Although women’s rights have been widely recognized in the international agenda, violence against women in the private sphere does not seem to decrease. Women are still suffering today from not enjoying the most basic human rights. States fail often to recognize domestic violence as a human rights violation because it is committed in the private sphere by non-states actors. Because of this the European Court of Human Rights decided to develop the due diligence standard in 2008 to combat violence against women. This thesis examines the European Convention on Human Rights law regarding domestic violence and the meaning of member states positive obligation and the concept of due diligence. The European Court has established that member states have several positive obligations to fulfill in order to address the issue of violence against women in the private sphere. However states fail too often to exercise the due diligence by not living up to the standards that has been established by the Court. It has been proven that the Convention articles are inconsistent. The Court needs too clarify exactly which measures states should take to address the issue of violence against women and send a clear message how much effort it takes to fill the scope of the due diligence standard. This inconsistency allows states to take stand in the law enforcements, which are contemplated to be dominated by male norms. The consequence of this is that women are usually disadvantaged in state law enforcement when it comes to violence in the private sphere. It is therefor of great importance to pay attention to women’s rights when it comes to domestic violence, as well as analyzing states approach in the domestic violence cases. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze domestic violence as men’s violence against women from a critical gender perspective by highlighting elements that effects states actions in the cases. The point of departure is to recognize similar behavior in states actions by focusing on the concept male norm and private and public sphere. The results revealed a clear pattern of the concepts. In each case signs of male norms expressed in a male position, where men are superior to women were shown. States divisions of the private and public spheres were also proven in the cases. States would prefer not to intervene when a woman was exposed to violence in the private sphere. This leads to women being suppressed and unable to reach legal protection in the private sphere.

The study examines a selection of guiding documents published by The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare and how they portray shared parental responsibilities when domestic violence take place. The aim is also to analyse the possible consequences of discourses about parenthood responsibilities when violence is involved. The thesis is based on discourse analysis, a feminist perspective and uses Bacchi’s “What’s the problem represented to be?” as a policy-analysis method. Two discourses were found. The discourse of gender-neutral parenthood tends to downplay violence by portraying it as a conflict between two parties. The discourse of shifting responsibility instead places the responsibility for the protection and welfare of children onto the abused parent only. In conclusion, the policy document under study frames shared parenting responsibilities in domestic violence situations within a social psychological understanding of violence, hence leaving a structural perspective out of the equation. / Denna studie granskar Socialstyrelsens kunskapsstöd som är vägledande i arbetet med våld i nära relationer med syftet att undersöka hur kunskapsstödet framställer föräldraskapets gemensamma föräldraansvar när det sker våld i nära relationer. Syfte är även att analysera vilka möjliga konsekvenser framställningar av ett gemensamt föräldraansvar kan få när våld förekommer. Med en utgångspunkt i diskursanalys, feministisk ansats samt Bacchis angreppssätt ”What’s the problemrepresented to be?” som metod identifierades och analyserades två olika diskurser. I diskursen om ett könsneutralt föräldraskap tenderar våldet att tonas ner till en konflikt mellan två parter. Diskursen om ansvarsförskjutning visade att det gemensamma föräldraskapets ansvarsskyldighet för barns skydd och omsorg förflyttas till enbart den föräldern som blir utsatt för våld. Studien visade att när det sker våld i nära relationer framställs det gemensamma föräldraskapet i policydokumentet utifrån en könsneutral socialpsykologisk förståelse som utelämnade ett strukturellt perspektiv på våld.

