Black tufted marmosets (C.penicillata), maintained in couples, at the Parque Municipal Quinzinho de Barros in Sorocaba, SP. Considering the day of physical restraint as day 0, daily fecal samples were collected, always in the morning, starting from -5 until +4. For the urine samples, daily multiple collections were done, from day -5 to +1. The samples were measured with radioimmunoassay. Based on the results found, it was verified that the physical restraining of C.penicillata for five minutes can induce a stress response, though not in a sustained or long lasting manner. However, the individual variation and the adaptation of the animals to experimental conditions possibly had a relevant role over the modulation of the response.

Bacteria are the major cause of surface water contamination in the United States. US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) uses the Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) process to regulate the E. coli loads from fecal sources in a watershed. Different point and non-point sources can contribute to the fecal contamination of a waterbody including municipal and on-site wastewater treatment plants, livestock, birds, and wildlife. Unfortunately, wildlife sources in many rural watersheds are poorly characterized. E. coli is also known to persist in waterbodies when no known fecal sources are present. In this study, E. coli from wildlife fecal material was enumerated. It was found that E. coli concentrations varied with the season the fecal samples were collected. When studying the fate of E. coli under different environmental factors, no growth was observed in soil at 4% moisture content and in water at 10 degrees C. The highest E. coli growth was recorded in water at 30 degrees C. It can be seen from these results that there was variation in the fate of E. coli under different environmental conditions. The fate of E. coli in the environment is a complex process and is influenced by many factors and their interactions, making it difficult to predict. The findings from this study along with additional studies can be used to improve the accuracy of model predictions to estimate the E. coli loads in watersheds.