A obra de Machado de Assis é alvo de interesse de muitos pesquisadores ao longo dos anos e, por isso, torna-se muito difícil encontrar um prisma que ainda não tenha sido investigado exaustivamente – e isso pode ser constatado por meio do levantamento da fortuna crítica, anexado ao final da dissertação. No entanto, novos olhares podem surgir de aspectos já examinados, contribuindo para a leitura do complexo machadiano – como o tema do adultério. Este tema é abordado explicitamente em Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, ensaiado em Quincas Borba e suposto em Dom Casmurro. Dentro deste contexto, procura-se analisar a questão sobre as punições sofridas pelas personagens femininas nos dois textos narrados em primeira pessoa, Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas e Dom Casmurro. Contudo, a pesquisa não se restringe às violações das normas do casamento; abrange, da mesma maneira, as frustrações geradas nos narradores, por estas personagens, no contexto dos relacionamentos amorosos, que independem da instituição do matrimônio. O exame de Virgília, Marcela, Eugênia, Eulália (Nhá-loló) e Capitu tem o intuito de responder a questão: por que Virgília não é punida por suas transgressões, diferentemente de Capitu e das demais figuras do trapézio amoroso do defunto autor? O problema pauta-se também na hipótese de que Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas antecipa Dom Casmurro em alguns aspectos. Como resultado, constatou-se que tais mulheres apenas não são punidas quando se encontram em posições sociais privilegiadas e tomam decisões no sentido de não evidenciar a transgressão, como faz Virgília. / The work of Machado de Assis is target of interest of many researchers over the years and it becomes very difficult to find a prism that has not yet been investigated thoroughly – and this can be verified through critical fortune has been attached to the end of the dissertation. However, new looks can arise from aspects already examined, contributing to the reading of the “machadiano” complex – as the theme of adultery. This theme is addressed explicitly in Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, tested in Quincas Borba and supposed in Dom Casmurro. Within this context, seeks to examine the issue about punishments suffered by female characters in two texts narrated in first person, Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas and Dom Casmurro. However, the search is not restricted to the breaches of rules of marriage; embraces, similarly, the frustration generated by these characters to the narrators, in the context of loving relationship, which are independent of the institution of marriage. The examination of Virgília, Marcela, Eugênia, Eulália (Nhá-loló) and Capitu is intended to answer the question: Why is not Virgília punished for his transgressions, unlike Capitu and other characters from the dead author's loving trapeze? The problem is guided in the hypothesis that the Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas anticipates Dom Casmurro in some aspects. As a result, it was found that these women are not punished only when they are in privileged social positions and takes the right decisions not to emphasise the transgression, as does Virgília.

A obra de Machado de Assis é alvo de interesse de muitos pesquisadores ao longo dos anos e, por isso, torna-se muito difícil encontrar um prisma que ainda não tenha sido investigado exaustivamente – e isso pode ser constatado por meio do levantamento da fortuna crítica, anexado ao final da dissertação. No entanto, novos olhares podem surgir de aspectos já examinados, contribuindo para a leitura do complexo machadiano – como o tema do adultério. Este tema é abordado explicitamente em Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, ensaiado em Quincas Borba e suposto em Dom Casmurro. Dentro deste contexto, procura-se analisar a questão sobre as punições sofridas pelas personagens femininas nos dois textos narrados em primeira pessoa, Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas e Dom Casmurro. Contudo, a pesquisa não se restringe às violações das normas do casamento; abrange, da mesma maneira, as frustrações geradas nos narradores, por estas personagens, no contexto dos relacionamentos amorosos, que independem da instituição do matrimônio. O exame de Virgília, Marcela, Eugênia, Eulália (Nhá-loló) e Capitu tem o intuito de responder a questão: por que Virgília não é punida por suas transgressões, diferentemente de Capitu e das demais figuras do trapézio amoroso do defunto autor? O problema pauta-se também na hipótese de que Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas antecipa Dom Casmurro em alguns aspectos. Como resultado, constatou-se que tais mulheres apenas não são punidas quando se encontram em posições sociais privilegiadas e tomam decisões no sentido de não evidenciar a transgressão, como faz Virgília. / The work of Machado de Assis is target of interest of many researchers over the years and it becomes very difficult to find a prism that has not yet been investigated thoroughly – and this can be verified through critical fortune has been attached to the end of the dissertation. However, new looks can arise from aspects already examined, contributing to the reading of the “machadiano” complex – as the theme of adultery. This theme is addressed explicitly in Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, tested in Quincas Borba and supposed in Dom Casmurro. Within this context, seeks to examine the issue about punishments suffered by female characters in two texts narrated in first person, Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas and Dom Casmurro. However, the search is not restricted to the breaches of rules of marriage; embraces, similarly, the frustration generated by these characters to the narrators, in the context of loving relationship, which are independent of the institution of marriage. The examination of Virgília, Marcela, Eugênia, Eulália (Nhá-loló) and Capitu is intended to answer the question: Why is not Virgília punished for his transgressions, unlike Capitu and other characters from the dead author's loving trapeze? The problem is guided in the hypothesis that the Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas anticipates Dom Casmurro in some aspects. As a result, it was found that these women are not punished only when they are in privileged social positions and takes the right decisions not to emphasise the transgression, as does Virgília.