For most writers who deal with displacement, rewriting themselves, articulating and communicating their sense of estrangment is their lifetime work. For displacement forces one to leave behind the familiar and embrace the unknown. In this process of deconstruction, the concepts of home, belonging and identity are renegotiated and questioned constantly. Le Grand Voyage – the working title for the draft of a novel that is presented in conjunction with this exegesis – is a fictional work that is produced out of the implications of displacement, which inscribes itself in a series of explorations I started in 2001, cumulating with two video works Frammento in 2003 and Footnotes in 2004. Le Grand Voyage investigates further the concept of home by questioning the home/mother relationship. The exegesis aims to contextualise the making of Le Grand Voyage by using another woman’s narrative as the main point of reference: Linda Olsson’s Let Me Sing You Gentle Songs (2005). Olsson’s work – like mine – is conceived out of the effects of displacement, and the literary form and structure display symptoms that are characteristics to narratives of displacement. By putting the home/mother/daughter in context, the narrative displays home as a patriarchal construct showing how the idealisation of home/place is predicated on a gendering of home, whereby, as McDermott notes, ‘home is constructed as a maternal, static and past, to which the (male) subjects longs to return’ (2003: 265). The narrative’s point of view is that of daughters but also that of mothers as daughters, and enables not only a feminist discussion of the notion of home but also of motherhood. Therefore, the theoretical approach for this work has encompassed feminists’ writings that have particularly focused their research on space, place and gender. In challenging the dominant form of gender constructions and relations, the first and second wave feminism have empowered many women to leave home in order to shape their own version of identity. I believe it is within the perspective of displacement, of being out of place, that many women continue to find the necessary distance to contest a particular reading of woman and home that still prevails in academic literature and fiction. Thus, an important part of this exegesis concentrates on the critic of home. I want to argue in a feminist way that our ideas of home and belonging still reflect gendered assumptions and are therefore contestable. That displacement as a catalyst for loss, emotional grief and mourning becomes an enabling way for women to rethink home in terms of what was at play rather than in place and to do the ‘memory work’ that feminists ask women to do: to remember in order not to forget because ‘forgetting is a major obstacle to change’ (Greene, 1991: 298). Their attacks on the feminisation of place have opened up for me possibilities to think of home outside the parameters of sameness. They have also enabled me to understand the paradoxical position a displaced person is faced with: if displacement is favored and privileged why then do longings for home still persist for some? – a fact that is well illustrated in the actual resurgence of the preoccupation to belong. The gain in displacement also involves the fact that distance forces one to look at the longing and nostalgia for what they really conceal. In the case of a woman and, motherless daughters, distance, as this exegesis demonstrates, enables the writer to unveil the longings as subversive and fraudulent, tricking women into thinking there was nothing better than the past: home sweet home, the safe, bounded nest where women could be women: could be the mother. With the ‘memory work’ they both learn to think away from the parameters of sameness and the past, outside the nostalgic stances of singularity, safety, boundaries and internalised histories, therefore outside of the maternal, the home/mother relationship. ‘What is home?’ is a difficult question to negotiate for a woman. The exegesis and the first draft of the novel show what is at stake when one asks the question and the responsibility of women when writing about home.

For most writers who deal with displacement, rewriting themselves, articulating and communicating their sense of estrangment is their lifetime work. For displacement forces one to leave behind the familiar and embrace the unknown. In this process of deconstruction, the concepts of home, belonging and identity are renegotiated and questioned constantly. Le Grand Voyage – the working title for the draft of a novel that is presented in conjunction with this exegesis – is a fictional work that is produced out of the implications of displacement, which inscribes itself in a series of explorations I started in 2001, cumulating with two video works Frammento in 2003 and Footnotes in 2004. Le Grand Voyage investigates further the concept of home by questioning the home/mother relationship. The exegesis aims to contextualise the making of Le Grand Voyage by using another woman’s narrative as the main point of reference: Linda Olsson’s Let Me Sing You Gentle Songs (2005). Olsson’s work – like mine – is conceived out of the effects of displacement, and the literary form and structure display symptoms that are characteristics to narratives of displacement. By putting the home/mother/daughter in context, the narrative displays home as a patriarchal construct showing how the idealisation of home/place is predicated on a gendering of home, whereby, as McDermott notes, ‘home is constructed as a maternal, static and past, to which the (male) subjects longs to return’ (2003: 265). The narrative’s point of view is that of daughters but also that of mothers as daughters, and enables not only a feminist discussion of the notion of home but also of motherhood. Therefore, the theoretical approach for this work has encompassed feminists’ writings that have particularly focused their research on space, place and gender. In challenging the dominant form of gender constructions and relations, the first and second wave feminism have empowered many women to leave home in order to shape their own version of identity. I believe it is within the perspective of displacement, of being out of place, that many women continue to find the necessary distance to contest a particular reading of woman and home that still prevails in academic literature and fiction. Thus, an important part of this exegesis concentrates on the critic of home. I want to argue in a feminist way that our ideas of home and belonging still reflect gendered assumptions and are therefore contestable. That displacement as a catalyst for loss, emotional grief and mourning becomes an enabling way for women to rethink home in terms of what was at play rather than in place and to do the ‘memory work’ that feminists ask women to do: to remember in order not to forget because ‘forgetting is a major obstacle to change’ (Greene, 1991: 298). Their attacks on the feminisation of place have opened up for me possibilities to think of home outside the parameters of sameness. They have also enabled me to understand the paradoxical position a displaced person is faced with: if displacement is favored and privileged why then do longings for home still persist for some? – a fact that is well illustrated in the actual resurgence of the preoccupation to belong. The gain in displacement also involves the fact that distance forces one to look at the longing and nostalgia for what they really conceal. In the case of a woman and, motherless daughters, distance, as this exegesis demonstrates, enables the writer to unveil the longings as subversive and fraudulent, tricking women into thinking there was nothing better than the past: home sweet home, the safe, bounded nest where women could be women: could be the mother. With the ‘memory work’ they both learn to think away from the parameters of sameness and the past, outside the nostalgic stances of singularity, safety, boundaries and internalised histories, therefore outside of the maternal, the home/mother relationship. ‘What is home?’ is a difficult question to negotiate for a woman. The exegesis and the first draft of the novel show what is at stake when one asks the question and the responsibility of women when writing about home.

Le syndrome des ovaires polykystiques (SOPK) est le désordre endocrinien le plus répandu chez la femme en âge de procréer. Ayant un impact significatif sur la qualité de vie, il est l’une des causes majeures d’infertilité et est associé à des conditions chroniques sérieuses comme le diabète de type 2, des cancers hormono-dépendants, et les maladies cardiovasculaires. Bien qu’il soit prévalent et ait des conséquences importantes, l’expérience des soins vécue par les femmes traduit des dimensions problématiques : manque de sensibilisation et d’information, délais de diagnostic, insensibilité, inattention et banalisation. Selon certaines recherches, les femmes ne sont pas satisfaites des traitements habituellement prescrits, comme la pilule contraceptive. Elles considèrent manquer d’options de traitement et seraient intéressées par d’autres modalités de soin. D’autres travaux mettent également l’accent sur l’importance du mode de vie (ex. nutrition et gestion du stress) qui peut améliorer le profil métabolique et endocrinien, ainsi que se répercuter de manière favorable sur la fonction reproductive. Le manque général d'attention à cette condition représente dès lors une étude de cas intéressante, reflétant des injustices systémiques en médecine. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’examiner les enjeux en lien avec l’autonomie des femmes affectées par le SOPK dans le cadre des soins de santé et de fertilité, et de proposer des pistes de solution visant à favoriser son expression. Ces enjeux sont analysés dans le contexte de la maladie chronique, où l’accent est surtout mis sur le traitement visant à soulager l'infertilité, mais qui néglige les approches restauratives en regard de la santé, notamment par des changements de mode de vie. L’analyse des enjeux est faite selon une approche relationnelle de l’autonomie en considérant deux modes d’expression : épisodique et programmatique. La mise en évidence de ces enjeux rend possible une réflexion sur ce que pourrait apporter une vision globale dans le soin du SOPK, s’articulant tout autant autour de la gestion de la maladie que d’une approche restaurative de la santé. Afin d’analyser les enjeux éthiques particuliers que pose le soin du SOPK, cette thèse utilise une perspective à la fois conceptuelle-normative et empirique. Ces deux perspectives permettent 6 de mieux comprendre les lacunes de l'approche médicale actuelle et de formuler des recommandations éclairées sur les meilleures façons d’y faire face. Par la reconnaissance de la nécessité d’une approche du soin intégrant tant les aspects relatifs à la prévention et à la gestion du SOPK qu’une visée restaurative à l’égard de la santé, cette thèse amène des retombées importantes pour les professionnels de la santé et les femmes affectées par le SOPK. Ce faisant elle présente des pistes permettant de soutenir tant l’autonomie épisodique que programmatique, ainsi que l’empowerment de ces femmes. / Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder in women of childbearing age. It has a significant impact on quality of life and is one of the major causes of infertility. It is also associated with serious chronic conditions such as type 2 diabetes, hormonedependent cancers, and cardiovascular disease. While it is prevalent and has serious consequences, women's experience of care reflects problematic dimensions: lack of awareness and information, delays in diagnosis, insensitivity, inattention, and trivialization. Research shows that women are dissatisfied with commonly prescribed treatments such as the contraceptive pill. They report lacking treatment options and would be interested in other modalities of care. Research on PCOS also emphasizes the importance of lifestyle (e.g. nutrition and stress management) that can improve the metabolic and endocrine profile and have a positive impact on reproductive function. The general lack of attention to this condition is thus an interesting case study, reflecting systemic injustices in medicine. The objective of this thesis is to examine issues related to the autonomy of women affected by PCOS in the context of health care and fertility, and to propose ways to promote the expression of autonomy. The thesis analyzes these issues in the context of chronic disease, whereby treatment focuses on alleviating infertility and neglects restorative approaches to health, particularly through effective lifestyle changes. The analysis is based on the conceptual framework of relational autonomy, and considers two possible modes of autonomy expression: episodic and programmatic. Awareness of these issues makes it possible to reflect on what a holistic approach could bring to PCOS care, considering both disease management and a restorative approach to health. To consider the ethical challenges related to the care of PCOS, this thesis employs both a conceptual-normative and an empirical perspective. Both allow a better understanding of the shortcomings of the current medical approach and an informed recommendation for better ways of responding to these challenges. By recognizing the need for prevention and management of PCOS, as well as a restorative approach to health, this thesis has substantial implications for healthcare professionals and women, suggesting ways of supporting both episodic and programmatic autonomy and empowerment of affected women.

This thesis examines gender verifications issues in track and field from a feminist and antiracist perspective. In 2019 the international governing body for the sport of athletics (World Athletics) introduced limits on blood testosterone levels for women with some types of Differences in sex development (DSD) in races from 400 metres to 1 mile. According the eligibility rules Caster Semenya and other athletes with heightened testosterone levels need to lower their testosterone levels in order to be eligible to compete in middle distance running races in the women’s class. This thesis discuss the relationship between gender verifications in athletics and the protection of athletes right to privacy according to article 8 ECHR and prohibition of gender and race discrimination according to article 14 ECHR. The balance between the interests for fair competition in sports and the protection of athletes human rights is an ongoing discussion. Complex relationship between states accountability and international non-governmental sports organizations can put athletes in a vulnerable position.  This paper includes three research questions. Firstly, can the state parties to the ECHR be accountable if the eligibility rules infringe human rights? Secondly, is the eligibility rules in compliance with the right to respect for private and family life according to article 8 ECHR? Thirdly, is the eligibility rules in compliance with prohibition of discrimination on the grounds of sex and race according to article 14 ECHR.

No description available.