A obra de Machado de Assis é alvo de interesse de muitos pesquisadores ao longo dos anos e, por isso, torna-se muito difícil encontrar um prisma que ainda não tenha sido investigado exaustivamente – e isso pode ser constatado por meio do levantamento da fortuna crítica, anexado ao final da dissertação. No entanto, novos olhares podem surgir de aspectos já examinados, contribuindo para a leitura do complexo machadiano – como o tema do adultério. Este tema é abordado explicitamente em Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, ensaiado em Quincas Borba e suposto em Dom Casmurro. Dentro deste contexto, procura-se analisar a questão sobre as punições sofridas pelas personagens femininas nos dois textos narrados em primeira pessoa, Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas e Dom Casmurro. Contudo, a pesquisa não se restringe às violações das normas do casamento; abrange, da mesma maneira, as frustrações geradas nos narradores, por estas personagens, no contexto dos relacionamentos amorosos, que independem da instituição do matrimônio. O exame de Virgília, Marcela, Eugênia, Eulália (Nhá-loló) e Capitu tem o intuito de responder a questão: por que Virgília não é punida por suas transgressões, diferentemente de Capitu e das demais figuras do trapézio amoroso do defunto autor? O problema pauta-se também na hipótese de que Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas antecipa Dom Casmurro em alguns aspectos. Como resultado, constatou-se que tais mulheres apenas não são punidas quando se encontram em posições sociais privilegiadas e tomam decisões no sentido de não evidenciar a transgressão, como faz Virgília. / The work of Machado de Assis is target of interest of many researchers over the years and it becomes very difficult to find a prism that has not yet been investigated thoroughly – and this can be verified through critical fortune has been attached to the end of the dissertation. However, new looks can arise from aspects already examined, contributing to the reading of the “machadiano” complex – as the theme of adultery. This theme is addressed explicitly in Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas, tested in Quincas Borba and supposed in Dom Casmurro. Within this context, seeks to examine the issue about punishments suffered by female characters in two texts narrated in first person, Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas and Dom Casmurro. However, the search is not restricted to the breaches of rules of marriage; embraces, similarly, the frustration generated by these characters to the narrators, in the context of loving relationship, which are independent of the institution of marriage. The examination of Virgília, Marcela, Eugênia, Eulália (Nhá-loló) and Capitu is intended to answer the question: Why is not Virgília punished for his transgressions, unlike Capitu and other characters from the dead author's loving trapeze? The problem is guided in the hypothesis that the Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas anticipates Dom Casmurro in some aspects. As a result, it was found that these women are not punished only when they are in privileged social positions and takes the right decisions not to emphasise the transgression, as does Virgília.

This thesis deals with the topic of the female characters in selected novels of Charles Dickens. The theoretical part is focused on describing the characteristic features of the women in the Victorian period. The practical part analyses the most important female characters according to the author's personal choice, shows similarities and differences among them and compares them with the society at that time.