Nontraditional college student enrollment in the United States is rapidly growing and is predicted to continue to increase. Similarly, female students are currently the majority student population on college campuses. Although numerous studies document college student experiences, few focus on first-generation Latinas who are student-mothers at community colleges. The purpose of this study was to explore the educational experiences of first-generation Latina nontraditional student-mothers enrolled at a community college in California to identify the ways in which grit (ganas) and mindsets influenced their success. This inquiry followed Moustakas’s (1994) transcendental phenomenology research process. Individual interviews of five Latinas were analyzed using Moustakas’s modification of the Van Kaam method of analysis. The findings indicate that each woman had a similar yet unique story based upon their intersectional identities and the space in which they lived in at the time of this study. These stories collectively echoed a phenomenon rooted in cultural pervasiveness and generational continuity, an urgency to break cultural norms, and the grasp on ganas and mindsets that each participant held onto while striving to reach their educational goals. The participants’ stories illuminated an unanticipated connection to my own story as a Latina student-mother in search of a higher education. This connection provided me with a deeper understanding of my educational path and the realization that ganas and mindsets also influenced my educational experiences. The implications from this study offer ways to support this specific group of students both collectively and individually. La inscripción de estudiantes del colegio no tradicionales en los Estados Unidos está creciendo rápidamente y se prevé que continúe aumentando. Del mismo modo, las alumnas son actualmente la población estudiantil mayoritaria en los colegios. Aunque numerosos estudios documentan experiencias de estudiantes de colegio, pocos se centran en latinas de primera generación que son estudiantes-madres en colegios comunitarios. El propósito de este estudio fue explorar las experiencias educativas de las madres Latinas que son estudiantes no tradicionales de primera generación inscritas en un colegio comunitario en California para identificar las maneras en que sus ganas y mentalidades influyeron en su éxito. Este estudio siguió al proceso de investigación de fenomenología trascendental de Moustakas (1994). Las entrevistas individuales de cinco Latinas fueron analizadas utilizando la modificación de Moustakas del método de análisis de Van Kaam. Los hallazgos indican que cada mujer tenía una historia similar pero única basada en sus identidades interseccionales y el espacio en el que vivían en el momento de este estudio. Estas historias hicieron eco colectivamente de un fenómeno arraigado en la omnipresencia cultural y la continuidad generacional, la urgencia de romper las normas culturales y la comprensión de las ganas y las mentalidades que cada participante aferró mientras se esforzaba por alcanzar sus metas educativas. Las historias de los participantes iluminaron una conexión imprevista con mi propia historia como estudiante-madre Latina en busca de una educación superior. Esta conexión me proporcionó una comprensión más profunda de mi camino educativo y la comprensión de que las ganas y las mentalidades también influyeron en mis experiencias educativas. Las implicaciones de este estudio ofrecen maneras de apoyar a este grupo específico de estudiantes tanto colectiva como individualmente.

Submitted by DANIELA ALVARES BESKOW null (dab@inventati.org) on 2017-11-06T18:08:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 BESKOW_DANIELA_ALVARES_DISSERTACAO_MESTRADO_2017_O_DISCURSO_DAS_MULHERES_NA_CENA_PAULISTANA.pdf: 1700280 bytes, checksum: ae8b8fbf75996cf875812de9306036ad (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-11-13T19:23:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 beskow_da_me_ia.pdf: 1700280 bytes, checksum: ae8b8fbf75996cf875812de9306036ad (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-13T19:23:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 beskow_da_me_ia.pdf: 1700280 bytes, checksum: ae8b8fbf75996cf875812de9306036ad (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta pesquisa investiga espetáculos cênicos – das áreas de teatro, dança e arte da performance – apresentados na cidade de São Paulo durante o biênio 2015-2016, que trazem apenas mulheres em cena. A partir de uma perspectiva feminista e materialista, foi desenvolvida a metodologia denominada “análise contextualizada” ou “análise situada”, utilizada para observar e analisar espetáculos teatrais a partir de suas dramaturgias cênicas. Em seguida, são propostas questões sobre mulheres em cena e artes cênicas a partir do debate e realidade de violência contra as mulheres no Brasil, assim como de reflexões e ações derivadas dos movimentos feministas, originando um esboço do conceito: “dramaturgia cênica feminista”. / This work investigates escenic performances – theater, dance and performance art – performed at São Paulo city during the biennium 2015-2016, with just women on scene. From a feminist and materialist perspective, it was developed the metodology named “contextualized analysis” or “situated analysis”, used to observe and analyse theatrical performances from which their escenic dramaturgies. Subsequently, questions about women on scene and escenic arts are suggested from which the debate and reality of violence against women on Brazil, as well from thoughts and actions derived from the feminists movements, originating a sketch of the concept: “feminist escenic dramaturgy”.