On s’accorde à dire à propos de l’Ab Vrbe condita qu’on n’a conservé, même partiellement, aucune autre fresque aussi ample et aussi puissante de l’histoire de Rome depuis la fondation de l’Vrbs jusqu’à l’époque contemporaine de Tite-Live, mort en 17 ou 19 ap. J.-C. ; il se peut même qu’une semblable fresque n’a jamais existé. Cette œuvre monumentale comporte un nombre considérable de personnages. Peindre les grands hommes était une nécessité du genre historique. « Tite-Live lui-même était trop conscient du rôle joué par eux pour les laisser dans l’ombre » . Les Modernes ne s’y sont pas trompés en étudiant l’art du portrait chez Tite-Live, l’ouvrage fondamental en ce domaine étant sans aucun doute celui de J.-E. Bernard, qui a pour titre Le Portrait chez Tite-Live. Essai sur une écriture de l’histoire romaine, paru à Bruxelles en 2000. Seuls 2% de ces personnages sont des figures féminines, qui jusque-là, en dehors d’un certain nombre d’articles ponctuels, n’ont guère fait l’objet de travaux de synthèse. Je n’ai recensé pour ma part que deux ouvrages qui leur ont été spécifiquement consacrés ; l’un, dû à T.D. McClain, s’inscrit dans la tradition des études anglo-saxonnes des « Women’s studies » et de « Gender » et obéit donc avant tout à une approche sociologique, l’autre, qui est l’œuvre de B. Kowaleski, a pour sujet la fonction des figures féminines dans l’œuvre livienne .[...] Le travail auquel je me suis livrée repose sur une lecture et une analyse systématiques du texte livien mais fait appel à d’autres méthodes : lecture comparative (comparaison avec les textes correspondants d’autres historiens), étude sémantique (exemple : les rapports de pudicitia et pudor), étude stylistique... [...] / It is agreed to say that no other fresco as big and powerful as the Ab Vrbe condita has been conserved, even partially, in Roman history since the creation of the Ab Vrbe condita itself until the modern era of Livy dead in the 17th or the 19th century A.D. It might even be that such a fresco ; at least of the value of a Latin historian, has never existed. This monumental work of 142 books which only the preface and 35 books are known to have survived, contains an uncommon number of characters among which only two percent are female. These latters have never been subject of work of synthesis, apart from a certain number of brief articles. Only two overall works were dedicated to them ; one of T.D. Clain is part of the tradition of Anglo- saxon of gender studies. It first adopts therefore a sociological approach ; the other, B. Kowaleski’s work, is on the function of the female figures in Livy’s work . My work rests on a systematic reading and analysis of Livy’s text, however it uses other methods : comparative reading (comparison with corresponding texts of other historians ), semantic study (example : relations between pudicitia and pudor), stylistic study...

Espido Freire nous plonge dans un univers littéraire catalyseur du mal considéré comme une substance universelle possédant sa propre entité, construit à travers l'altérité et la violence symbolique qui peut conduire à la rébellion des personnages féminins –les éternels protagonistes de son œuvre–, participant eux aussi au mal, parfois au-delà du symbolique. Mais le mal est un concept profondément vaste et polysémique chez un sujet marquée par l'angoisse, la “maladie mortelle” kierkegaardienne. La violence peut être l'une de ses conséquences immédiates. Pourtant, souvent nous considérons aussi bien le mal que la violence d'après leur apparence externe et d'après l'altérité. Le mal c’est les autres, la violence est ostensible. Par contre, l'œuvre d'Espido Freire renvoie au mal caché chez tous et toutes, où habite une violence subtile exercée fréquemment à travers des voix symboliques, invisibles pour les personnages, notamment les féminins.La violence (symbolique ou non) chez Espido Freire se construit à travers la suggestion du mal et l'universelle “intention” (Gesinnung) kantienne du sujet angoissé de faire le mal. Il faut donc déployer les concepts de mal, d'angoisse, de mort –liée au principe de contingence angoissante– et de violence par rapport au réseau complexe des personnages féminins –oppresseurs et opprimés– qui font partie de l'œuvre d'Espido Freire, notamment dans les sept romans que nous analysons ainsi que dans ses contes. Au-delà du profond débat philosophique autour de cette éternelle (non) substance représentée par le mal, nous avons recours à des outils psychiatriques, psychanalytiques, sociologiques, narratologiques et picturaux permettant d'élucider le phénomène de la projection du mal et de la violence ainsi que la musique, qui participe au dialogue interdiscursif avec le texte littéraire à l'aide des formes, des leitmotive et des textures qui offrent un dialogisme bakhtinien de “polyphonie textuelle”. / Espido Freire offers us a literary universe which is a catalyst of the evil understood as a universal substance with proper entity, and which is built through alterity and symbolic violence what can lead to the rebellion of the female characters who are also part of evil – on occasions more than symbolically. However, the evil is a deeply wide and polysemous concept in a subject marked by anguish, the Kierkegaardian “sickness unto death”. Violence can be one of its immediate consequences. However, we often consider evil as much as the violence from their external appearance and from the alterity. The evil are the others, the violence is ostensible. On the other hand, the work of Espido Freire refers to the hidden evil in everyone where a subtle violence lies often exercised through oppressive, symbolic ways which are invisible even for the own –especially feminine– characters.The (symbolic or not symbolic) violence by Espido Freire is established through the suggestion of evil and the Kantian universal “intention” (Gesinnung) of the subject distressed because of doing wrong. It is thus necessary to develop the concepts of evil, anguish, death –linked to the principle of anguishing contingency– and violence in the complex network of –oppressive and oppressed– female characters that the narrative of Espido Freire consists of, especially in the seven novels analyzed by us, as well her tales. In addition to the extensive debate in philosophy about this eternal (no) substance that represents evil, we use psychiatric, psychoanalytic, sociological, narratological and pictorial tools that illuminate the phenomenon of projecting evil and violence as well as music that participates in the interdiscursive dialogue with the literary text through the forms, leitmotivs and textures that offer a Bakhtinian dialogism of “textual polyphony”. / Espido Freire (Bilbao, 1974) nos sumerge en un universo literario catalizador del mal entendido como una substancia universal con entidad propia, construido a través de la alteridad y la violencia simbólica que puede conducir a la rebelión de los personajes femeninos –eternos protagonistas de su obra–, participando también ellos del mal, en ocasiones más allá de lo simbólico. Pero el mal es un concepto profundamente amplio y polisémico dentro de un sujeto marcado por la angustia, la “enfermedad mortal” kierkegaardiana. La violencia puede ser una de sus consecuencias inmediatas. Sin embargo, solemos valorar a menudo tanto el mal como la violencia desde su apariencia externa y desde la alteridad. El mal son los otros, la violencia es ostensible. Por el contrario, la obra de Espido Freire remite al mal oculto en todos y todas, donde subyace sutilmente una violencia ejercida a menudo mediante vías opresivas simbólicas, invisibles incluso para los propios personajes, especialmente los femeninos.La violencia (simbólica o no) en Espido Freire se establece a través de la sugerencia del mal y la universal “intención” (Gesinnung) kantiana del sujeto angustiado de obrar mal. Es necesario desarrollar por tanto los conceptos de mal, angustia, muerte –vinculada al principio de contingencia angustiosa– y violencia en la compleja red de personajes femeninos –opresores y oprimidos– que componen la obra de Espido Freire, especialmente en las siete novelas que analizamos así como en sus cuentos. Además del profundo debate filosófico en torno a esta eterna (no) substancia que representa el mal, hacemos uso de herramientas psiquiátricas, psicoanalíticas, sociológicas, narratológicas, pictóricas y estudios de género que arrojen luz sobre el fenómeno de la proyección del mal y la violencia así como la música, que participa en el diálogo interdiscursivo con el texto literario a través de formas, leitmotive y texturas que ofrecen un dialogismo bakhtiano de “polifonía textual”.

This thesis deals with the influence of TV series and their strong heroines on female audience. The aim of this work is to find out whether selected female characters influence the general view of the femine beauty ideal, whether the viewers were in any way inspired by strong female characters and whether these series have opened up some social issues. These goals were formulated into three research questions, which will be answered in the conclusion. The work is divided into three main parts - theoretical, methodological and practical. The theoretical part aims to acquaint the reader with the theoretic basis needed to understand the researched issues. The methodological part presents research methods with all its advantages and disadvantages. The last practical part is focused on research and interpretation of the obtained data. A qualitative method is used to achieve the results, specifically the grounded theory, which is used for the analysis and subsequent interpretation of data obtained from interviews.

The master thesis Helimadoe and Petrolejové lampy: A Gender Analysis of Jaroslav Havlíček's Novels examines selected texts and conveys gender-focused interpretations. The analysis of both of Havlíček's novels is carried out within the context of feminist literary theories. The main methodological and theoretical foundations of the thesis are "resisting reading" as introduced by Judith Fetterly and Jonathan Culler's "reading as a woman". Since the thesis is also a qualitative sociological analysis, it uses the processes of discourse analysis as well. The text focuses on the issue of power relations and their gender dimension, on the construction of gender and gender identity of individual female and male characters, on their sexuality, on their gendered activities and on the description and interpretation of the environment that the literary characters inhabit. A special attention is primarily (but not only) paid to main female characters and their revolt against the patriarchal system of the society. In relation to this problem the thesis necessarily deals with the topic of the gender social order and it shows what influence this order has along with other factors on the lives of individual characters. Key words: feminist criticism, resisting reading, Jaroslav Havlíček, Helimadoe, Petrolejové...

Este documento propone analizar desde una perspectiva de género el recurso cinematográfico de los cambios de imagen en las películas para adolescentes provenientes de Hollywood. En primer lugar, cómo estos son construidos desde una visión masculina que perpetúa cánones de belleza impuestos por una sociedad patriarcal y heteronormativa. Y por otro lado, evidenciar a partir de un estudio narrativo la relevancia de revisar los valores y creencias que se transmiten en estos productos hacia un público femenino adolescente en etapa de desarrollo y búsqueda de la identidad. El mainstream cinematográfico proveniente de Hollywood nos vende la idea del sueño americano a través de su cine de género y es relevante revisar procesos de homogeneización cultural a través de las películas como productos culturales. / This document proposes to analyze makeover in teen movies from a gender perspective. First of all, how these are built from a male view. And how this vision is the image of a woman or how a woman is seen by man. However It’s not a woman. This view is a social construct that satisfies the canons of beauty imposed to woman by man On the other hand, how these makeovers change the way teen girls audiences see their own bodies. Those who are in transition. Also analyze how the film industry sells an impossible ideal body to achieve. / Trabajo de investigación

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